PLANE AND SOLID

GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
⎯ Came from the Greek words for “earth” and “measure”.
⎯ In ancient Egypt, this was used by the Egyptians to measure land and to build
structures such as the pyramids.
⎯ Nowadays, it is used in many fields, such as physical, medicine, and geology, and in
applied fields such as mechanical drawing and astronomy.
⎯ Geometric forms are used in art and design.

UNDEFINED TERMS
POINT
⎯ Symbolized by drawing a dot.
⎯ Has no part or no dimension
⎯ An exact location in space
LINE
⎯ Extends infinitely in either direction but has no width; one
dimensional.
PLANE
⎯ A flat surface with no thickness and no boundaries.
⎯ Extends infinitely in two dimensions

POSTULATES
⎯ statements that are assumed to be true without proof.
DEFINITIONS
⎯ precise statements regarding a certain term, which will make use of several concepts
THEOREM
⎯ are statements that are required to be proved from postulates, definitions, and
previously proved theorems
COROLLARY
⎯ is a theorem that is an immediate consequence of another theorem

TYPES OF LINES IN A PLANE

INTERSECTING LINES
⎯ Intersecting lines cross at a point in the plane
PARALLEL LINES
⎯ Extends infinitely in either direction but has no width; one dimensional.
PERPENDICULAR LINES
⎯ Extends infinitely in two dimensions.

OTHER TERMS
COLLINEAR POINTS
⎯ Points that lie on the same line.

COPLANAR POINTS
⎯ Points that lie on the same plane.

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 COPLANAR LINES
⎯ Lines that lie on the same plane.

LINE SEGMENT
⎯ Subset of a line that contains two points of the line and all points
between those two points

RAY
⎯ Part of a line that has one endpoint and goes on infinitely in only one
direction.

ANGLE
⎯ It is formed by two rays with the same endpoint. The vertex of the
angle is the point where the two rays meet. The rays are the sides of
the angle.

TYPES OF ANGLES

ANGLE PAIR

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POLYGON
⎯ A polygon is a closed figure determined by three or more line segments that lie in a
plane. The line segments that form the polygon are called its sides.
⎯ It is a closed figure made up of line segments (not curves) in a two-dimensional plane.
⎯ “many angle”

REGULAR POLYGON
⎯ is one in which each side has the same length and each angle has the same measure.
The name of a polygon is based on the number of its sides.
INTERIOR ANGLE
⎯ An angle that is located inside a polygon
⎯ TOTAL INTERIOR ANGLE OF A POLYGON: (n-2)180
EXTERIOR ANGLE
⎯ An angle that is located outside a polygon
⎯ TOTAL EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A POLYGON: 𝟏𝟖𝟎
DIAGONAL OF A POLYGON
⎯ A line segment that connects two non-consecutive vertices of a polygon.
𝒏(𝒏−𝟑)
⎯ NUMBER OF DIAGONALS OF A POLYGON: 𝟐

TRIANGLE
⎯ A polygon with three sides.
⎯ TYPES OF TRIANGLES BASED ON SIDES

⎯ TYPES OF TRIANGLES BASED ON ANGLES

⎯ PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM. Pythagoras’ theorem states that in a right-

angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of
squares of the other two sides.
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
⎯ HYPOTENUSE. The longest side of a right triangle.
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QUADRILATERAL
⎯ A polygon with four sides

⎯ CLASSIFICATION OF QUADRILATERALS

TECHNIQUE:
Top to Bottom is FALSE
Bottom to top is TRUE

EXAMPLE:
A rhombus is square. FALSE
A square is a rhombus. TRUE

AREA & PERIMETER

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GEOMETRIC SOLIDS
⎯ Geometric solids are three-dimensional shapes that are bounded by surfaces.
Common geometric solids include the rectangular solid, sphere, cylinder, cone,
and pyramid.
⎯ A three-dimensional figure (i.e.: having length, width, and height).

VOLUME
⎯ measure of the amount of space occupied by a geometric solid.
SURFACE AREA
⎯ the total area of all the surfaces of a geometric solids.

