A Course Material on

Structural Analysis I

By

Mr. N. Sathish Kumar

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

VIJAYAMANGALAM – 638 056

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Subject Code : CE6501

Scubject : Structural Analysis I

Class : III Year CIVIL

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Name: N.Sathish Kumar

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I
UNIT-I

DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Example 2
Example 1

The physical quantity work is defined as the product of force times a conjugate displacement,
i.e., a displacement in the same direction as the force we are considering. We are familiar with
real work, i.e., the product of a real force and a real displacement, i.e., a force and a displacement
that both actually occur. The situation is illustrated in Part 1 of the following figure:

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

We can extend the concept of real work to a definition of virtual work, which is the product of a
real force and a conjugate displacement, either real or virtual. In Part 2 of the example shown
above, we assume that the cantilever column loaded with force P undergoes a virtual rotation of
magnitude at its base. We compute the virtual work corresponding to this virtual displacement
by summing the products of real forces times conjugate virtual displacements.

For this calculation, we must introduce unknown sectional forces at those locations where we
have cut the structure to create the virtual displacement. In the example shown above, therefore,
we have introduced bending moment at the base, Mb. For completeness, we would also have to
introduce a shear force V and an axial force N at the base of the column, but, as we shall see,
there is no component of virtual displacement conjugate to these forces. They have therefore not
been shown in the example.

We calculate the virtual displacements of the structure corresponding to all known and unknown
forces. For a rotation at the base, horizontal translation of the tip of the cantilever is · L. We

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

then multiply force times displacement and sum these products to obtain the following
expression for virtual work corresponding to the assumed virtual displacement:

U = P · L · – Mb · 

We treat the virtual work done by force Mb as negative since the direction of Mb as drawn is
opposite to the direction of the virtual rotation .

The principle of virtual work states that a system of real forces is in equilibrium if and only if the
virtual work performed by these forces is zero for all virtual displacements that are compatible
with geometrical boundary conditions.

For the example given in the previous subsection, this implies that the virtual work of the simple
cantilever, U, must be zero for the system to be in equilibrium:

U = P · L · – Mb · = 0

Since is nonzero, it follows that Mb = P · L, which is precisely the familiar expression for
bending moment at the base of a cantilever loaded with force P at its tip.

A more general mathematical statement of the principle of virtual work is as follows:

Let Qi be a set of real loads acting on a given structure

Let Ri be the corresponding real support reactions
Let Mi, Vi, and Ni be the sectional forces (bending moment, shear, and axial force) introduced at
the locations where the structure has been cut to allow it to undergo a virtual displacement.

Let Qi, Ri, Mi, Vi, and Ni be virtual displacements compatible with the geometrical
boundary conditions and conjugate to the forces defined previously.

Then the structure is in equilibrium if and and only if:

(Qi · Qi) + (Ri · Ri) + (Mi · Mi) + (Vi · Vi) + (Ni · Ni) = 0

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Virtual Work

Virtual work is defined as the following line integral

where

C is the path or curve traversed by the object, keeping all constraints satisfied;

is the force vector;

is the infinitesimal virtual displacement vector.

Virtual work is therefore a special case of mechanical work. For the work to be called virtual,
the motion undergone by the system must be compatible with the system's constraints, hence the
use of a virtual displacement.

One of the key ideas of Lagrangian mechanics is that the virtual work done by the constraint
forces should be zero. This is a reasonable assumption, for otherwise a physical system might
gain or lose energy simply by being constrained (imagine a bead on a stationary hoop moving
faster and faster for no apparent reason)!

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

The idea of virtual work also plays a key role in interpreting D'Alembert's principle:

Equilibrium of forces (“staic” treatment)

virtual work produced by inertia force

virtual work rpoduced by net applied force.

Note:

Requirements on :

- compatible with the kinematic constraints, but otherwise arbitrary

- instantaneous

- increasingly small

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

For a single body Bi :

For a system of n bodies B:

“Lagrange form of d’Alembert’s Principle”

This formalism is convenient, as the constraint (non-working) loads disappear. (forces, torques)

→ where iis the vector of independent degrees-of-freedom.

Example (i)

The motivation for introducing virtual work can be appreciated by the following simple example
from statics of particles. Suppose a particle is in equilibrium under a set of forces Fxi, Fyi, Fzi i =
1,2,...n:

Multiplying the three equations with the respective arbitrary constants δ x, δy, δz :

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

(b)

When the arbitrary constants δx, δy, δz are thought of as virtual displacements of the particle, then
the left-hand-sides of (b) represent the virtual work. The total virtual work is:

(c)

Since the preceding equality is valid for arbitrary virtual displacements, it leads back to the
equilibrium equations in (a). The equation (c) is called the principle of virtual work for a particle.
Its use is equivalent to the use of many equilibrium equations.

Applying to a deformable body in equilibrium that undergoes compatible displacements and

deformations, we can find the total virtual work by including both internal and external forces
acting on the particles. If the material particles experience compatible displacements and
deformations, the work done by internal stresses cancel out, and the net virtual work done
reduces to the work done by the applied external forces. The total virtual work in the body may
also be found by the volume integral of the product of stresses and virtual strains :

Thus, the principle of virtual work for a deformable body is:

This relation is equivalent to the set of equilibrium equations written for the particles in the
deformable body. It is valid irrespective of material behaviour, and hence leads to powerful
applications in structural analysis and finite element analysis.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Now consider a block on a surface

Applying formula (c) gives:

leads to

Observe virtual work formalism leads directly to Newton’s equation of motion in the
kinematically allowable direction.

Example (ii)

Two bodies connected by a rotary joint.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Virtual wotk produced by these constranit loads:

drop out of the expression!

By assuming the contributions to virtual work produced by all forces in and an all system
elements, the constraint loads disappear.

For multi-body system, the derivation of the equatios of motion now becomes much more
simple.

Degree of freedom or Kinematic Indeterminacy

Members of structure deform due to external loads. The minimum number of parameters
required to uniquely describe the deformed shape of structure is called “Degree of
Freedom”. Displacements and rotations at various points in structure

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

are the parameters considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. In framed
structure the deformation at joints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure.
Deformation at intermediate points on the structure is expressed in terms of end
deformations. At supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction is zero. For example
hinged support of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along x
and y directions are zero. Degree of freedom of a structure is expressed as a number equal to
number of free displacements at all joints. For a two dimensional structure each rigid joint
has three displacements as shown in

In case of three dimensional structure each rigid joint has six displacement.

• Expression for degrees of freedom

1. 2D Frames: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 3
2. 3D Frames: NDOF = 6NJ – NR NR 6
3. 2D Trusses: NDOF= 2NJ – NR NR 3
4. 3D Trusses: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 6

Where, NDOF is the number of degrees of freedom

In 2D analysis of frames some times axial deformation is ignored. Then NAC=No. of axial
condition is deducted from NDOF

Conditions of Equilibrium and Static Indeterminacy

A body is said to be under static equilibrium, when it continues to be under rest after
application of loads. During motion, the equilibrium condition is called dynamic equilibrium. In
two dimensional system, a body is in equilibrium when it satisfies following equation.

Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Mo=0 ---1.1

To use the equation 1.1, the force components along x and y axes are considered. In three
dimensional system equilibrium equations of equilibrium are

Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Fz=0;

Mx=0 ; My=0 ; Mz=0; ----1.2

To use the equations of equilibrium (1.1 or 1.2), a free body diagram of the structure as a
whole or of any part of the structure is drawn. Known forces and unknown reactions with
assumed direction is shown on the sketch while drawing free body diagram. Unknown forces are
computed using either equation 1.1 or 1.2

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Before analyzing a structure, the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be
computed using equations of equilibrium alone. If all unknown reactions can be uniquely
determined from the simultaneous solution of the equations of static equilibrium, the reactions of
the structure are referred to as statically determinate. If they cannot be determined using
equations of equilibrium alone then such structures are called statically indeterminate
structures. If the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of equations of
equilibrium then the structure is statically unstable.

The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of
unknown forces and the number of equilibrium equations available to solve for the unknowns.
These extra forces are called redundants. Indeterminacy with respect external forces and
reactions are called externally indeterminate and that with respect to internal forces are called
internally indeterminate.

A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two-dimensional

structures are given below:

NUK= Number of unknown forces

NEQ= Number of equations available
IND= Degree of indeterminacy
IND= NUK - NEQ

Indeterminacy of Planar Frames

For entire structure to be in equilibrium, each member and each joint must be in equilibrium
(Fig. 1.9)

NEQ = 3NM+3NJ

NUK= 6NM+NR

IND= NUK – NEQ = (6NM+NR)-(3NM+3NJ)

IND= 3NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.3

SCE Dept of Civil

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SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

UNIT – II
INFLUENCE LINES

2.1 Influence lines

An influence line is a graph showing, for any given beam frame or truss,
the
variation of any force or displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending
moment, tension, deflection) for all positions of a moving unit load as it crosses the
structure from one end to the other.

Uses of influence line diagram

(i) Influence lines are very useful in the quick determination of reactions,
shear force, bending moment or similar functions at a given section
under any given system of moving loads and
(ii) Influence lines are useful in determining the load position to cause
maximum value of a given function in a structure on which load
positions can vary.
1.A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a udl of 20 kN/m over its
central 4m length. With the help of influence line diagram, find the
shear force at 3m from the left support.

x 3
  0.3
l 10
(l  x) 7
  0.7
l 10
Shear force at X = intensity of udl x area of udl below the udl
(0.7  0.3)
= 20 * 2 * 4  40 kN
2.2 Muller – Bresalu principle.
Muller – Bresalu principle states that, if we want to sketch the
influence line for any force quantity (like thrust, shear, reaction, support
moment or bending moment) in a structure,
(i) we remove from the structure the restraint to that force quantity
(ii) we apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement
corresponding to that forces quantity.
For the two member determine bent in fig. sketch the influence line for VA.
If we deftly apply Muller – Breslau to the problem, we can first remove
support A and push A up by unit distance. Since the angle at B will remain unchanged,
our unit displacement will result in a rigid body rotation of θ (=1/4 radian) about C. So
the column CB will also have a horizontal displacement. (For the part AB, the diagram
is just the influence line diagram for shear in a S.S beam)
The diagram for BC must be understood to be the influence of horizontal loads on
the column on RA.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I
principle on which indirect model analysis is based
The indirect model analysis is based on the Muller Bresalu principle.
Muller Breslau principle has lead to simple method of using models
of structures to get the influence lines for force quantities like bending moments, support
moments, reactions, internal shears, thrusts, etc.
To get the influence line for any force quantity (i) remove the
restraint due to the force, (ii) apply a unit displacement in the direction of the force.

2.3.Begg’s deformeter
Begg’s deformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on
structures. It has the facility to apply displacement corresponding to moment, shear
or thrust at any desired point in the model. In addition, it provides facility to
measure accurately the consequent displacements all over the model.

‘dummy length’ in models tested with Begg’s deformeter.

Dummy length is the additional length (of about 10 to 12 mm) left at
the extremities of the model to enable any desired connection to be made with the
gauges.
Three types of connections possible with the model used with
Begg’s deformeter.
(i) Hinged connection
(ii) Fixed connection
(iii) Floating connection

Use of a micrometer microscope in model analysis with Begg’s

deformeter
Micrometer microscope is an instrument used to measure the displacements of
any point in the x and y directions of a model during tests with Begg’s deformeter.

Name the types of rolling loads for which the absolute maximum bending
moment occurs at the mid span of a beam.
Types of rolling loads:
(i) Single concentrated load
(ii) Udl longer than the span
(iii) Udl shorter than the span

Absolute maximum bending moment in a beam

When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a
girder, depending upon the position of the load, there will be a maximum
bending moment for every section. The maximum of these maximum bending
moments will usually occur near or at the mid span. This maximum of
maximum bending moment is called the absolute maximum bending moment,
Mmaxmax.
The portal frame in fig. is hinged at D and is on rollers at A. Sketch the
influence line for bending moment at B.
To get the influence line diagram for MB, we shall introduce a hinge
at B (and remove the resistance to bending moment). Now we get a unit rotation
between BA and BC at B.
BC cannot rotate since column CD will prevent the rotation. BA
would rotate freely (with zero moment). For θ =1 at B, displacement at A = 3m. The
displaced position shows the influence line for MB as shown in fig.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

2.A single rolling load of 100 kN moves on a girder of span 20m.

(a) Construct the influence lines for (i) shear force and (ii) bending moment
for a section 5m from the left support. (b) Construct the influence lines
for points at which the maximum shears and maximum bending
moment develop. Determine these values.
Solution:
(a) To find maximum shear force and bending moment at 5m from the left
support:
For the ILD for shear,
l  x 20  5
IL ordinate to the right of D =   0.75
l 20
For the IL for bending moment, IL ordinate at D =
x(l  x) 5 *15
  3.75 m
l 20

(i) Maximum positive shear force

By inspection of the ILD for shear force, it is evident that maximum
positive shear force occurs when the load is placed just to the right of D.
Maximum positive shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * 7.5
At D, SFmax + = 75 kN.
(ii) Maximum negative shear force
Maximum negative shear force occurs when the load is placed just to
the left D.
Maximum negative shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * 0.25
At D, SFmax = -25 kN.
(iii) Maximum bending moment
Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is placed on the
section D itself.
Maximum bending moment = load * ordinate = 100 * 3.75 = 375 kNm
(b) Maximum positive shear force will occur at A. Maximum negative shear
force will occur at B. Maximum bending moment will occur at mid span.
The ILs are sketched in fig.

(i) Positive shear force

Maximum positive shear force occurs when the load is placed at A.
Maximum positive shear force = load * ordinate = 100*1
SFmaxmax + = 100 kN
(ii) Negative shear force
Maximum negative shear force occurs when the load is placed at B.
Maximum negative shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * (-1)
SFmaxmax = - 100 kN
(iii) Maximum bending moment
Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is at mid span
Maximum bending moment = load * ordinate = 100 * 5 = 500 kNm

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

3.Draw the ILD for shear force and bending moment for a section at 5m
from the left hand support of a simply supported beam, 20m long.
Hence, calculate the maximum bending moment and shear force at the
section, due to a uniformly distributed rolling load of length 8m and
intensity 10 kN/m run.(Apr/May 05)
Solution:

(a) Maximum bending moment:

Maximum bending moment at a D due to a udl shorter than the span
occurs when the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the
span.

A1 D AD
In the above fig.   0.25, A1 D  2M , B1D  6M
B1 D BD
Ordinates:
Ordinate under A1 = (3.75/5)*3 = 2.25
Ordinate under B1 = (3.75/15)*9 = 2.25
Maximum bending moment = Intensity of load * Area of ILd under the load
(3.75  2.25) * 8
= 10 *
2
At D, Mmax = 240 kNm
(b) Maximum positive shear force
Maximum positive shear force occurs when the tail of the UDL is at D
as it traverses from left to right.

0.75
Ordinate under B1 = * (15  8)  0.35
15
Maximum positive shear force = Intensity of load * Area of ILD under load
(0.75  0.35) * 8
= 10 *
2
SFmax = + 44 kNm

(c) Maximum negative shear force

Maximum negative shear force occurs when the head of the UDL is at D
as it traverses from left to right.

Maximum negative shear force = Intensity of load * Area of ILD under the load
= 10(1/2*0.25*5)
Negative SFmax = 6.25 kN.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

4.Two point loads of 100 kN and 200 kN spaced 3m apart cross a girder of
span 15m from left to right with the 100 kN load loading. Draw
the influence line for shear force and bending moment and find the
value of maximum shear force and bending moment at a section, 6m from
the left hand support. Also, find the absolute maximum moment due to
the given load system.
Solution:
(a) Maximum bending moment
x(l  x) 6 * 9
Max. Ordinate of ILD =   3.6 m
l 15
Maximum bending moment at D occurs under the critical load. This load,
when it moves from left to right of ‘D’ changes the sign of Lr, the differential loading rate,
where,
Wleft Wrig ht
Lr  
x lx
Now, let us try with 200 kN load. Firstly, keep this 200 kN load to the left of ‘D’.

Wleft Wrig ht 200 100

Lr   =   22.22 (ve)
x lx 6 9
Moving this load to the right of ‘D’,

Wleft Wrig ht 0 300

Lr   =   33.33 (ve)
x lx 6 9
Since, the sign of Lr changes, the 200 kN load is critical. The maximum bending
moment occurs at D when this 200 kN load is placed at D.
3.6
Ordinate under 100 kN load = * 6  2.4
9
Maximum bending moment =  (load * ordinate)  200 * 3.6  100 * 2.4
(b) Maximum shear force:
(i) Positive shear force
Fig. shows the load position for the absolute maximum positive shera force.
If the load train is moved to the left, the positive contribution due to the bigger (160 kN)
load is lost and a negative contribution is obtained.
If the load train moves to the right, the ordinates under to the loads decrease.
Hence, the indicated load position is the critical one.
Ordinate under 200 kN load = 0.6
0.6
Ordinate under 100 kN load =  0.4
9
Maximum positive shear force = 200 (0.6) + 100 (0.4)
(ii) Negative shear force SFmax = + 160 kN.

Trying with 100 kN load, first keep this 100 kN load to the left of D. Then move this load
to the right of ‘D’ by 3m. If the value of the shear increment Si is a negative value, it
includes a decrease in negative shear force.
W 300 * 3
S i  c  W1   100  40(ve)
l 15
Hence, the negative shear force decreases when this load train is moved to the right
of ‘D’. Hence, to get maximum shear force, this 100 kN load should be kept just to the left
of D.
Ordinate under 100 kN load = 0.4
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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

0.4
Ordinate under 200 kN load = * 3  0.2
6
Maximum negative shear force = 100*0.4 + 200*0.2 = 80
SFmax = - 80 kN
(c) Absolute maximum bending moment
(i) Resultant of the loads
Taking moments about 200 kN load,
100*3 = R.x, R = 300 kN. X = 1.0 m
Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load which is
nearer to the resultant ‘R’. The critical position is when the resultant ‘R’
and the load are at equal distance from the centre of span © .
Distance of this 200 kN from C = Distance of ‘R’ from c.
Maximum ordinate of ILD (i.e) ordinate under 200 kN load = x(l  x)  3.733 m
l
Ordinate under 100 kN load = (3.733*6)/9 =2.489 m
Absolute maximum bending moment, Mmaxmax =  (load * Dis tan ce)
= 200 * 3.733 + 100*2.489 = 995.5 kNm

5.A train of 5 wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam of span 22.5 m.
Using influence lines, calculate the maximum positive and negative shear
forces at mid span and absolute maximum bending moment anywhere in
the span.(Nov/Dec 05)

Solution:
(a) Maximum shear force
(i) Positive shear force
To determine the load position to get the maximum positive shear force, let us keep
all the loads to the right of C. Then move W1 load to the left of ‘C’ by 2.5 m. if the
sign of shear increments Si is negative, it will indicate that W1 shall be retained at C.
Wc
S i  W1
l
W = Total load on the span = 120 + 160 +400 + 260 +240 = 1182 kN.
C = Distance through which the load train is moved = 2.5 m

1180 * 2.5
Si   120  11.11 (ve)
22.5
Since Si is positive, the shear force increases due to thr shifting of W1 to the left of C.
Again, let us move W2 to the left of C by 2.5 m to check whether the shera force
further increases or not.

Wc 1180 * 2.5
Si   W2   160  28.89 (ve)
l 22.5
Since Si is negative, it undicates that to get maximum positive shear force, W2 should
stay just right of C.

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CE6501 Ordinate of ILD Structural Analysis I
 0.5
* (11.25  2.5)  0.39
Ordinate under W1 = 11.25

22.5  11.25
Ordinate under W2 =  0.5
22.5

0.5
Ordinate under W3 = * 8.75  0.39
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W4 = * 3.25  0.28
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W5 = * 3.75  0.17
11.25

Maximum positive shear force = (laodxordinate)

= 120 (-0.39) + 160 (0.5) +400 (0.39) +260(0.28) + 240 (0.17)

At C , SFmax + = 302.8 kN.

ii) Negative shear force

To determine the position of loads to get the maximum negative shear force, move the
loads one by one to the right of C and computer the value of Si.If Si becomes negative it
will indicate a decrease in negative shear force due to that movement.

First let us move the leading W5 to the right of C by 2.5 m and calculate Si

Wd
Si=  W5
l

W5 = 240 kN; d = 2.5 m

1180x2.5
Si =  240  108.89(ve)
22.5

Since Si is –ve it indicates that W5 should stay just to the left of C.

Ordinates of ILD:
x 11.25  0.5
Ordinate under W5 = 
l 22.5
0.5
Ordinate under W4 = x(11.25  2.5)  0.39
11.25

0.5 x(11.25  5.0)  0.278

Ordinate under W3 =
11.25
0.5
Ordinate under W2 = x(11.25  7.5)  0.167
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W1 = x(11.25  10)  0.056
11.25

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Maximum negative shear force at C = 240(-0.5)+260(-0.39)+(400(-0.278) +160(-0.167)

+120(-0.056)

Fmax = 366.04 kN.

b) Absolute maximum bending moment

i) Position of resultant of all loads


Taking moments about W1, 120(0)+160(2.5)+400(5.0)+260(7.5)+240(10.0) =R. x

R = 1180kN

x = 5,72m from W1

ii) Location of absolute maximum bending moment

Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load, which is nearest to the
resultant ‘R’.(In this problem W3 is nearest to the resultant ‘R’).The distance between C
and R and the distance between C and W3 shall be equal.

Distance between R and center of span(C) = ½ (0.72) =0.36 m

In this fig. Shows the IL for bending moment at the critical spot D, 10.89 m fro A.
Ordinates of ILD:

Maximum ordinate of ILD

x(l  x) 10.89(22.5  10.39)

(i.e) Ordinate under W3 =   5.62
l 22.5

5.62
Ordinate under W2 = x8.39  4.33
10.89

5.62
Ordinate under W1 = x5.89  3.04
10.89

5.62
Ordinate under W4 = x9.11  4.41
11.61

5.62
Ordinate under W5 = x6.61  3.20
11.61

Absolute maximum bending moment =120 (3.04)+160(4.33)+400(5.62)+260(4.41)+

240 (3.2)

Mmax max = 5220.2 kN.m

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I
5) A girder a span of 18mis simply supported at the ends. It is traversed by a train of
loads as shown in fig. The 50 kN load loading. Find the maximum bending moment
which can occur (i) under the 200 kN load (ii) Under 50 kN load, using influence line
diagrams.

Solution:
a) Maximum bending moment
i) Under 200 kN
loads.
To get the maximum bending moment under W3 the resultant R and W3 should be at equal
distances from the center of the span C.For that the point of action of resultant R should
be determined first.
a) Resultant of loads:

R = 450

kN

Taking moments about

W4

200(3) +100 (3+2) +50(3 +2+3) = 450 x


x = 3.33 from W4

b) Bending moment under 200 kN load 

Distance between C and 200 kN load = Distance between C and R = 0.33/2 = 0.165 m.

Ordiantes of ILD :

x(l  x)
ILD under W3 =
l

X= 8.335m

l-x = 18-8.835 = 9.165 m

8.835 * 9.1365
ILD under W3 =  4.50 m
18
4.5 * 5.835
ILD under W4 =  2.97 m
8.835

4.5 * (3  4.165)
ILD under W2 =  3.52 m
9.165

4.5 * 4.165
ILD under W1 =

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

 2.05 m

Bending moment under the 200 kN load

= 200 (4.5) + 100 (2.97) + 100 (3.52) +50 (2.05) = 1651.5 kNm.

(ii) Bending moment under the load 50 kN load

To get the maximum bending moment under W1 , W2 and R must be at equal

distances from the centre of span ©. Distance between C and R = Distance between C and
W1 = ½ (2 – 0.33 + 3) = ½ (4.67) = 2.335 m
Ordinates of ILD:

x(l  x) 11.335 * 6.665

ILD under W1 =   4.20 m
l 18

x(l  x) 4.2 * 8.335

ILD under W2 =   3.09 m
l 11.335

x(l  x) 4.2 * 6.335

ILD under W3 =   2.35 m
l 11.335

x(l  x) 4.2 * 3.335

ILD under W4 =   1.24 m
l 11.335

Bending moment under the load 50 kN load

= 4.2 (50) + 3.09 (100) +2.35 (200) +1.24 (100) = 1113 kN m.

6.Draw the I.L for reaction at B and for the support moment MA at A for the
propped cantilever in fig. Compute the I.L ordinates at 1.5 m intervals.

Solution:

Remove the restraint due to RB (remove support B)

Apply a unit displacement (upward).

When RB = 1, then YXB is the displacement at section x due to

unit load applied at B.

d2y d 2y
Mx = -EI  R B .x  1.x : EI  x
dx 2 dx 2

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

2
dy x
EI   C1
dx 2
 x3
EIy   C1 x  C1
6

At x= 12, y = 0, dy/dx = 0

Hence , C1 = 72, C2 = -576

1  x2 
  
EI  6
YXB = 72x 576



 576
YBB (at x = 0 ) =
EI

When we plot this against x, we get the I.L for RB.

Xm 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

RB 1 0.814 0.632 0.463 0.312 0.184 0.085 0.022 0.00

Fig. is the influence line diagram for RB.

To get the I.L for M A have to

(i) Introduce a hinge at A and

(ii) We have to apply a unit rotation at A. Instead we will apply a unit moment at A
find the general displacement at any x from B. We will then divide the
displacement by the actual rotation at A.

MA 1
RB  RA  1/12
d 2y x
Due to M x  EI 2 
dx 12
dy  x 2
Ei   C1
dx 24

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

The ordinates of the I.L.D for MA at 1.5 m intervals are tabulated below.

X 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0

ILD 0.0 -0.738 -1.406 -1.934 -2.250 -2.285 -1.960 -1.230 0.0

7. In a simply supported girder AB of span 2om, determine the maximum

bending moment and maximum shear force at a section 5m from A, due to
the passage of a uniformly distributed load of intensity 20 kN/m, longer
than the span.

Solution:

(i) Maximum bending moment

Since the udl is longer than the , the criterion for maximum bending
moment at a section is that the whole span should be loaded as shown in fig.

(ii) Maximum shear force

Maximum negative shear force at a section occurs when the

head of the load reaches the section ((i.e. when the left portion AX is loaded and right
portion XB is empty)

(iii) Maximum positive shear force:

Maximum positive shear force occurs at X when the tail of the

load is at X as it moves from left to right. (i.e. AX is empty and the portion XB is loaded)

Maximum positive shear force = RA

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 UNIT III Structural Analysis I
ARCHS
3.1.ARCH
An arch is defined as a curved girder, having convexity upwards
and supported at its ends.
The supports must effectively arrest displacements in the vertical
and horizontal directions. Only then there will be arch action.

3.2.Linear arch
If an arch is to take loads, say W1, W2, and W3 and a vector
diagram and funicular polygon are plotted as shown; the funicular polygon
is known as the linear arch or theoretical arch.

The polar distance ‘ot’ represents the horizontal thrust.

The links AC, CD, DE and EB will br under compression and there
will be no bending moment. If an arch of this shape ACDEB is provided,
there will be no bending moment.

3.3.Eddy’s theorem.
Eddy’s theorem states that “The bending moment at any section of
an arch is proportional to the vertical intercept between the linear arch (or
theoretical arch) and the center line of the actual arch”.
BMx = ordinate O2 O3 * scale factor

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged parabolic arch

For a three-hinged parabolic arch, the degree of static indeterminacy is
zero. It is statically determinate.

1.A three hinged parabolic arch hinged at the crown and springing has
a horizontal span of 12m and a central rise of 2.5m. it carries a udl of
30 kN/m run over the left hand half of the span. Calculate the resultant
at the end hinges.

Let us take a section X of an arch. Let θ be the inclination of the tangent at X. if H

is the horizontal thrust and V the net vertical shear at X, from theb free body of the
RHS of the arch, it is clear that V and H will have normal and radial components
given by,
N = H cos θ + V sin θ
R = V cosθ – H sin θ

The normal thrust and radial shear in an arch rib.

Parabolic arches are preferable to carry distributed loads. Because, both,

the shape of the arch and the shape of the bending moment diagram are parabolic.
Hence the intercept between the theoretical arch and actual arch is zero everywhere.
Hence, the bending moment at every section of the arch will be zero. The arch will be
under pure compression that will be economical.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Difference between the basic action of an arch and a suspension cable

An arch is essentially a compression member, which can also take
bending moments and shears. Bending moment and shears will be absent if the arch is
parabolic and the loading uniformly distributed.
A cable can take only tension. A suspension bridge will therefore
have a cable and a stiffening girder. The girder will take the bending moment and
shears in the bridge and the cable, only tension.
Because of the thrust in cables and arches, the bending moments
are considerably reduced.
If the load on the girder in uniform. The bridge will have only
cable tension and no bending moment on the girder.

Under what conditions will the bending moment in an arch be zero

throughout
The bending moment in an arch throughout the span will be zero, if
(i) The arch is parabolic and
(ii) The arch carries udl throughout the span

2.A three-hinged semicircular arch carries a point load of 100 kN at the

crown. The radius of the arch is 4m. Find the horizontal reactions at the supports.
VA = VB = 50 kN

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Equating the moment about C to Zero, VA * 4 – H*4 = 0

H = VA
Horizontal reaction, H = 50 kN

3.A three-hinged semicircular arch of radius 10m carries a udl of 2 kN/m

over the span. Determine the horizontal and vertical reactions at
the supports.

Determine H, VA and VB in the semicircular arch shown in fig

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Equating moments about A to Zero,

VB * 12 – 12 * 9 = 0;
VB = 9 kN and VA = 3 kN
Equating moments to the left of C to zero,
H = VA = 3 kN; H= 3 kN

Distinguish between two hinged and three hinged arches.

SI.NO Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

1. Statically indeterminate to first Statically determinate
degree
2. Might develop temperature stresses. Increase in temperature causes increases
in central rise. No stresses
3. Structurally more efficient. Easy to analyse. But, in construction,
the central hinge may involve additional
expenditure.
4. Will develop stresses due to sinking Since this is determinate, no stresses
of supports due to support sinking

Rib – shorting in the case of arches.

In a 2-hinged arch, the normal thrust, which is a compressive force
along the axis of the arch, will shorten then rib of the arch. This is turn will release
part of the horizontal thrust.
Normally, this effect is not considered in the analysis (in the case
of two hinged arches). Depending upon the important of the work we can either take
into account or omit the effect of rib shortening. This will be done by considering (or
omitting) strain energy due to axial compression along with the strain energy due to
bending in evaluating H.

Effect of yielding of support in the case of an arch.

Yielding of supports has no effect in the case of a 3 hinged arch which is
determinate. These displacements must be taken into account when we analyse 2
hinged or fixed arches as under
U
 H instead of zero
H
U
 V A instead of zero
V A
Here U is the strain energy of the arch ∆H and ∆VA are the displacements
due to yielding of supports.