VOLUME & SURFACE AREA

CIRCLE
⎯ A plane figure in which all points are the same distance from point O, called
the center of the circle.
⎯ A diameter of a circle is a line
segment with endpoints on the
circle and passing through the
center. AB is the diameter of the
circle. The variable d is used to
designate the length of a
diameter of a circle.
⎯ A radius of a circle is a line
segment from the center of the
circle to a point on the circle. OF
is a radius of the circle. The
variable r is used to designate the
length of a radius of a circle.

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 ⎯ A chord of a circle is defined as the line segment joining any two points on
the circle. Chord CD is an example of chord in a circle below.
⎯ A secant of a circle is a line
that intersects a circle at two distinct
points. Secant is derived from the
Latin word “secare” which means to cut.
It can also be understood as the
extension of the chord that goes
outside the circle. In the figure, line
AB is the secant of the circle.
⎯ A tangent to a circle is a line
coplanar with the circle and intersects
one and only one point on the circle. In
the figure, line that contains point E is
the tangent of the circle.

⎯ Postulate: A tangent line is perpendicular to the radius

drawn to the point of contact.
⎯ Postulate: If a line is perpendicular to a radius at its outer
endpoint, then it is tangent to the circle.

SECANT AND TANGENT SEGMENTS

⎯ A tangent segment is a point of a tangent line between
the point of contact and a point outside the circle.

⎯ A secant segment is the part of a secant line that joins

a point outside the circle to the farther intersection
point of the secant and the circle. 𝐴𝑅 is the secant
segment.

⎯ The external part of a secant segment is the part of

a secant line that joins the outside point to the nearer
intersection point. 𝐵𝑅 is the external part.

THEOREMS ON SECANT SEGMENTS, TANGENTS SEGMENTS, AND

EXTERNAL SEGMENTS

Theorem 1: If two secant segments are drawn to a

circle from an exterior point, then the product of the
lengths of one secant segment and its external secant
segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant segment and its external secant
segment.
In ʘ𝐴, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐷𝐶 are secant segments from external point C. 𝐸𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ is
the external secant segment of ̅̅̅̅𝐵𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐶 is the external secant segment of𝐷𝐶̅̅̅̅ .
The theorem states that:
(𝑩𝑪
̅̅̅̅) • (𝑬𝑪
̅̅̅̅) = (𝑫𝑪
̅̅̅̅) • (𝑭𝑪
̅̅̅̅)

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 Theorem 2: If a tangent segment and a secant
segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior point,
then the square of the length of the tangent
segment is equal to the product of the lengths of
the secant segment and its external secant segment.
In ʘA, 𝐸𝐶
̅̅̅̅ and 𝐷𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are tangent segment
and secant segment respectively from external point
C. 𝐺𝐶
̅̅̅̅ is the external secant segment of 𝐷𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ . The
theorem states that:
̅̅̅̅)𝟐 = (𝑫𝑪
(𝑬𝑪 ̅̅̅̅) • (𝑮𝑪
̅̅̅̅)

Theorem 3: If two secant lines intersect inside the circle,

the product of the lengths of segments formed inside the
circle are equal.
In the figure, secant lines 𝐺𝐴 ⃡ and 𝐶𝑅
⃡ intersect
inside the circle. 𝐺𝐸̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅ 𝑅𝐸 and 𝐸𝐶
𝐸𝐴, ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ are the segments
formed inside the circle. Thus,
̅̅̅̅) • (𝑬𝑨
(𝑮𝑬 ̅̅̅̅) = (𝑹𝑬
̅̅̅̅) • (𝑬𝑪̅̅̅̅)

OTHER TERMS IN CIRCLE

⎯ Arc is a portion of a circle.
⎯ Inscribed angle is the angle formed in the interior of a circle when two
chords intersect on the circle.”
⎯ Central Angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle and whose
legs are radii.
⎯ Semicircle is half of the circle ang whose inscribed angle is 90⁰
⎯ Intercepted arc is formed when two lines go through the circumference of
the circle and share a common point, or vertex. Intercepted arcs can be
formed using chords, secant lines, and/or tangent lines.