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

5.A three-hinged parabolic arch has a horizontal span of 36m with a central rise
of 6m. A point load of 40 kN moves across the span from the left to
the right. What is the absolute maximum positive bending moment that
wills occur in the arch

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

For a single concentrated load moving from one end to the

other, Absolute maximum positive bending moment
= 0.096wl = 0.096*40 * 36=138.24 kNm
This occurs at 0.211 l = 0.211 * 36 = 7.596 m from the ends.
Absolute maximum positive bending moment = 138.24 kNm at 7.596 m from
the ends.

6.A 3 hinged arch of span 40m and rise 8m carries concentrated loads of
200 kN and 150 kN at a distance of 8m and 16m from the left end and
an udl of 50 kN/m on the right half of the span. Find the horizontal
thrust.

Solution:
(a) Vertical reactions VA and VB :

Taking moments about A,

200(8) + 150(16) + 50 * 20 * (20 + 20/2) – VB (40)
=0
1600 + 2400 + 30000 – 40 VB = 0
VB= = 850 kN
VA = Total load – VB = 200 + 150 + 50 * 20 – 850 = 500 kN

(b) Horizontal thrust (H)

Taking moments about C,

-H x 8 + VA (20) – 200 (20 – 8) – 150 (20 – 16) = 0
-8H + 500 * 20 – 200 (12) – 150 (4) = 0
H=
875 kN

7.A parabolic 3-hinged arch carries a udl of 30kN/m on the left half of
the span. It has a span of 16m and central rise of 3m. Determine
the resultant reaction at supports. Find the bending moment,
normal thrust and radial shear at xx, and 2m from left support.

Solution:

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

(1) Reaction at A nd B;

(i) Vertical components of reactions;

Taking moments about A,

-VB (16) + 30 x 82 /2 = 0
- VB (16) + 30 * 32 = 0
VB = 60 kN
VA = Total load – VB = 30 * 8 – 60 kN
VA = 180 kN

(ii) Horizontal components of reactions at A and

Taking moments about the crown point C,

VA * 8 – 30 * 8 * 8/2 – HA * yc = 0
180 * 8 -30 *32 = HA *3
HA = 160 kN
HB = HA = since  H  0
HB = 160 kN

(iii) Resultants reactions at A and B;

RA = V A  H A = (180) 2  (160) 2  240.83 kN
2 2

RB = V B  H B = (60) 2  (160) 2  170.88 kN

2 2

(2) Bending moment at x = 2m from A:

Bending moment = VA (2) – 30 * 2 *1 – HA(y) -----------(1)

Where, y = Rise of the arch at x = 2m from ‘A’:
4r
For parabolic arches, y  2 * x(l  x) at a distance of ‘x’ from thje
l
support
Where, r = rise of the arch at Crown Point = 3m

4 *3
y * 2(16  2)
(16) 2

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Substitute in (1)y = 1.3125 m at x = 2m from ‘A’.

Bending moment at x = 2m from A = 180 (2) – 30 * 2 * 1 – 160 * 1.3125
Bending moment at xx = 90 kNm

(3) Radial shear force at x = 2m from A

Shear force, RX = Vx cos θ – H sin θ

Where, V = Net vertical shear force at x = 2m from A
= VA - w (2) = 180 – 30 * 2
V = 120 kN

H = Horizontal shear force = 160 kN

 4r 
  tan 1  2 (l  2x) 
l 
 4*3 
  tan 1  2
(16  2(2)) 
 (16) 
θ = 29º21’
R = 120 cos 29º21’ – 160 sin 29º21’
R = 26.15 kN

(4) Normal thrust at x = 2m from A:

Normal thrust PN = Vx sinθ + H cos θ = 120 sin 29º21’ + 160 cos 29º21’
PN = 198.28 kN.

8.A parabolic 3-hinged arch carries loads as shown in fig. Determine the
resultant reactions at supports. Find the bending moment, normal thrust
and radial shear at D, 5m from A. What is the maximum bending moment

Solution:

(1)Reaction at supports: (RA and RB)

(i) Vertical components of RA and RB : (VA and VB)

Taking moments about A,
20 * 3 + 30 (7) + 25 * 10 * (10 +10/2) – VB *(20) = 0
VB = 201 kN
VA = Total load – VB = 20 + 30 + 25 * 10 -201
VA = 99 kN

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I
(ii) Horizontal thrust (H):
Taking moments about the crown point C, considering the right
side of ‘C’,
-VB (20/2) + H (5) + 25 * 10 *5 = 0
-201 * (20/2) + 5 H + 1250 + 0
H = 125 kN
(iii) Resultant reactions RA and RB ;
V 1 99
  tan 1 A  tan  324'30".6
A 152
H

RA = H 2  V 2 A  (152) 2  (99) 2  181.39 kN


RB = H 2  V 2 B  (152) 2  (201) 2  252 kN
VB 201
  tan 1  tan 1  5254'9".86
B
H 152

2. Bending moment, normal thrust and radial shear force (at D):
4r 4*5
(i) y D  2 x(l  x)  * 5(20  5)
l (20) 2
yD = 3.75 m
BMD = VA (5) – HyD – 20 (5-3) = 99(5) – 152yD – 20(2)
= 495 – 152 (3.75) -40
BMD = -115 kNm
(ii) Slope of the arch at D,
 dy 
tan   
 dx  D
1  4r
 
  tan  2 (l  2x) 
l 
 4*5 
  tan 1  2
(20  2 * 5) 
 (20) 
θ = 26º33’55”.18

(iii) Normal thrust

P = V sin θ + H cos θ
V = Net beam shear force = VA – 20
V = 99 – 20 = 79 kN
Substitute in (iii) P = 79 sin θ + 152 cos θ = 179.28 kN
(iv) Radial shear force
F = V cos θ – H sin θ
F = 79 cos θ – 152 sin θ = 2.683 kN

3. Maximum Bending Moment in CB:

Considering a section xx at a distance of ‘x’ m from ‘B’
BMxx = 254KNM

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

9.A 3-hinged arch is circular, 25 m in span with a central rise of 5m. It is

loaded with a concentrated load of 10 kN at 7.5m from the left hand
hinge. Find the
(a) Horizontal thrust
(b) Reaction at each end hinge
(c) Bending moment under the load

Solution:

Vertical reactions VA and VB:

Taking moments about A,
10(7.5) – VB (25) = 0
VB = 3 kN
VA = Total load – VB = 10 -3 = 7 kN

1. Horizontal thrust (H):

Taking moments about C

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

10.A three hinged circular arch of span 16m and rise 4m is subjected to two
point loads of 100 kN and 80 kN at the left and right quarter span
points respectively. Find the reactions at supports. Find also the
bending moment, radial shear and normal thrust at 6m from left support.

Solution:

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

(a) Reaction at A and B:

(i) Vertical components of reactions at A and B:

Taking moment about A,

100 (4) + 80(12) – VB(16) = 0
VB = 85 kN.
VA = Total load - VB = (100+80)-85
VA = 95 kN.
b. Horizontal components of reactions at A and B;
Taking moments about the crone points C
VA(8) -H(YC) - 100(4) = 0
95 (8) – H (yC ) – 100 (4) = 0
H = 90 kN
(iii) Resultant reactions at A and B:


RA = V A  H  95 2  90 2  130.86 kN
2 2

RB = VB  H 2  85 2  90 2  123.79 kN
2

(b) Bending moment at 6m from the left support:

In fig. ∆OEF is a right-angled triangle

To find the radius R,
l l
*  y c (2R  y c )
2 2
yc = 4 : L = 16 Y = 3.8m at x = 2m from center
Therefore R = 10 m Bending moment = VA (6) – HA (y) – 100 (2)
To find y at x = 2m from center: = 95 (6 ) – 90y -100 (2)
∆OEF is a right-angled triangle BM = 28 kNm
R2 = (R – 4 + y )2 + 22
(D) Normal Thrust (at x = 6m from A)
Y2 + 12 y – 60 =0 N = V sin θ + H cos θ
By solving this equ N = -5 sin (11º32’) + 90 cos (11º32’) = -87.17 kN
(c) Radial shear force ‘F’ :
From fig.
2 2 2
  tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  1132'
OE 6 y 6  3.8
R = V cos θ - H sin θ
V = net shear force at x = 6m from A
= VA -100 = 95 – 100 = -5 kN
H = 90 kN
R = -5 cos (11º32’) – 90 sin (11º32’) = - 22.895
R = -22.89 kN

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

11.A symmetrical three hinged parabolic arch of span 40m and rise 8m
carries an udl of 30 kN/m over left of the span. The hinges are provided at these
supports and at the center of the arch. Calculate the reactions at the
supports. Also calculate the bending moment, radial shear, normal thrust
at distance of 10 m from the left support.

Solution:

(1) Reactions at the supports:

(i) Vertical components;

Taking moments about A,

(20) 2
30 *  VB * (40)  0
2
Vertical component of RB, VB = 150 kN
VA = Total load – VB = 30 * 20 – 150 = 450 kN

(iii) Horizontal components

Taking moments about the crown, ‘C’,
l 20
V A    H A ( y c )  30 * 20 * 0
 2  2

(20) 2
450(20)  H A (8)  30 * 0
2
H A  375 kN

H  0 ; HA  HB  0

(iii) Reaction RA and RB :

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

RA = V A  H A 2  (450) 2  (375) 2  585.77 kN

2

RB = VB  H B  (150) 2  (375) 2  403.89 kN

2 2

(2) Bending moment at 10 m from A:

4r
y  2 x(l  x)
l
4 * 8 *10(40  10)
y
(40) 2
y  6m at 10m from A.

10
Bending moment =  V A (10)  H A ( y)  30 *10 *
2

= 450(10) – 375y – 30 (50)

BMxx = 3000 -375y
BMxx = 3000 – 375 (6)
BM at 10m = 750 kNm

(3)Radial shear force at x = 10m:

R = Radial shear force = V cos θ – H sin θ
Where, V = Net vertical shear force at x = 10m from A
H = Horizontal thrust.
 4r 
  tan 1  2 (l  2 x) 
l 
dy  d 4r 
tan     2 x(l  x) 
dx dx  l 
 4r 
tan    2 (l  2x) 
l 


 4 *8 
  tan 1  2
(40  2(10)) 
 (40) 
θ = 21º 48’
V = VA – wl/4 = 450 – 30* 10

Radial shear force, R = V cos θ – H sin θ

R = 150 cos 21º 48’ – 375 sin 21º48’
R=0

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

(4) Normal thrust at x = 10m from ‘A’:

Normal thrust, N = V sin θ + H cos θ = 150 sin 21º48’ + 375 cos 21θ 48’
N = 403.89 kN

12.A parabolic 3-hinged arch of span ‘l’ is subjected to an u.d.l of w/m run
over the entire span. Find the horizontal thrust and bending moment
at any section XX.

Solution:

(a) Reactions (Vertical) at the supports:

As the loading is symmetrical, vertical reactions at A and B are equal
VA = VB = Total load/2 = wl/2

(b) Horizontal thrust:

Taking moments about the crown point C,
2
  l 
 w 
l   2 
VA ( )   H  yc   0
2 2
wl l  wl 2
*   H ( yc )  0
2 2 4*2
wl 2 wl 2
  H ( yc )  0
4 8
wl 2
H ( yc ) 
8
2
wl
H
8 yc

(c) Bending moment at xx; 
wx 2
M x  V A ( x)   Hy x
2

Since the arch is parabolic,

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

4 yc
y  x(l  x)
l2
wl w wl 2 wl 2 4 y c
Mx  x  x2  . . .x(l  x)
2 2 8 yc 8 yc l 2

wlx wx 2 wxl wx 2
    0
2 2 2 2

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I
UNIT- 1V
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

(1). A beam ABC, 10m long, fixed at ends A and B is continuous over joint B and
is loaded as shown in Fig. Using the slope deflection method, compute the end
moments and plot the bending moment diagram. Also, sketch the deflected shape of
the beam. The beam has constant EI for both the spans.

Solution.

(a) Fixed end moments

Treating each span as a fixed beam, the fixed end moments are as follows:

5 kN 8 kN
MFAB= - = -24 kN-m
A B
5 x 3 x 22 C (a)

52
MFAB= + = + 3.6 kN-m 3 2 2.5 2.5
m m m m
5 x 3 x 22 EI constant

52

MFAB= - =-5.0 kN-m

8x5
8

MFAB= + =+5.0 kN-m

8x5
8

8x5
MFAB= + =+5.0 kN-m
8

(b) Slope deflection equations

The end rotations A and C are zero since the beam is fixed at A and C. hence there
is only one unknown, B. the ends do not settle and hence  for each span is zero. Let

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

us assume B to be positive. The result will indicate the correct sign. The slope
deflection equations are as follows:
For span AB,
MAB

2 EI 3
(2 A   B   MFAB)
L L
2 EI
 ( B )  2.4  0.4 EI B  2.4
5

MBA
2 EI 3
(2 B   A   MFAB)
L L
2 EI
( B )  3.6  0.8EI B  3.6
5

For span BC,

MBC
2 EI
(2 B )  5.0
5
0.8EI B  5..0

MCB

2 EI
( B )  5.0
5
 0.4 EI B  5..0

(c) Equilibrium equation

Since there is only one un known, i.e. B, one equilibrium equation is sufficient. For
the joint B, we have

MBA + MBC = 0
(0.8 EI B + 3.6) + (0.8 EI B + 5.0) = 0
1.6 EI B = 1.4

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

1 .4
EI B = +
1 .6

The plus sign indicates that B is positive (i.e. rotation of tangent at B is clockwise).

(d) Final moments

Substituting the values of EI B in Eqa. (1) to (4), we get

MAB = 0.4
1.4 
  2.4  1.05kN  m;
 1.6 

 1.4 
MBA = 0.8   3.6  4.30kN  m;
 1.6 

 1.4 
MBC = 0.8   5.0  4.30kN  m; and
 1.6 

 1.4  5 kN
MCB = 0.4   5.0  5.35kN  m; 8 kN
 1.6  A B C (a)

Final moments 3 2 2.5 2.5

m m m m
EI constant
MAB = -1.05 kN-m

MBA = 4.30 kN-m

4.30 5.35

1.05 10kN-m
MBC = -4.30 kN-m 6 (b)

(c)

MCB = 5.35 kN-m

(2) A beam ABC, 10m long, hinged at ends A and B is continuous over joint B and
is loaded as shown in Fig. Using the slope deflection method, compute the end

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

moments and plot the bending moment diagram. Also, sketch the deflected shape of
the beam. The beam has constant EI for both the spans.

SOLUTIONS
(a) Fixed end moments
These are the same as calculated in the previous problem:
MFAB = -2.4 KN-m ; MFBA = +3.6 KN-m
MFBC = -5.0 KN-m ; MFCB = +5.0 KN-m
(b) Slope deflection equations.
2EI
For span AB MAB = (2A+B) –2.4 = 0.4 EI (2A+B) –2.4 …(1)
5
2EI
MBA = (2B+A) +3.6 = 0.4 EI (2B+A) +3.6 …(2)
5
2EI
For span BC, MBC = (2B+C) –5.0 = 0.4 EI (2B+C) –5.0 …(3)
5

2EI
And MCB = (2C+B) +5.0 = 0.4 EI (2C+B) +5.0 …(4)
5
(c) Equilibrium equations
Since end A is freely supported,
5 kN 8 kN
MAB = 0
A B C
(a)
 0.4 EI (2A+B) –2.4 = 0 …(I)
3m 2m 2.5m 2.5m
Also end C is freely supported,
EI constant
MCB = 0
 0.4 EI (2C+B) +5.0 = 0
5.35
…(II) 4.30

1.05 10kN-m
(b)
For the joint B, 6

MBA + MBC = 0 (c)

 [0.4 EI (2B+A) +3.6]

+ [0.4 EI (2B+C) –5.0
or [0.4 EI (4B+A+C) –1.4 = 0
…(III)
Solving Eqs. I, II, III, we get

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

22.5 27  88.5
EI A = ...(i) EI B = ...(ii) EI C = ….(iii)
12 12 12

(d) Final moments : Substituting the values of EI A and EI B inEq. (2), we get
 2x 27 22.5 
MBA = 0.4    + 3.6 = + 6.15 kN-m
 5 12 

As a check, substituting in Eq. (3)

 2x 27 88.5 
MBC = 0.4    - 5.0 = - 6.15 kN-m
 5 12 

MBA + MBC = + 6.15 – 6.15 = 0.

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the beam are shown in the Fig.
Note. The beam is statically indeterminate to single degree only. This problem has
also been solved by the moment distribution method (example 10.2) treating the moment
at B as unknown. However, in the4 slope- deflection method, the slope or rotations are
taken as unknowns, and due to this the problem involves three unknown rotations A, B
and C. hence the method of slope deflection is not recommended for such a problem.

(3) A continuous beam ABCD consists of three spans and is loaded as shown in fig.
ends A and D are fixed. Determine the bending moments at the supports and plot the
bending moment diagram.

(a) Fixed end moments

2x 62 2x 62
MFAB = - = -6 kN-m ; MFBA = + = + 6 kN-m
12 12

5 x 3x 2 2 5 x 2 x 32
MFBC = = - 2.4 nN-m ; MFCB =  3.6 kN-m
52 52
8x 5
MFCD = = -5kN-m
8
8x 5
MFDC =   5 kN-m
8

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

(b) Slope deflection equation

A and D are zero since ends A
and D are fixed.

5 kN
2 kN/m 8kN
A
B 2I C D
(a)
I 3m 2m 2.5m 2.5m
6m 5m 5m

6.68 4.65 kN-m 3.99 5.50

9 10
6
(b)
A B C D
(C)

2E2I 
MAB = B   6  EI B  6 …(1)
6 3
EI 
MBA = 2 2B   6  2 EI B  6 …(2)
6 3
2E2I 
MBC = 2B  C   2.4  4EI 2B  C   2.4 …(3)
5 5
2E2I 
MCB = 2C  2B   3.6  4EI B  2C   3.6 …(4)
5 5
2E2I 
MCD = 2C   5  4EI C  5 …(5)
5 5
2EI 
MDC = C   5  2EI C  5 …(6)
5 5
(c) Equilibrium equations
At join B, MBA + MBC = 0
 2EI   4EI
or  B  6    2B  C   2.4   0
 3   5 
34EI 4EI
or B  C  3.6  0
15 5
At join C, MCB + MCD = 0

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

 4EI
 2C   3.6    4EI C  5   0 or 4EI
B 
12EI
C  1.4  0
 5   5  5 5

From (I) and (II), we get EI B = -2.03 kN-m and EI C = + 1.26kN-m

(d) Final moments

Substituting this values in Eqs. (1) to (6), we get
1
MAB = (-2.03)-6 = -6.68 kN-m;
3

2
MBA = (-2.03) + 6 = +4.65 kN-m
3

4
MBC = [( – 2 x 2.03) + 1.26] - 2.4 = – 4.65 kN-m
5

4
MCB = [(- 2.03) + (2 x 1.26)] + 3.6 = + 3.99 kN-m
5

4
MCD = (1.26) – 5 = -3.99 kN-m
5

2
MDC = (1.26) + 5 = + 5.50 kN-m
5

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape are shown in Figure.

4) A continuous beam ABC is supported on an elastic column BD and is loaded as

shown in figure . Treating joint B as rigid, analyze the frame and plot the bending
moment diagram and the deflected shape of the structure.

(a)Fixed end moments

10x 2 x 32 10x 3 x 2 2
MFAB = - = -7.2 kN-m ; MFBA = + = + 4.8 kN-m
52 52

2 x 32
MFBC = - = -1.5 kN-m
12

2 x 32
MFCB = + = +1.5kN-m
12

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

MFBD = MFDB = 0

(b)Slope deflection equations.

The slopes A and D are zero since ends A and D are fixed.
For span AB
2E2I  4
MAB = xB  7.2 = EI B – 7.2 …(1)
5 5

2E2I 
MBA = 2B   4.8 = 85 EI B+4.8 …(2)
5
For span BC,
10 kN 2 kN/m
2EI
MBC = (2B+C) –1.5 A 2 B
3 I
I
4EI 2EI 2m 3m 3m
= B+ C –1.5 …(3)
3 3
3m I
2EI
MCB = (2C+B) +1.5
3
4EI 2EI D
= C + B +1.5 …(4)
3 3
For span BD
2EI 4EI
MBD = [2B]-6= B …(5)
3 3
2EI 2EI
MDB = [B] = B …(6)
3 3

(c) Equilibrium equations

At join B, MBA + MBC + MBD = 0
8 4 2 4
[ EI B + 4.8] + [ EI B + EIC – 1.5] + [ EIB] = 0
5 3 3 3

64 2
or EI B + EIC +3.3 = 0
15 3

At join C, MCB = 0

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

4 2
 EI C + EI B + 1.5 = 0
3 3

Solving Eq. (I) and (II) for B and C, we get

EI B = - 0.648

(d) Final moments

Substituting this values in Eqs. (1) to (6), we get
4
MAB = (-0.648) – 7.2 = - 7.72 kN-m;
5
7.72
8 3.76 kN-
MBA = (-0.648) +4.8 = +3.76 kN-m 2.9
5 m
1 0
4 2 2
MBC = (-0.648) + (-0.801)-1.5 2.2
C
3 3 5
A B 0.8
= -2.90 kN-m 6
4 2
MCB = (- 0.801) + (-0.648)] + 1.5 = 0
3 3

4
MBD = (-0.648) = - 0.86 kN-m
3 0.4 D
3
2
MBD = (-0.648) = - 0.43 kN-m
3

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape are shown in Figure.

(5) Analyze the rigid frame shown in figure

(a) Fixed end moments

2x 42 2 kN/m 2 kN
MFAB = - = -2.67 kN-m ;
12
A 2I B 2I
2 4m
2x 4 2m
2m
MFBA= + =+2.67kN-m
12
4 kN
4x 4
MFBD= - = - 2 kN-m
8 2m

4x 4 D
MFDB = + = + 2 kN-m
8
(b) Slope deflection equations.

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

A and D are zero.

2E2I 
MAB = xB  2.67 = EI B-2.67 ………(1)
4
2E2I 
MBA = 2B   2.67 = 2EIB+2.67 ………(2)
4

MBD =
2EI
2B   2 = EIB – 2 ………(3)
4

MDB =
2EI
B   2  1 EIB  2 ………(4)
4 2
MBC = -2 x 2 = - 4kN-m ………(5)
(c) Equilibrium equations
For the equilibrium joint B, MBA + MBD + MBC = 0
(2EIB + 2.67) + (EIB – 2) + (-4) = 0
or 3EIB = 3.33
or EIB = 1.11
4.8
(d) Final moments 9
4.0
Substituting this value of EIB in Eqs. 1.5 0
6 4 kN-
(1) to (4), we get m
0.8
MAB = 1.11 - 2.67 = - 1.56 kN-m 9

MBA = 2(1.11) + 2.67 = +4.89 kN-m

MBD = 1.11 - 2 = – 0.89 kN-m 4
1
MDB = (1.11) + 2 = + 2.56 kN-m
2

The bending moment diagram and 2.5

6
The deflected shapes are shown in Figure.

(6) A portal frame ABCD is fixed at A and D, and has rigid joints at B and C. The
column AB is 3m long. The beam BC is 2m long, and is loaded with uniformly

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

distributed load of intensity 6 kN/m. The moment of inertia is 2.1 and that of BC and
CD is I (Fig). Plot B.M. diagram and sketch the deflected shape of the frame.

(a) Fixed end moments

6x 22
MFBC = + = -2 kN-m ;
12
MFCB = +2 kN-m
MFAB = MFBA = MFCD = MFDC = 0
Let the joints B and C move horizontally by 

(b) Slope deflection equations.

2E2I  3I 4
MAB = [B - ]= EI (B-) …(1)
3 3 3

2E2I  3I 4
MBA = [2B - ]= EI (2B-) …(2)
3 3 3

2EI
MBC = [2B+C] – 2 …(3)
2
2EI
MCB = [2C+B] + 2 …(4)
2
2EI 3
MCD = [2C - ] = EI(2C - 1.5) …(5)
2 2

MDC = EI (C - 1.5) …(6)

(c) Equilibrium equations.

At joint B, B 6kN/m C
MBA + MBC = 0
4 I
Or EI(2B - )+ EI (B + C)– 2 = 0 2m
3

8 4 2
B -  + 2B + C= 2m
3 3 EI
3m
I

SCE Dept of Civil

D
CE6501 Structural Analysis I

6
or 14 B+ 3C - 4 =
EI

At joint C,
MCB + MCD = 0
or EI(2C + B)+ 2+EI (2C – 1.5 ) = 0
2 6
4C +B – 1.5  + =0 or 14 B+ 3C - 4 =
EI EI

(d) Shear equation

M AB  M BA M DC  M CD
 0
3 2

EIB    EI2B  
4 4
3 3 EIC  1.5  EI2C  1.5

3 2
or 8B - 8+16B-8+9C-13.5+18C-13.5=0
or 24B +27C= 43
2 4 14
from equation 7, c= +  B
EI 3 3

Substituting this value of C in equation (8),

8 16 56 2
   B  B  1.5  0
EI 3 3 EI
53B 10 23
or   
3 EI 6
30 23
or B=  
53 106
Substituting this value of C in equation (9) we get

54
24B   36  126B  43
EI

54
or 102B   7
EI

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

54 7
or B   
102EI 102

equating the value of B given by equation 10 and 11,

30 23 54 7
   
53EI 106 102EI 102
 23 7  54 30
     EI
 106 102  102EI 53
0.035
0.286  =
EI

 0.123
=
EI
substituting in equation 10,
30 23 0.123 0.538
B= - x 
53EI 106 EI EI
2 4 0.123 14 0.538
similarly C= - x  x
EI 3 EI 3 EI

2 0.164 2.51 0.674

= -  
EI EI EI EI
(e) Final moments
1.19  
Substituting in equations 1 to 6, we 1.6 3 kN- B
0 m C
get the values of end moments. Thus,

4  0.538 0.123 
M AB  EI   D
3  EI EI 

= +0.88 kN-m
A
4  2x 0.538 0.123 
M BA  EI   0.8
3  EI EI  8

= +1.60 k N-m
 0.538 0.674 
M BC  EI 2x  2
 EI EI 
= -1.60 kN-m

SCE Dept of Civil

CE6501 Structural Analysis I

 2x 0.674 0.538 

M CB  EI  2
 EI EI 

= +1.19 kN-m
and

 2x 0.674 0.123 

M DC  EI  1.5x 
 EI EI  = -0.49 kN-m

the bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the frame have been shown in
fig 9.18

(7) A portal frame ABCD is hinged at A and fixed at D and has stiff joints at B and C.
the loading is as shown in figure. Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected
shape of the frame.
6k
6x 22 B 1 N C
(a) MFBC = - = -1.5 kN-m 1 1
12
m m
MFCB = +1.5 kN-m

2x 42 8
3 1.5
I
MFCD = - = - kN-m m I
12 3 2k
4m N/
8 m
MFDC =+ kN-m
3
A

(b) Slope deflection equations. D

Let joints B and C move horizontally by . These are four unknowns : A B C

and .
2E3I   3x 
MAB = x  2A  B    EI2A  B    (1)
2x3  3 

2E3I   3x 
MBA = x  2B  A    EI2B  A    (2)
2x3  3 

MBC =
2EI
2B  C   1.5  EI2B  C   1.5 (3)
2

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

MCB =
2EI
2C  B   1.5  EI2C  B   1.5 ……(4)
2
2EI  3  8 EI  3  8
MCD =  2C      2 C    ………(5)
4  4 3 2 4 3

2EI  3  8 EI  3  8
MDC=  C      C   
4  4 3 2 4 3
(C) Equilibrium equations
At joint B, MBA+MBC = 0
3
or EI(2B+A-)+EI(2B+C)- =0
2
3
or 4B+A+C- - =0
2EI
At joint C, MCB+MCD=0

3 EI  3  8
or EI(2C+B)+ +  2C   =0
2 2  4  3
3 7
or 3C+B-  =0
8 6EI
Shear equation
M AB  M BA M CD  M DC wL 2
 
L1 L2 2

or
EI  3  8 EI  3  8
 2C      C   
EI2A  B    EI2A  B   2  4 3 2 4  3 2x 4
 
3 4 2
9 3C 9 48
or 8A+4B-4+8B+4A-4-3C-    
8 2 8 EI

9 41 48
or 12A+12B+ C   
2 4 EI
The end A is hinged. So MAB = 0
i.e EI(2A+B-)=0
or B=-2A

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Substituting the value of B in equation 7,

3
4-8A+A+C-- =0
2EI
3
or C - 7A+3- =0
2EI
3
or C = 7A - 3+
2EI
Substituting the value of B in equation 8,
3 7
3 C + - 2A+  - =0
8 6EI

5 7
3 C - 2A+  - =0
8 6EI
Substituting the value of B and C in equation 9,
27 63 27 41 48
12A +12-24A+ + A- -  =
4EI 2 2 4 EI
330 47
A= + 
156EI 78

Substituting the value of C and A in equation 12,

9 19x330 47x19 5 7
    9    0
2EI 156EI 78 8 6EI
959 3395 3395 312 13580
 or   x  (i)
312 78EI 78EI 959 959EI
330 47 13580 6.42
hence A =  x  (ii)
156EI 78 959EI EI
3 7 x 6.42 3x13580  0.94
C = -   (iii)
2EI EI 959EI EI
13580 2x 6.42 1.33
B = - +  (iv)
959EI EI EI

Final moments

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Substituting the values of A, B, C and  in equation 2 to 6 we get

  2x1.33 6.42 13580

MBA = EI      5.09kN  m
 EI EI 959EI 

  2 x1.33 0.945 
MBC = EI     1.5  5.09kN  m
 EI EI 

  2 x 0.94 1.33 
MCB = EI     1.5  1.71kN  m
 EI EI 

EI   2x 0.94 3 13580 8
MCD =   x    1.71kN  m
2 EI 4 959EI  3

EI   0.94 3 13580
MDC =   x   2.67  7.52kN  m
2  EI 4 959EI 

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shapes are shown in Figure.

5.09

5.09 3
B C
1.71

4
kN
-m A

7.52
(a) B.M.D (b) Deflected shape

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CE6501 UNIT-V Structural Analysis I

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES

Introduction

(Method developed by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1932)

The method solves for the joint moments in continuous beams and

rigid frames by successive approximation

Statement of Basic Principles

Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads,

as shown in Figure below. Assume that only rotation of joints occur

at B, C and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and

D. Due to the applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations occur at B, C and D.

150KN

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

In order to solve the problem in a successively approximating manner,

it can be visualized to be made up of a continued two-stage problems

viz., that of locking and releasing the joints in a continuous sequence.

The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is applied on the beam ABCD; then
given loads are applied on the beam. Since the joints of beam ABCD are locked in position,
beams AB, BC and CD acts as individual and separate fixed beams, subjected to the applied
loads; these loads develop fixed end moments.

In beam AB

Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m

Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m

In beam BC

Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62

= -112.5 kN.m

Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62

= + 112.5

In beam AB

Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m

Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-end moments), now the
joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate. Due to the joint release, the joints rotate
maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments on
either side of joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and cause a net unbalanced moment
to occur at the joint.