THEOREMS ON ANGLES FORMED BY TANGENTS AND SECANTS OF A CIRCLE

Theorem 1: If two secants intersect in the exterior of

the circle, then the measure of angle formed is one-half
of the positive difference of the measures of the
intercepted arcs. In the circle, the two lines ⃡𝐴𝐶 and ⃡𝐴𝐸
intersect outside the circle at the point A. The theorem
states that:
𝟏
𝒎∠𝑪𝑨𝑬 = (𝒎𝑪𝑬 ̂ − 𝒎𝑩𝑫 ̂)
𝟐
Example: In the circle shown, if 𝑚𝐵𝐷̂ = 28° and 𝑚𝐶𝐸 ̂ = 88° , then find 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐸 .
Solution:
𝟏
𝒎∠𝑪𝑨𝑬 = (𝒎𝑪𝑬 ̂ − 𝒎𝑩𝑫 ̂)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎∠𝑪𝑨𝑬 = (𝟖𝟖° − 𝟐𝟖°)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎∠𝑪𝑨𝑬 = 𝟐 (𝟔𝟎°)
𝒎∠𝑪𝑨𝑬 = 𝟑𝟎°

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 Theorem 2: If a secant and tangent intersect in the
exterior of the circle, then the measure of angle formed
is one-half of the positive difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs. In the figure, secant ⃡𝑁𝐿 and
tangent 𝐿𝑂
⃡ intersect outside the circle at point L. 𝑂𝑀𝑁
̂
and 𝑄𝑂̂ are the two intercepted arcs of ∠𝑁𝐿𝑂. The
theorem states that:
𝟏
𝒎 ∠𝑵𝑳𝑶 = ̂ − 𝒎 𝑸𝑶
(𝒎 𝑶𝑴𝑵 ̂)
𝟐

Theorem 3: If two tangents intersect in the exterior

of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is
one-half the difference of the measures of the
intercepted arcs.
In the figure below, tangent 𝐵𝐴
⃡ and
tangent ⃡𝐴𝐸 intersect outside ʘ𝐶 at point A. 𝐵𝐸
̂ and
̂ are the two intercepted arcs of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐸. The
𝐸𝐷𝐵
theorem states that:
𝟏
𝒎∠𝑩𝑨𝑬 = (𝒎 𝑬𝑫𝑩 ̂ − 𝒎 𝑩𝑬 ̂)
𝟐

Theorem 4: If two secants intersect in the interior of a

circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half the
sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle
and its vertical angle.
In the figure, ⃡𝑊𝑆 and ⃡𝑅𝑋 are two secants
intersecting inside the circle. 𝑊𝑅̂ and 𝑋𝑆̂ are the two
intercepted arcs of ∠1 while 𝑋𝑊 ̂ and 𝑅𝑆 ̂ are the two
intercepted arcs of ∠2. The theorem states that:
𝟏
𝒎 ∠𝟏 = (𝒎 𝑾𝑹 ̂ + 𝒎 𝑿𝑺̂)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎 ∠𝟐 = (𝒎 𝑿𝑾 ̂ + 𝒎 𝑹𝑺̂)
𝟐

Theorem 5: If a secant and a tangent intersect at the

point of tangency, then the measure of each angle
formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
In the figure, ⃡𝑍𝑃 is tangent at the circle at
Y. Secant 𝑄𝑌
⃡ and tangent 𝑍𝑃 ⃡ intersect at Y. 𝑄𝑌 ̂ is the
intercepted arc of ∠𝑍𝑌𝑄 while 𝑌𝑋𝑄 ̂ is the intercepted
arc of ∠𝑄𝑌𝑃. The theorem states that:
𝟏
𝒎 ∠𝒁𝒀𝑸 = 𝒎 𝑸𝒀 ̂
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎 ∠𝑸𝒀𝑷 = 𝒎 𝒀𝑿𝑸 ̂
𝟐