These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and D, according to
their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are distributed to either side of the
joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses. These distributed moments also modify the
moments at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at joints B and C in span BC
and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is dependent on the carry-over factor (which is
equal to 0.5 in this case);

The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints to which they are carried
over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-over or distributed moment becomes small.

Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

In order to understand the five steps mentioned in section 7.3, some words need to be defined and
relevant derivations made.

7.3.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors

Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a point, for given
support constraint conditions

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

A clockwise moment MA is applied at A to produce a +ve bending in beam AB. Find A and MB.

Using method of consistent deformations

Considering moment MB,

MB + MA + RAL = 0

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA

Carry - over Factor = 1/2

7.3.2 Distribution Factor

Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally applied unbalanced moment M at a
joint is apportioned to the various members mating at the joint

M = MBA + MBC + MBD

 4 E I   4 E I   4 E I 
  1 1    2 2    3 3  B
 L1   L2   L3 
 K BA  K BC  K BD  B
M M
 B  
K BA  K BC  K BD   K
 K 
M BA  K BA B   BA  M  ( D.F ) BA M
K 
 
Similarly
K 
M BC   BC  M  ( D.F ) BC M
K 
 
K 
M BD   BD  M  ( D.F ) BD M
K 
 

Modified Stiffness Factor

The stiffness factor changes when the far end of the beam is simply-supported.

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

As per earlier equations for deformation, given in Mechanics of Solids text-books.

M AL
A 
3EI
M 3EI  3  4 EI 
K AB  A     
A L  4  L 
3
 ( K AB ) fixed
4

Solve the previously given problem by the moment distribution method

Fixed end moments

wl 2 (15)(8) 2
M AB   M BA     80 kN .m
12 12
wl (150)(6)
M BC   M CB     112.5 kN .m
8 8
wl 2 (10)(8) 2
M CD   M DC     53.333 kN .m
12 12

Stiffness Factors (Unmodified Stiffness

4 EI (4)( EI )
K AB  K BA    0.5 EI
L 8
4 EI (4)( EI )
K BC  K CB    0.667 EI
L 6
 4 EI  4
K CD    EI  0.5 EI
 8  8

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CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Distribution Factors

K BA 0.5 EI
DFAB    0 .0
K BA  K wall 0.5   ( wall stiffness )
K BA 0.5 EI
DFBA    0.4284
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667 EI
K BC 0.667 EI
DFBC    0.5716
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667 EI
K CB 0.667 EI
DFCB    0.5716
K CB  K CD 0.667 EI  0.500 EI
K CD 0.500 EI
DFCD    0.4284
K CB  K CD 0.667 EI  0.500 EI
K DC
DFDC   1.00
K DC

Moment Distribution Table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution Factors 0 0.4284 0.5716 0.64 0.36 1
Computed end moments -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33
Cycle 1
Distribution 13.923 18.577 -37.87 -21.3 -53.33
Carry-over moments 6.962 -18.93 9.289 -26.67 -10.65
Cycle 2
Distribution 8.111 10.823 11.122 6.256 10.65
Carry-over moments 4.056 5.561 5.412 5.325 3.128
Cycle 3
Distribution -2.382 -3.179 -6.872 -3.865 -3.128
Carry-over moments -1.191 -3.436 -1.59 -1.564 -1.933
Cycle 4
Distribution 1.472 1.964 2.019 1.135 1.933
Carry-over moments 0.736 1.01 0.982 0.967 0.568
Cycle 5
Distribution -0.433 -0.577 -1.247 -0.702 -0.568

Summed up -69.44 90
100.69 -100.7 93.748 -93.75 0
N.Sathishkumar
moments 2015-2016
SCE Dept of Civil
CE6501 Structural Analysis I

Computation of Shear Forces

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

UNIT-I

DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

1. Why is it necessary to compute deflections in structures?

Computation of deflection of structures is necessary for the following reasons:

a. If the deflection of a structure is more than the permissible, the structure will not look
aesthetic and will cause psychological upsetting of the occupants.

b. Exessive deflection may cause cracking in the materials attached to the structure. For
example, if the deflection of a floor beam is excessive, the floor finishes and partition
walls supported on the beam may get cracked and unserviceable.

2. What is meant by cambering technique in structures?

Cambering is a technique applied on site, in which a slight upward curve is made in the
structure/beam during construction, so that it will straighten out and attain the straight shape
during loading. This will considerably reduce the downward deflection that may occur at later
stages.

3. Name any four methods used for computation of deflections in structures.

1. Double integration method 2. Macaulay’s method

3. Conjugate beam method 4. Moment area method

5. Method of elastic weights 6. Virtual work method- Dummy unit load method

7. Strain energy method 8. Williot Mohr diagram method

4. State the difference between strain energy method and unit load method in the determination of
deflection of structures.

In strain energy method, an imaginary load P is applied at the point where the deflection is
desired to be determined. P is equated to zero in the final step and the deflection is obtained.

In unit load method, an unit load (instead of P) is applied at the point where the deflection is
desired.

5. What are the assumptions made in the unit load method?

` 1. The external & internal forces are in equilibrium.

2. Supports are rigid and no movement is possible.

3. The materials is strained well with in the elastic limit.

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6. Give the equation that is used for the determination of deflection at a given point in beams and
frames.

Deflection at a point is given by,

l
δI = Mx mx
dx

EI
0

Where Mx = moment at a section X due to the applied loads

mx = moment at a section X due to a unit load applied at that point I and in the direction of
the Desired displacement EI = flexural rigidity
7. Distinguish between pin jointed and rigidly jointed structure.

Sl.no Pin jointed structure Rigidly jointed structure

1. The joints permit change of angle The members connected at a rigid joint will
Between connected member. maintain the angle between them even
under deformation due to loads.
2. The joints are incapable of transferring Members can transmit both forces and
any moment to the connected members moments between themselves through the
and vice-versa. joint.

3. The pins transmit forces between Provision of rigid joints normally increases
Connected member by developing shear. the redundancy of the structures.

8. What is meant by thermal stresses?

Thermal stresses are stresses developed in a structure/member due to change in

temperature. Normally, determine structures do not develop thermal stresses. They can
absorb changes in lengths and consequent displacements without developing stresses.

9. What is meant by lack of fit in a truss?

One or more members in a pin jointed statically indeterminate frame may be a little
shorter or longer than what is required. Such members will have to be forced in place during
the assembling. These are called members having Lack of fit. Internal forces can develop in a
redundant frame (without external loads) due to lack of fit.

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10. Write down the two methods of determining displacements in pin jointed plane frames
by the unit load concept.

The methods of using unit loads to compute

displacements are, i) dummy unit load method.

ii) Using the principle of virtual work.

11. What is the effect of temperature on the members of a statically determinate plane truss.

In determinate structures temperature changes do not create any internal stresses. The
changes in lengths of members may result in displacement of joints. But these would not
result in internal stresses or changes in external reactions.

12. Distinguish between ‘deck type’ and ‘through type’ trusses.

A deck type is truss is one in which the road is at the top chord level of the trusses.
We would not see the trusses when we ride on the road way.

A through type truss is one in which the road is at the bottom chord level of the
trusses. When we travel on the road way, we would see the web members of the trusses on
our left and right. That gives us the impression that we are going` through’ the bridge.

13. Define static indeterminacy of a structure.

If the conditions of statics i.e., ΣH=0, ΣV=0 and ΣM=0 alone are not sufficient to
find either external reactions or internal forces in a structure, the structure is called a
statically indeterminate structure.
14. Differentiate the statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate structures?

Sl.No statically determinate structures statically indeterminate structures

1. Conditions of equilibrium are sufficient Conditions of equilibrium are insufficient to
2. Bending
to analyzemoment and shear force is Bending
the structure moment
analyze the and shear force is dependent
structure
independent of material and cross of material and independent of cross sectional
3. sectional
No area. are caused due to area.
stresses Stresses are caused due to temperature change
temperature change and lack of fit. and lack of fit.

15. Define : Trussed Beam.

A beam strengthened by providing ties and struts is known as Trussed Beams.

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16. Define: Unit load method.

The external load is removed and the unit load is applied at the point,
where the deflection or rotation is to found.

17. Give the procedure for unit load method.

1. Find the forces P1, P2, ……. in all the members due to external loads.

2. Remove the external loads and apply the unit vertical point load at the
joint if the vertical deflection is required and find the stress.

3. Apply the equation for vertical and horizontal deflection.

Example 1

Note: Internal forces do no work since these forces are always equal and opposite.

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

Example 2

The physical quantity work is defined as the product of force times a conjugate displacement,
i.e., a displacement in the same direction as the force we are considering. We are familiar with
real work, i.e., the product of a real force and a real displacement, i.e., a force and a displacement
that both actually occur. The situation is illustrated in Part 1 of the following figure:

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

We can extend the concept of real work to a definition of virtual work, which is the product of a
real force and a conjugate displacement, either real or virtual. In Part 2 of the example shown
above, we assume that the cantilever column loaded with force P undergoes a virtual rotation of
magnitude at its base. We compute the virtual work corresponding to this virtual displacement
by summing the products of real forces times conjugate virtual displacements.

For this calculation, we must introduce unknown sectional forces at those locations where we
have cut the structure to create the virtual displacement. In the example shown above, therefore,
we have introduced bending moment at the base, Mb. For completeness, we would also have to
introduce a shear force V and an axial force N at the base of the column, but, as we shall see,
there is no component of virtual displacement conjugate to these forces. They have therefore not
been shown in the example.

We calculate the virtual displacements of the structure corresponding to all known and unknown
forces. For a rotation at the base, horizontal translation of the tip of the cantilever is · L. We

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then multiply force times displacement and sum these products to obtain the following
expression for virtual work corresponding to the assumed virtual displacement:

U = P · L · – Mb · 

We treat the virtual work done by force Mb as negative since the direction of Mb as drawn is
opposite to the direction of the virtual rotation .

The principle of virtual work states that a system of real forces is in equilibrium if and only if the
virtual work performed by these forces is zero for all virtual displacements that are compatible
with geometrical boundary conditions.

For the example given in the previous subsection, this implies that the virtual work of the simple
cantilever, U, must be zero for the system to be in equilibrium:

U = P · L · – Mb · = 0

Since is nonzero, it follows that Mb = P · L, which is precisely the familiar expression for
bending moment at the base of a cantilever loaded with force P at its tip.

A more general mathematical statement of the principle of virtual work is as follows:

Let Qi be a set of real loads acting on a given structure

Let Ri be the corresponding real support reactions
Let Mi, Vi, and Ni be the sectional forces (bending moment, shear, and axial force) introduced at
the locations where the structure has been cut to allow it to undergo a virtual displacement.

Let Qi, Ri, Mi, Vi, and Ni be virtual displacements compatible with the geometrical
boundary conditions and conjugate to the forces defined previously.

Then the structure is in equilibrium if and and only if:

(Qi · Qi) + (Ri · Ri) + (Mi · Mi) + (Vi · Vi) + (Ni · Ni) = 0

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

Virtual Work

Virtual work is defined as the following line integral

where

C is the path or curve traversed by the object, keeping all constraints satisfied;

is the force vector;

is the infinitesimal virtual displacement vector.

Virtual work is therefore a special case of mechanical work. For the work to be called virtual,
the motion undergone by the system must be compatible with the system's constraints, hence the
use of a virtual displacement.

One of the key ideas of Lagrangian mechanics is that the virtual work done by the constraint
forces should be zero. This is a reasonable assumption, for otherwise a physical system might
gain or lose energy simply by being constrained (imagine a bead on a stationary hoop moving
faster and faster for no apparent reason)!

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

The idea of virtual work also plays a key role in interpreting D'Alembert's principle:

Equilibrium of forces (“staic” treatment)

virtual work produced by inertia force

virtual work rpoduced by net applied force.

Note:

Requirements on :

- compatible with the kinematic constraints, but otherwise arbitrary

- instantaneous

- increasingly small

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N.Sathishkumar 2015-2016
CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

For a single body Bi :

For a system of n bodies B:

“Lagrange form of d’Alembert’s Principle”

This formalism is convenient, as the constraint (non-working) loads disappear. (forces, torques)

→ where iis the vector of independent degrees-of-freedom.

Example (i)

The motivation for introducing virtual work can be appreciated by the following simple example
from statics of particles. Suppose a particle is in equilibrium under a set of forces Fxi, Fyi, Fzi i =
1,2,...n:

Multiplying the three equations with the respective arbitrary constants δ x, δy, δz :

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

(b)

When the arbitrary constants δx, δy, δz are thought of as virtual displacements of the particle, then
the left-hand-sides of (b) represent the virtual work. The total virtual work is:

(c)

Since the preceding equality is valid for arbitrary virtual displacements, it leads back to the
equilibrium equations in (a). The equation (c) is called the principle of virtual work for a particle.
Its use is equivalent to the use of many equilibrium equations.

Applying to a deformable body in equilibrium that undergoes compatible displacements and

deformations, we can find the total virtual work by including both internal and external forces
acting on the particles. If the material particles experience compatible displacements and
deformations, the work done by internal stresses cancel out, and the net virtual work done
reduces to the work done by the applied external forces. The total virtual work in the body may
also be found by the volume integral of the product of stresses and virtual strains :

Thus, the principle of virtual work for a deformable body is:

This relation is equivalent to the set of equilibrium equations written for the particles in the
deformable body. It is valid irrespective of material behaviour, and hence leads to powerful
applications in structural analysis and finite element analysis.

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

Now consider a block on a surface

Applying formula (c) gives:

leads to

Observe virtual work formalism leads directly to Newton’s equation of motion in the
kinematically allowable direction.

Example (ii)

Two bodies connected by a rotary joint.

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

Virtual wotk produced by these constranit loads:

drop out of the expression!

By assuming the contributions to virtual work produced by all forces in and an all system
elements, the constraint loads disappear.

For multi-body system, the derivation of the equatios of motion now becomes much more
simple.

Degree of freedom or Kinematic Indeterminacy

Members of structure deform due to external loads. The minimum number of parameters
required to uniquely describe the deformed shape of structure is called “Degree of
Freedom”. Displacements and rotations at various points in structure

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

are the parameters considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. In framed
structure the deformation at joints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure.
Deformation at intermediate points on the structure is expressed in terms of end
deformations. At supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction is zero. For example
hinged support of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along x
and y directions are zero. Degree of freedom of a structure is expressed as a number equal to
number of free displacements at all joints. For a two dimensional structure each rigid joint
has three displacements as shown in

In case of three dimensional structure each rigid joint has six displacement.

• Expression for degrees of freedom

1. 2D Frames: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 3
2. 3D Frames: NDOF = 6NJ – NR NR 6
3. 2D Trusses: NDOF= 2NJ – NR NR 3
4. 3D Trusses: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 6

Where, NDOF is the number of degrees of freedom

In 2D analysis of frames some times axial deformation is ignored. Then NAC=No. of axial
condition is deducted from NDOF

Conditions of Equilibrium and Static Indeterminacy

A body is said to be under static equilibrium, when it continues to be under rest after
application of loads. During motion, the equilibrium condition is called dynamic equilibrium. In
two dimensional system, a body is in equilibrium when it satisfies following equation.

Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Mo=0 ---1.1

To use the equation 1.1, the force components along x and y axes are considered. In three
dimensional system equilibrium equations of equilibrium are

Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Fz=0;

Mx=0 ; My=0 ; Mz=0; ----1.2

To use the equations of equilibrium (1.1 or 1.2), a free body diagram of the structure as a
whole or of any part of the structure is drawn. Known forces and unknown reactions with
assumed direction is shown on the sketch while drawing free body diagram. Unknown forces are
computed using either equation 1.1 or 1.2

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year/ V sem Dept of Civil

Before analyzing a structure, the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be
computed using equations of equilibrium alone. If all unknown reactions can be uniquely
determined from the simultaneous solution of the equations of static equilibrium, the reactions of
the structure are referred to as statically determinate. If they cannot be determined using
equations of equilibrium alone then such structures are called statically indeterminate
structures. If the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of equations of
equilibrium then the structure is statically unstable.

The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of
unknown forces and the number of equilibrium equations available to solve for the unknowns.
These extra forces are called redundants. Indeterminacy with respect external forces and
reactions are called externally indeterminate and that with respect to internal forces are called
internally indeterminate.

A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two-dimensional

structures are given below:

NUK= Number of unknown forces

NEQ= Number of equations available
IND= Degree of indeterminacy
IND= NUK - NEQ

Indeterminacy of Planar Frames

For entire structure to be in equilibrium, each member and each joint must be in equilibrium
(Fig. 1.9)

NEQ = 3NM+3NJ

NUK= 6NM+NR

IND= NUK – NEQ = (6NM+NR)-(3NM+3NJ)

IND= 3NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.3

15
N.Sathishkumar 2015-2016
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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
UNIT-II

INFLUENCE LINES

1. Where do you get rolling loads in practice?

Shifting of load positions is common enough in buildings. But they are more pronounced in bridges
and in gantry girders over which vehicles keep rolling.

2. Name the type of rolling loads for which the absolute maximum bending moment occurs at the midspan of a
beam.

(i) Single concentrated load (ii) udl longer than the span (iii) udl shorter than the span (iv) Also
when the resultant of several concentrated loads crossing a span, coincides with a concentrated load then also
the maximum bending moment occurs at the centre of the span.

3. What is meant by absolute maximum bending moment in a beam?

When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a girder, depending upon the
position of the load, there will be a maximum bending moment for every section. The maximum of these
bending moments will usually occur near or at the midspan. The maximum of maximum bending moments is
called the absolute maximum bending moment.

4. Where do you have the absolute maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam when a series of
wheel loads cross it?

When a series of wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam, the absolute maximum bending
moment will occur near midspan under the load Wcr , nearest to midspan (or the heaviest load). If Wcr
is placed to one side of midspan C, the resultant of the load system R shall be on the other side of C; and Wcr
and R shall be equidistant from C. Now the absolute maximum bending moment will occur under Wcr .
If Wcr and R coincide, the absolute maximum bending moment will occur at midspan.
5. What is the absolute maximum bending moment due to a moving udl longer than the span of a simply
supported beam?

When a simply supported beam is subjected to a moving udl longer than the span, the absolute
maximum bending moment occurs when the whole span is loaded.

Mmax max = wl2

8
6. State the location of maximum shear force in a simple beam with any kind of loading.

In a simple beam with any kind of load, the maximum positive shear force occurs at the left hand
support and maximum negative shear force occurs at right hand support.

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
7. What is meant by maximum shear force diagram?

Due to a given system of rolling loads the maximum shear force for every section of the girder can be
worked out by placing the loads in appropriate positions. When these are plotted for all the sections of the
girder, the diagram that we obtain is the maximum shear force diagram. This diagram yields the ‘design
shear’ for each cross section.

8. What is meant by influence lines?

An influence line is a graph showing, for any given frame or truss, the variation of any force or
displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending moment, tension, deflection) for all positions of a
moving unit load as it crosses the structure from one end to the other.

9. What are the uses of influence line diagrams?

(i) Influence lines are very useful in the quick determination of reactions, shear force, bending
moment or similar functions at a given section under any given system of moving loads and

(ii) Influence lines are useful in determining the load position to cause maximum value of a given
function in a structure on which load positions can vary.

10. Draw the influence line diagram for shear force at a point X in a simply supported beam AB of span ‘l’ m.

1
A X B

x (l-x)

(l-x)

l +

x/l

12. What do you understand by the term reversal of stresses?

In certain long trusses the web members can develop either tension or compression depending upon
the position of live loads. This tendancy to change the nature of stresses is called reversal of stresses.

13. State Muller-Breslau principle.

Muller-Breslau principle states that, if we want to sketch the influence line for any force quantity
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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
(like thrust, shear, reaction, support moment or bending moment) in a structure,

(i) We remove from the structure the resistant to that force quantity and

(ii) We apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement corresponding to that force quantity.
The resulting displacements in the structure are the influence line ordinates sought.

14. State Maxwell-Betti’s theorem.

A B C

l l

RA RB RC

In a linearly elastic structure in static equilibrium acted upon by either of two systems of external
forces, the virtual work done by the first system of forces in undergoing the displacements caused by the
second system of forces is equal to the virtual work done by the second system of forces in undergoing the
displacements caused by the first system of forces.

Maxwell Betti’s theorem helps us to draw influence lines for structures.

15. What is the necessity of model analysis?

(i) When the mathematical analysis of problem is virtually impossible.

(ii) Mathematical analysis though possible is so complicatedand time consuming that the model
analysis offers a short cut.

(iii) The importance of the problem is such that verification of mathematical analysis by an actual
test is essential.

16. Define similitude.

Similitude means similarity between two objects namely the model and the prototype with regard to
their physical characteristics:

• Geometric similitude is similarity of form

• Kinematic similitude is similarity of motion

• Dynamic and/or mechanical similitude is similarity of masses and/or forces.

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17. State the principle on which indirect model analysis is based.

The indirect model analysis is based on the Muller Breslau principle.

Muller Breslau principle has lead to a simple method of using models of structures to get the
influence lines for force quantities like bending moments, support moments, reactions, internal shears,
thrusts, etc.

To get the influence line for any force quantity, (i) remove the resistant due to the force, (ii) apply a
unit displacement in the direction of the (iii) plot the resulting displacement diagram. This diagram is the
influence line for the force.

18. What is the principle of dimensional similarity?

Dimensional similarity means geometric similarity of form. This means that all homologous
dimensions of prototype and model must be in some constant ratio.

19. What is Begg’s deformeter?

Begg’s deformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on structures. It has the facility to
apply displacement corresponding to moment, shear or thrust at any desired point in the model. In addition, it
provides facility to measure accurately the consequent displacements all over the model.

20. Name any four model making materials.

Perspex, plexiglass, acrylic, plywood, sheet araldite and bakelite are some of the model making
materials. Micro-concrete, mortar and plaster of paris can also be used for models.

21. What is ‘dummy length’ in models tested with Begg’s deformeter.

Dummy length is the additional length (of about 10 to 12mm) left at the extremities of the model to
enable any desired connection to be made with the gauges.

22. What are the three types of connections possible with the model used with Begg’s deformeter.
(i) Hinged connection (ii) Fixed connection (iii) Floating connection

23. What is the use of a micrometer microscope in model analysis with Begg’s deformeter.

Micrometer microscope is an instrument used to measure the displacements of any point in the x and
y directions of a model during tests with Begg’s deformeter.

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Influence Lines

The major difference between shear and moment diagrams as compared to influence lines is that shear
and bending moment diagrams show the variation of the shear and the moment over the entire structure
for loads at a fixed position. An influence line for shear or moment shows the variation of the function at
one section cause by a moving load.

Influence lines for functions of deterministic structures consists of a set of straight lines. The shape of
influence lines for truss members are a bit more deceptive.

What we have looked at is quantitative influence lines. These have numerical values and can be
computed. Qualitative influence lines are based on a principle by Heinrich Müller Breslau, which states:

" The deflected shape of a structure represents to some scale the influence line for a function such as
reaction, shear or moment, if the function in question is allowed to act through a small distance. "

In other words, is that the structure draws its own influence lines from the deflection curves. The shape of
the influence lines can be created by deflecting the location in question by a moment, or shear or
displacement to get idea of the behavior of the influence line. Realizing that the supports are zero values
or poles.

Müller's principle for statically determinate structures is useful, but for indeterminated structures it is of
great value. You can get an idea of the behavior of the shear and moment at a point in the beam.

Using influence lines to calculate values

From the previous examples of a twenty foot beam for the reactions, shear, and moment. We can use the
values from the influence lines to calculate the shear and moment at a point.

RAy =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of RAy @ location of the force

V11 =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of V11 @ location of the force

M11 =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of M11 @ location of the force

If we are looking at the forces due to uniform loads over the beam at point. The shear or moment is equal
to the area under the influence line times the distributed load.

RAy =  (wi)* Area of the influence line of RAy over which w covers

V11 = (wi)* Area of the influence line of V11 over which w covers

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
M11 =  (wi)* Area of the influence line of M11 over which w covers

For moving set of loads the influence lines can be used to calculate the maximum function. This can be
done by moving the loads over the influence line find where they will generate the largest value for the
particular point.

Panels or floating floor

The method can be extend to deal with floor joist and floating floors in which we deal with panels, which
are simple beam elements acting on the floor joist.

You will need to find the fore as function of the intersection. You are going to find the moment and the
shear as you move across the surface of the beam.

An example problem is used to show how this can be used to find the shear and moment at a point for a
moving load. This technique is similar to that used in truss members.

Methods for constructing influence lines

There are three methods used for constructing the influence line. The first is to tabulate the influence values for
multiple points along the structure, then use those points to create the influence line. The second is to determine
the influence-line equations that apply to the structure, thereby solving for all points along the influence line in
terms of x, where x is the number of feet from the start of the structure to the point where the unit load is applied.
The third method is called the Müller-Breslau principle. It creates a qualitative influence line. This nfluence line
will still provide the designer with an accurate idea of where the unit load will produce the largest response of a
function at the point being studied, but it cannot be used directly to calculate what the magnitude that response
will be, whereas the influence lines produced by the first two methods can.

Influence-line equations

It is possible to create equations defining the influence line across the entire span of a structure. This is done by
solving for the reaction, shear, or moment at the point A caused by a unit load placed at x feet along the structure
instead of a specific distance. This method is similar to the tabulated values method, but rather than obtaining a
numeric solution, the outcome is an equation in terms of x.[5]

It is important to understanding where the slope of the influence line changes for this method because the
influence-line equation will change for each linear section of the influence line. Therefore, the complete equation
will be a piecewise linear function which has a separate influence-line equation for each linear section of the
influence line.[5]

Muller-Breslau Principle
The Müller-Breslau Principle can be utilized to draw qualitative influence lines, which are directly
proportional to the actual influence line.” [2] Instead of moving a unit load along a beam, the Müller-Breslau
Principle finds the deflected shape of the beam caused by first releasing the beam at the point being studied, and
then applying the function (reaction, shear, or moment) being studied to that point. The principle states that the
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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
influence line of a function will have a scaled shape that is the same as the deflected shape of the beam when the
beam is acted upon by the function.

In order to understand how the beam will deflect under the function, it is necessary to remove the beam’s
capacity to resist the function. Below are explanations of how to find the influence lines of a simply supported,
rigid beam

 When determining the reaction caused at a support, the support is replaced with a roller, which
cannot resist a vertical reaction. Then an upward (positive) reaction is applied to the point where
the support was. Since the support has been removed, the beam will rotate upwards, and since the
beam is rigid, it will create a triangle with the point at the second support. If the beam extends
beyond the second support as a cantilever, a similar triangle will be formed below the cantilevers
position. This means that the reaction’s influence line will be a straight, sloping line with a value
of zero at the location of the second support.

 When determining the shear caused at some point B along the beam, the beam must be cut and a
roller-guide (which is able to resist moments but not shear) must be inserted at point B. Then, by
applying a positive shear to that point, it can be seen that the left side will rotate down, but the
right side will rotate up. This creates a discontinuous influence line which reaches zero at the
supports and whose slope is equal on either side of the discontinuity. If point B is at a support,
then the deflection between point B and any other supports will still create a triangle, but if the
beam is cantilevered, then the entire cantilevered side will move up or down creating a rectangle.

 When determining the moment caused by at some point B along the beam, a hinge will be placed
at point B, releasing it to moments but resisting shear. Then when a positive moment is placed at
point B, both sides of the beam will rotate up. This will create a continuous influence line, but the
slopes will be equal and opposite on either side of the hinge at point B. Since the beam is simply
supported, its end supports (pins) cannot resist moment; therefore, it can be observed that the
supports will never experience moments in a static situation regardless of where the load is placed.

The Muller-Breslau Principle can only produce qualitative influence lines. This means that engineers can use it to
determine where to place a load to incur the maximum of a function, but the magnitude of that maximum cannot
be calculated from the influence line. Instead, the engineer must use statics to solve for the functions value in that
loading case.

For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by
applying a unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction
will be at A. This can be done by solving the support reaction Y A as a function of the position of a downward
acting unit load. One such equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.

Figure 1 - Beam structure for influence line example

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil

Figure 2 - Beam structure showing application of unit load

MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See Figure 3). The graph illustrates
that if the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was
applied at B, the reaction at A would be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would
be equal to -e/L.

Figure 3 - Influence line for the support reaction at A

Once an understanding is gained on how these equations and the influence lines they produce are developed,
some general properties of influence lines for statically determinate structures can be stated.

1. For a statically determinate structure the influence line will consist of only straight line segments
between critical ordinate values.
2. The influence line for a shear force at a given location will contain a translational discontinuity at this
location. The summation of the positive and negative shear forces at this location is equal to unity.
3. Except at an internal hinge location, the slope to the shear force influence line will be the same on each
side of the critical section since the bending moment is continuous at the critical section.
4. The influence line for a bending moment will contain a unit rotational discontinuity at the point where the
bending moment is being evaluated.
5. To determine the location for positioning a single concentrated load to produce maximum magnitude for
a particular function (reaction, shear, axial, or bending moment) place the load at the location of the
maximum ordinate to the influence line. The value for the particular function will be equal to the
magnitude of the concentrated load, multiplied by the ordinate value of the influence line at that point.
6. To determine the location for positioning a uniform load of constant intensity to produce the maximum
magnitude for a particular function, place the load along those portions of the structure for which the
ordinates to the influence line have the same algebraic sign. The value for the particular function will be
equal to the magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied by the area under the influence diagram between
the beginning and ending points of the uniform load.

There are two methods that can be used to plot an influence line for any function. In the first, the approach
described above, is to write an equation for the function being determined, e.g., the equation for the shear,
moment, or axial force induced at a point due to the application of a unit load at any other location on the
structure. The second approach, which uses the Muller Breslau Principle, can be utilized to draw qualitative
influence lines, which are directly proportional to the actual influence line.
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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
The following examples demonstrate how to determine the influence lines for reactions, shear, and bending
moments of beams and frames using both methods described above.

For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by
applying a unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction
will be at A. This can be done by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward
acting unit load. One such equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.

Figure 1 - Beam structure for influence line example

Figure 2 - Beam structure showing application of unit load

MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See Figure 3). The graph illustrates
that if the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was
applied at B, the reaction at A would be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would
be equal to -e/L.

Figure 3 - Influence line for the support reaction at A

problem statement

Draw the influence lines for the reactions YA, YC, and the shear and bending moment at point B, of the simply
supported beam shown by developing the equations for the respective influence lines.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 Reaction YA

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N.Sathishkumar 2015-2016
CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
The influence line for a reaction at a support is found by independently applying a unit load at several points on
the structure and determining, through statics, what the resulting reaction at the support will be for each case. In
this example, one such equation for the influence line of Y A can be found by summing moments around Support
C.

Figure 2 - Application of unit load

MC = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(25)+1(25-x) = 0
YA = (25-x)/25 = 1 - (x/25)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for YA (See Figure 3). This figure illustrates that if the unit load is
applied at A, the reaction at A will be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load is applied at B, the reaction at A
will be equal to 1-(15/25)=0.4, and if the unit load is applied at C, the reaction at A will be equal to 0.

Figure 3 - Influence line for YA, the support reaction at A

The fact that YA=1 when the unit load is applied at A and zero when the unit load is applied at C can be used to
quickly generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting
them with a straight line will yield the the influence line for Y A. The structure is statically determinate, therefore,
the resulting function is a straight line.

 Reaction at C

The equation for the influence line of the support reaction at C is found by developing an equation that relates the
reaction to the position of a downward acting unit load applied at all locations on the structure. This equation is
found by summing the moments around support A.

Figure 4 - Application of unit load

MA = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

YC(25)-1(x) = 0
YC = x/25

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil
The graph of this equation is the influence line for YC. This shows that if the unit load is applied at C, the
reaction at C will be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load is applied at B, the reaction at C will be equal to
15/25=0.6. And, if the unit load is applied at A, the reaction at C will equal to 0.

Figure 5 - Influence line for the reaction at support C

The fact that YC=1 when the unit load is applied at C and zero when the unit load is applied at A can be used to
quickly generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting
them with a straight line will yield the the influence line for YC. Notice, since the structure is statically
determinate, the resulting function is a straight line.

 Shear at B

The influence line for the shear at point B can be found by developing equations for the shear at the section using
statics. This can be accomplished as follows:

a) if the load moves from B to C, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 6 below, this demonstrates that the
shear at B will equal YA as long as the load is located to the right of B, i.e., VB = YA. One can also calculate the
shear at B from the Free Body Diagram (FBD) shown in Fig. 7.

Figure 6 - Shear diagram for load located between B and C

Figure 7 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between B and C

b) if the load moves from A to B, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 8, below, this demonstrates that the
shear at B will equal -YC as long as the load is located to the left of B, i.e., VB = - YC. One can also calculate the
shear at B from the FBD shown in Fig. 9.

Figure 8 - Shear diagram for load located between A and B

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CE6501-Structural Analysis I III year / V sem Dept of Civil

Figure 9 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between A and B

The influence line for the Shear at point B is then constructed by drawing the influence line for YA and negative
YC. Then highlight the portion that represents the sides over which the load was moving. In this case, highlight
the the part from B to C on YA and from A to B on -YC. Notice that at point B, the summation of the absolute
values of the positive and negative shear is equal to 1.

Figure 10 - Influence line for shear at point B

 Moment at B

The influence line for the moment at point B can be found by using statics to develop equations for the moment
at the point of interest, due to a unit load acting at any location on the structure. This can be accomplished as
follows.

a) if the load is at a location between B and C, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in
Fig. 7 above, e.g., at B, MB = 15 YA - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from B to
C.

b) if the load is at a location between A and B, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in
Fig. 9 above, e.g., at B, MB = 10 YC - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from A to
B.

The influence line for the Moment at point B is then constructed by magnifying the influence lines for YA and YC
by 15 and 10, respectively, as shown below. Having plotted the functions, 15 Y A and 10 YC, highlight the portion
from B to C of the function 15 YA and from A to B on the function 10 YC. These are the two portions what
correspond to the correct moment relations as explained above. The two functions must intersect above point B.
The value of the function at B then equals (1 x 10 x 15)/25 = 6. This represents the moment at B if the load was
positioned at B.

Figure 11 - Influence line for moment at point B

Influence Lines
Qualitative Influence Lines using the Müller Breslau Principle

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 Muller Breslau Principle
The Müller Breslau Principle is another alternative available to qualitatively develop the influence lines for
different functions. The Müller Breslau Principle states that the ordinate value of an influence line for any
function on any structure is proportional to the ordinates of the deflected shape that is obtained by removing the
restraint corresponding to the function from the structure and introducing a force that causes a unit displacement
in the positive direction.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

For example, to obtain the influence line for the support reaction at A for the beam shown in Figure 1, above,
remove the support corresponding to the reaction and apply a force in the positive direction that will cause a unit
displacement in the direction of YA. The resulting deflected shape will be proportional to the true influence line
for this reaction. i.e., for the support reaction at A. The deflected shape due to a unit displacement at A is shown
below. Notice that the deflected shape is linear, i.e., the beam rotates as a rigid body without any curvature. This
is true only for statically determinate systems.

Figure 2 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A

Similarly, to construct the influence line for the support reaction YB, remove the support at B and apply a vertical
force that induces a unit displacement at B. The resulting deflected shape is the qualitative influence line for the
support reaction YB.

Figure 3 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at B

Once again, notice that the influence line is linear, since the structure is statically determinate.

This principle will be now be extended to develop the influence lines for other functions.

 Shear at s

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To determine the qualitative influence line for the shear at s, remove the shear resistance of the beam at this
section by inserting a roller guide, i.e., a support that does not resist shear, but maintains axial force and bending
moment resistance.

Figure 4 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s

Removing the shear resistance will then allow the ends on each side of the section to move perpendicular to the
beam axis of the structure at this section. Next, apply a shear force, i.e., Vs-R and Vs-L that will result in the
relative vertical displacement between the two ends to equal unity. The magnitude of these forces are
proportional to the location of the section and the span of the beam. In this case,
Vs-L = 1/16 x 10 = 10/16 = 5/8
Vs-R = 1/16 x 6 = 6/16 = 3/8

The final influence line for Vs is shown below.

Figure 5 - Influence line for shear at s

 Shear just to the left side of B

The shear just to the left side of support B can be constructed using the ideas explained above. Simply imagine
that section s in the previous example is moved just to the left of B. By doing this, the magnitude of the positive
shear decreases until it reaches zero, while the negative shear increases to 1.

Figure 6 - Influence line for shear just to the left of B

 Shear just to the right side of B

To plot the influence line for the shear just to the right side of support B, V b-R, release the shear just to the right
of the support by introducing the type of roller shown in Fig. 7, below. The resulting deflected shape represents
the influence line for Vb-R. Notice that no deflection occurs between A and B, since neither of those supports
were removed and hence the deflections at A and B must remain zero. The deflected shape between B and C is a
straight line that represents the motion of a rigid body.

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Figure 7 - Structure with shear capacity removed at just to the right of B and the resulting influence line

 Moment at s
To obtain a qualitative influence line for the bending moment at a section, remove the moment restraint at the
section, but maintain axial and shear force resistance. The moment resistance is eliminated by inserting a hinge in
the structure at the section location. Apply equal and opposite moments respectively on the right and left sides of
the hinge that will introduce a unit relative rotation between the two tangents of the deflected shape at the hinge.
The corresponding elastic curve for the beam, under these conditions, is the influence line for the bending
moment at the section. The resulting influence line is shown below.

Figure 8 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s and the resulting influence line

The values of the moments shown in Figure 8, above, are calculated as follows:

a. when the unit load is applied at s, the moment at s is YA x 10 = 3/8 x 10 = 3.75

(see the influence line for YA, Figure 2, above, for the value of YA with a unit load applied at s)
b. when the unit load is applied at C, the moment at s is YA x 10 = -3/8 x 10 = -3.75
(again, see the influence line for YA for the value of YA with a unit load applied at C)
Following the general properties of influence lines, given in the Introduction, these two values are plotted on the
beam at the locations where the load is applied and the resulting influence line is constructed.

 Moment at B
The qualitative influence line for the bending moment at B is obtained by introducing a hinge at support B and
applying a moment that introduces a unit relative rotation. Notice that no deflection occurs between supports A
and B since neither of the supports were removed. Therefore, the only portion that will rotate is part BC as shown
in Fig. 9, below.

Figure 9 - Structure with moment capacity removed at B and the resulting influence line
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 Shear and moment envelopes due to uniform dead and live loads
The shear and moment envelopes are graphs which show the variation in the minimum and maximum values for
the function along the structure due to the application of all possible loading conditions. The diagrams are
obtained by superimposing the individual diagrams for the function based on each loading condition. The
resulting diagram that shows the upper and lower bounds for the function along the structure due to the loading
conditions is called the envelope.

The loading conditions, also referred to as load cases, are determined by examining the influence lines and
interpreting where loads must be placed to result in the maximum values. To calculate the maximum positive and
negative values of a function, the dead load must be applied over the entire beam, while the live load is placed
over either the respective positive or negative portions of the influence line. The value for the function will be
equal to the magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied by the area under the influence line diagram between the
beginning and ending points of the uniform load.

For example, to develop the shear and moment envelopes for the beam shown in Figure 1, first sketch the
influence lines for the shear and moment at various locations. The influence lines for V a-R, Vb-L, Vb-R, Mb, Vs, and
Ms are shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 10 - Influence lines

These influence lines are used to determine where to place the uniform live load to yield the maximum positive
and negative values for the different functions. For example;

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Figure 11 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A

• The maximum value for the positive reaction at A, assuming no partial loading, will occur when the uniform
load is applied on the beam from A to B (load case 1)

Figure 12 - Load case 1

• The maximum negative value for the re action at A will occur if a uniform load is placed on the beam from B
to C (load case 2)

Figure 13 - Load case 2

• Load case 1 is also used for:

 maximum positive value of the shear at the right of support A

 maximum positive moment Ms
• Load case 2 is also used for:

 maximum positive value of the shear at the right of support B

 maximum negative moments at support B and Ms
• Load case 3 is required for:

 maximum positive reaction at B

 maximum negative shear on the left side of B

Figure 14 - Load case 3

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• Load case 4 is required for the maximum positive shear force at section s

Figure 15 - Load case 4

• Load case 5 is required for the maximum negative shear force at section s

Figure 16 - Load case 5

To develop the shear and moment envelopes, construct the shear and moment diagrams for each load case. The
envelope is the area that is enclosed by superimposing all of these diagrams. The maximum positive and negative
values can then be determined by looking at the maximum and minimum values of the envelope at each point.

Individual shear diagrams for each load case;

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Figure 17 - Individual shear diagrams

Superimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final shear envelope.

Figure 18 - Resulting superimposed shear envelope

Individual moment diagrams for each load case;

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Figure 19 - Individual moment diagrams

Superimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final moment envelope.

Figure 20 - Resulting superimposed moment envelope

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UNIT-III
ARCHES

1.What is an arch? Explain.

An arch is defined as a curved girder, having convexity upwards and supported at its ends.The supports
must effectively arrest displacements in the vertical and horizontal directions. Only then there will be
arch action.

2.What is a linear arch?

If an arch is to take loads, say W1, W2, and W3 (fig) and a Vector diagram and funicular polygon
are plotted as shown, the funicular polygon is known as the linear arch or theoretical arch.

W2

q Q R
W1 D W3

W1 W2
W3

P Q R S O t P C O E S

A T B
r
Space Diagram
s
H
Vector Diagram

The polar distance ‘ot’ represents the horizontal thrust. The links AC, CD, DE, and EB will be under
compression and there will be no bending moment. If an arch of this shape ACDEB is provided, there will be
no bending moment.

For a given set of vertical loads W1, W2…..etc., we can have any number of linear arches depending
on where we choose ‘O’ or how much horizontal thrust (ot) we choose to introduce.
3.State Eddy’s theorem.

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Eddy’s theorem states that “ The bending moment at any section of an arch is proportional to the
vertical intercept between the linear arch (or theoretical arch) and the centre line of the actual arch.”

4.What is the degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged parabolic arch?

For a three hinged parabolic arch, the degree of static indeterminancy is zero. It is statically
determinate.

6.Which of the two arches, viz. circular and parabolic is preferable to carry a uniformly distributed load? Why?

Parabolic arches are preferably to carry distributed loads. Because, both, the shape of the arch and the
shape of the bending moment diagram are parabolic. Hence the intercept between the theoretical arch and
actual arch is zero everywhere. Hence, the bending moment at every section of the arch will be zero. The
arch will be under pure compression which will be economical.

7.What is the difference between the basic action of an arch and a suspension cable?

An arch is essentially a compression member which can also take bending moments and shears.
Bending moments and shears will be absent if the arch is parabolic and the loading uniformly distributed.

A cable can take only tension. A suspension bridge will therefore have a cable and a stiffening girder.
The girder will take the bending moment and shears in the bridge and the cable, only tension.

Because of the thrusts in the cables and arches, the bending moments are considerably reduced.

If the load on the girder is uniform, the bridge will have only cable tension and no bending moment
on the girder.

8.Under what conditions will the bending moment in an arch be zero throughout.

The bending moment in an arch throughout the span will be zero, if

(i) the arch is parabolic and (ii) the arch carries uniformly distributed load throughout the span.

9.Draw the ILD for bending moment at a section X at a distance x from the left end of a three hinged
parabolic arch of span ’l’ and rise ‘h’.

Mx = µ x – Hy

µx Hy
(+) (-)

x(l-x)/ l x(l-x)/ l

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10. Indicate the positions of a moving point load for maximum negative and positive bending moments in
a three hinged arch.

Considering a three hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and subjected to a moving point load W, the
position of the point load for

a. Maximum negative bending moment is 0.25l from end supports.

b. Maximum positive bending moment is 0.211l from end supports.

11. Draw the influence line for radial shear at a section of a three hinged arch.
Radial shear is given by Fx = H sinθ - V cosθ,
where θ is the inclination of tangent at X.

l sinθ

l – x cosθ 4r
l

x cosθ
l
12. Sketch the ILD for the normal thrust at a section X of a symmetric three hinged parabolic arch.

Normal thrust at X is given by P = H cosθ + V sinθ,

where θ is the inclination of tangent at X.

l cosθ
4yc

x sinθ
l

(l-x)sinθ
l

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13. Distinguish between two hinged and three hinged arches.

Sl.No. Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

1. Statically indeterminate to first degree Statically determinate
2. Might develop temperature stresses Increase in temperature causes increase in
central rise. No stresses.
3. Structurally more efficient Easy to analyse. But in costruction, the central
hinge may involve additional expenditure.
4. Will develop stresses due to sinking of Since this is determinate, no stresses due to
supports support sinking.

14. Explain rib-shortening in the case of arches.

In a two hinged arch, the normal thrust which is a compressive force along the axis of the arch will
shorten the rib of the arch. This in turn will release part of the horizontal thrust. Normally, this effect is not
considered in the analysis (in the case of two hinged arches).

Depending upon the importance of the work we can either take into account or omit the effect of rib
shortening. This will be done by considering (or omitting) strain energy due to axial compression along with
the strain energy due to bending in evaluating H.
15. Explain the effect of yielding of support in the case of an arch.

Yielding of supports has no effect in the case of a 3 hinged arch which is determinate. These
displacements must be taken into account when we analyse 2 hinged or fixed arches under

∂U = ∆H instead of zero

∂H

∂U = ∆VA instead of zero

∂VA

Here U is the strain energy of the arch and ∂H and ∆VA are the displacements due to yielding of supports.

16. Write the formula to calculate the change in rise in three hinged arch if

Change in rise l2 + 4r2 α T

4r

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where l = span length of the arch

r = central rise of the arch

α = coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
17. In a parabolic arch with two hinges how will you calculate the slope of the arch at any point.

Slope of parabolic arch = θ = tan-1 4r (l – 2x)

l2

where θ = Slope at any point x (or) inclination of tangent at x.

l = span length of the arch
r = central rise of the arch

18. How will you calculate the horizontal thrust in a two hinged parabolic arch if there is a rise in temperature.

Horizontal thrust = l α TEI

l y2dx

where l = span length of the arch

y = rise of the arch at any point x

α = coefficient of thermal expansion

T = change in temperature
E = Young’s Modulus of the material of the arch

I = Moment of inertia

19. What are the types of arches according to the support conditions.
i. Three hinged arch

ii. Two hinged arch iii.

Single hinged arch

iv. Fixed arch (or) hingeless arch

20. What are the types of arches according to their shapes.

i. Curved arch

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ii. Parabolic arch
iii. Elliptical arch
iv. Polygonal arch

Analysis of 3-hinged arches

It is the process of determining external reactions at the support and internal quantities such as normal
thrust, shear and bending moment at any section in the arch.

Procedure to find reactions at the supports

Step 1. Sketch the arch with the loads and reactions at the support.

Apply equilibrium conditions namely  Fx  0,  Fy  0 and  M  0

Apply the condition that BM about the hinge at the crown is zero (Moment of all the forces either to the left or
to the right of the crown).

Problem 1 : Solve for unknown quantities.

A 3-hinged arch has a span of 30m and a rise of 10m. The arch carries UDL of 0.6 kN/m on the left half of the
span. It also carries 2 concentrated loads of 1.6 kN and 1 kN at 5 m and 10 m from the ‘rt’ end. Determine the
reactions at the support. (sketch not given).

0.6 kN/m 1 kN 1.6 kN

C
5m 5m

h = 10m

HB = 4.275 A B HB = 4.275

VA = 7.35 L = 30m VB = 4.25

F  0
x

HA  HB  0

HA  HB ------ (1)

To find vertical reaction.

F  0
y

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VA  VB  0.6 x 15  1  1.6
------ (2)
 11.6

M  0A

 VB x 30  1.6 x 25  1 x 20  (0.6 x 15) 7.5  0

V B  4.25 kN

VA  4.25  11.6

A A  7.35 kN

To find horizontal reaction.

MC  0

 1x 5  1.6x10  4.25x15  H B x10  0

H B  4.275kN

H A  4.275kN
OR

MC  0

7.375x15  H A x10  (0.6 x15)7.5

H A  4.275kN

H B  4.275kN

To find total reaction

VA = 7.35 kN RB VB = 4.25 kN

RA
A HB = 4.275 kN
A
A HA = 4.275 kN

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R A  H A  VA
2 2

4.275 2  7.35 2

 8.5kN

V 
 A  tan 1  A   59 0.82
 HA 

R B  H B  VB  6.02kN
2 2

V 
 B  tan 1  B   44.83
 HB 

A 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 50m and rise 15m carries a load of 10kN at quarter span as shown in figure.
Calculate total reaction at the hinges.

10 kN
C

15 m

HA A B HB

12.5 m
VA 50 m VB

F  0
x

HA  HB
To find vertical reaction.

 Fy  0
V A  VB  10 ------ (1)

M  0 A

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 VB x 50  10 x 12.5  0

VB  2.5 kN VA  7.5 kN

To find Horizontal reaction

MC  0

VB  25  H B 15  0
To find total reaction.

VA = 7.5
VB = 4.25
RB
RA
A
A HA = 4.17 HB = 4.17

H B  4.17 kN  H A

R A  4.17 2  7.5 2

R A  8.581 kN

V 
 A  tan 1  A   60 0.92
 HA 

R B  H A  VB
2 2

R B  4.861 kN
V 
 B  tan 1  B   30 0.94
 HB 

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Problem: Determine the reaction components at supports A and B for 3-hinged arch shown in fig.

180 kN
C
10 kN/m

2.5 m

HA A B HB
10 m
VA
2 .4 m

8m 6m
VB

To find Horizontal reaction

F  0
x

HA  HB  0

HA  HB ------ (1)

To find vertical reaction.

F  0
y

VA  VB  180  10 x 10
------ (2)
VA  VB  280

M  0 A

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 VB x 24  H B x 2.4  180 x 18  10 x 10 x 5  0

2.4H B  24VB   3740 ------ (3)

H B  10VB   1558.33

MC  0

 180 x 8  VB x 14  H B x 4.9  0

H B x 4.9  VB 14  1440 ------ (4)

 H B  2.857 VB  293.87
Adding 2 and 3

 10VB  2.857 VB   1558.33  293.87

VB  177 kN

VA  103kN

H B  10 x 177   1558.33

H B  211.67 kN  H A

Problem: A symmetrical 3-hinged parabolic arch has a span of 20m. It carries UDL of intensity 10 kNm over
the entire span and 2 point loads of 40 kN each at 2m and 5m from left support. Compute the reactions. Also
find BM, radial shear and normal thrust at a section 4m from left end take central rise as 4m.

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40 kN 40 kN 10 kN/m

M C
4m

2m 3m 20 m

F 0
x

HA  HB 0
------ (1)
HA  HB

F 0
y

VA  VB  40  40 10 x 20  0
------ (2)
VA  VB  280

M 0 A

 40 x 2  40 x 5  (10 x 20) 10  VB x 20  0

VB  114 kN

VA  166 kN

Mc  0

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 (10 x 10) 5  H B x 4  114 x 10  0

H B 160 kN

H A 160 kN
VERTICAL

10 kN/m 40 kN NORMAL
M 64.35
 = 25.64
160 kN HORIZONTAL
y = 2.56
86 kN

4m REDIAL
160 kN 2m
166 kN

BM at M

= - 160 x 2.56

+ 166 x 4 – 40 x 2

- (10 x 4)2

= + 94.4 kNm

4hx
y L  x 
L2
4x4x4
 20  4 
20 2
y  2.56m

4h
tan   L  2x 
L2
4x4
= 20  2 x 4
20 2

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  25 .64
0

Normal thrust = N = + 160 Cos 25.64

+ 86 Cos 64.36

= 181.46 kN

S = 160 Sin 25.64

- 86 x Sin 64.36

S = - 8.29 kN

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UNIT-IV

SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

1. What are the assumptions made in slope-deflection method?

(i) Between each pair of the supports the beam section is constant.

(ii) The joint in structure may rotate or deflect as a whole, but the angles between the
members meeting at that joint remain the same.

2. How many slope deflection equations are available for a two span continuous beam?

There will be 4 nos. of slope-deflection equations, two for each span.

3. What is the moment at a hinged end of a simple beam?

Moment at the hinged ends of a simple beam is zero.

4. What are the quantities in terms of which the unknown moments are expressed in slope-deflection
method?

In slope-deflection method, unknown moments are expressed in terms of

(i) slopes (θ) and (ii) deflections (∆)

5. The beam shown in Fig. is to be analysed by slope-deflection method. What are the unknowns and, to
determine them, what are the conditions used?

A B C

Unknowns: θA, θB, θC

Equilibrium equations used: (i) MAB = 0 (ii) MBA + MBC = 0 (iii) MCB = 0

6. How do you account for sway in slope deflection method for portal frames?

Because of sway, there will br rotations in the vertical members of a frame. This causes
moments in the vertical members. To account for this, besides the equilibrium, one more equation
namely shear equation connecting the joint-moments is used.

7. Write down the equation for sway correction for the portal frame shown in Fig.

The shear equation (sway correction) is

MAB + MBA + MCD + MDC = 0

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D l l

8. Write down the slope deflection equation for a fixed end support.

B C D
A

The slope deflection equation for end A is MAB = M’AB + 2EI 2θA + θB + 3∆
l l

Here θA= 0. Since there is no support settlement, ∆ = 0.

MAB = M’AB + 2EI θB + 3∆

l l

9. Write down the equilibrium equations for the frame shown in Fig.

B C Unknowns : θ B , θC
Equilibrium equations : At B, MBA + MBC = 0
h l At C, MCB + MCD = 0
P Shear equation : MAB + MBA – Ph + MCD +
MDC + P =0
l l
A D

10. Who introduced slope-deflection method of analysis?

Slope-deflection method was introduced by Prof. George A.Maney in 1915.

11. Write down the general slope-deflection equations and state what each term represents?

A B

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General slope-deflection equations:

MAB = M’AB + 2EI 2θA + θB + 3∆

l l

MBA = M’BA + 2EI 2θB + θA + 3∆

l l
where, M’AB , M’BA = Fixed end moment at A and B respectively due to the given loading.

θA , θB = Slopes at A and B respectively

∆ = Sinking of support A with respect to B

12. Mention any three reasons due to which sway may occur in portal frames.

Sway in portal frames may occur due to (i) unsymmetry in geometry of the frame (ii) unsymmetry in
loading or (iii) Settlement of one end of a frame.

13. How many slope-deflection equations are available for each span?

Two numbers of slope-deflection equations are available for each span, describing the moment at
each end of the span.

14. Write the fixed end moments for a beam carrying a central clockwise moment.

A B

l/2 l/2

Fixed end moments : M’AB = M’BA = M

4
15. State the limitations of slope deflection method.

(i) It is not easy to account for varying member sections

(ii) It becomes very cumbersome when the unknown displacements are large in number.

16.Why is slope-deflection method called a ‘displacement method’?

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In slope-deflection method, displacements (like slopes and displacements) are treated as unknowns
and hence the method is a ‘displacement method’.

17. Define degrees of freedom.

In a structure, the number of independent joint displacements that the structure can undrgo are known
as degrees of freedom.

18. In a continuous beam, one of the support sinks. What will happen to the span and support moments
associated with the sinking of support.

C D E

l1 l2

Let support D sinks by ∆. This will not affect span moments. Fixed end moments (support moments) will get
developed as under M’CD = M’DC = -6EI ∆
l 12

M’DE = M’ED = -6EI ∆

l 12
19. A rigid frame is having totally 10 joints including support joints. Out of slope-deflection and moment
distribution methods, which method would you prefer for analysis? Why?

Moment distribution method is preferable.

If we use slope-deflection method, there would be 10 (or more) unknown displacements and an equal
number of equilibrium equations. In addition, there would be 2 unknown support momentsper span and the
same number of slope-deflection equations. Solving them is difficult.

20. What is the basis on which the sway equation is formed for a structure?

Sway is dealt with in slope-deflection method by considering the horizontal equilibrium of the whole
frame taking into account the shears at the base level of columns and external horizontal forces.

The shear condition is MAB + MBA – Ph + MCD + MDC + P =0

l l

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Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations express the member end moments in terms of rotations angles.
The slope deflection equations of member ab of flexural rigidity EIab and length Lab are:

where θa, θb are the slope angles of ends a and b respectively, Δ is the relative lateral
displacement of ends a and b. The absence of cross-sectional area of the member in these
equations implies that the slope deflection method neglects the effect of shear and axial
deformations.

The slope deflection equations can also be written using the stiffness factor and the

chord rotation :

Derivation of slope deflection equations

When a simple beam of length Lab and flexural rigidity E Iab is loaded at each end with clockwise
moments Mab and Mba, member end rotations occur in the same direction. These rotation angles
can be calculated using the unit dummy force method or the moment-area theorem.

Rearranging these equations, the slope deflection equations are derived.

Equilibrium conditions

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Joint equilibrium

Joint equilibrium conditions imply that each joint with a degree of freedom should have no
unbalanced moments i.e. be in equilibrium. Therefore,

Here, Mmember are the member end moments, Mf are the fixed end moments, and Mjoint are the
external moments directly applied at the joint.

Shear equilibrium

When there are chord rotations in a frame, additional equilibrium conditions, namely the shear
equilibrium conditions need to be taken into account.

Degrees of freedom

Rotation angles θA, θB, θC, θD of joints A, B, C, D respectively are taken as the unknowns. There
are no chord rotations due to other causes including support settlement.

Fixed end moments

Fixed end moments are:

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Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations are constructed as follows:

Joint equilibrium equations

Joints A, B, C should suffice the equilibrium condition. Therefore

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Rotation angles

The rotation angles are calculated from simultaneous equations above.

Member end moments

Substitution of these values back into the slope deflection equations yields the member end
moments (in kNm):

Example: Analyze the propped cantilever shown by using slope defection method. Then draw
Bending moment and shear force diagram.

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Solution: End A is fixed hence  A =0

End B is Hinged hence B ≠0

Assume both ends are fixed and therefore fixed end moments are

wL2 wL2
FAB   , FBA  
12 12

The Slope deflection equations for final moment at each end are

MAB  FAB 
2EI
2A  B 
L
 wL2 2EI
  B  (1)
12 L
MBA  FBA 
2EI
2B  A 
L
wL2 4EI
  B  ( 2)
12 L

In the above equations there is only one unknown B .

To solve we have boundary condition at B;

Since B is simply supported, the BM at B is zero

ie. MBA=0.

wL2 4EI
 From equation (2) MBA   B  0
12 L
wL3
 EIB   - ve sign indicates the rotation is anticlockw ise
48

Substituting the value of EIB in equation (1) and (2) we have end moments

wL2 2  wL3  wL2

MAB     - ve sign indicates moment is anticlockw ise
12 L  48  8
wL2 4  wL3 
MBA    0
12 L  48 

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MBA has to be zero, because it is hinged.

Now consider the free body diagram of the beam and find reactions using equations of
equilibrium.

MB  0
L
R A  L  M AB  wL 
2
wL2 L 5
  wL    wL
8 2 8
5
 R A  wL
8
V  0
R A  R B  wL
5
R B  wL  R A  wL  wL
8
3
 wL
8

Problem can be treated as

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The bending moment diagram for the given problem is as below

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The max BM occurs where SF=0. Consider SF equation at a distance of x from right
support

3
SX   wL  wX  0
8
3
X  L
8
3
Hence the max BM occurs at L from support B
8
2
3 3 w 3 
 Mmax  MX  wL  L   L
8 8 2 8 
9
 wL2
128

And point of contra flexure occurs where BM=0, Consider BM equation at a distance of x
from right support.

3 X2
MX  wLX  w 0
8 2
3
X  L
4

For shear force diagram, consider SF equation from B

3
SX   wL  wX
8
3
S X  0  SB   wL
8
5
S X  L  S A   wL
8

Example: Analyze continuous beam ABCD by slope deflection method and then draw bending
moment diagram. Take EI constant.

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Solution:

 A  0, B  0, C  0

Wab2 100  4  22
FEMS FAB      - 44.44 KN M
L2 62

Wa2b 100  42  2
FBA       88.88 KNM
L2 62

wL2 20  5 2
F BC     - 41.67 KNM
12 12

wL2 20  5 2
F CB      41.67 KNM
12 12
FCD  20  1.5  - 30 KN M

Slope deflection equations:

MAB F AB 
2EI
2A B   44.44  1 EIB - - - - - - - --  1
L 3

MBA FBA 
2EI
2B A   88.89  2 EIB - - - - - - - --  2
L 3

MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C   41.67  4 EIB  2 EIC - - - - - - - -  3 
L 5 5

MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B   41.67  4 EIC  2 EIB - - - - - - - -  4 
L 5 5

MCD  30 KNM

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In the above equations we have two unknown rotations B and C , accordingly the boundary
conditions are:

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0

2 4 2
Now, MBA MBC  88.89  EIB 41.67  EIB  EIC
3 5 5
- - - - - - - -  5 
22 2
 47.22  EIB  EIC  0
15 5

4 2
And, MCB MCD  41.67  EIC  EIB 30
5 5
       6 
2 4
 11.67  EIB  EIC
5 5

Solving (5) and (6) we get

EI B  32.67 Rotation @ B anticlockw ise

EI C  1.75 Rotation @ B clockwise

Substituting value of EIB and EIC in slope deflection equations we have

MAB  44.44 
1
 32.67   61.00 KNM
2
MBA  88.89   32.67   67.11 KNM
2
3
MBC  41.67   32.67    1.75   67.11 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB  41.67  1.75    32.67   30.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCD  30 KNM

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Reactions: Consider free body diagram of beam AB, BC and CD as shown

Span AB

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RB 6  100  4  67.11  61
RB  67.69 KN
R A  100 RB  32.31 KN

Span BC

5
RC 5  20   5  30  67.11
2
RC  42.58 KN
RB  20  5 RB  57.42 KN

Maximum Bending Moments:

Span AB: Occurs under point load

 67.11  61 
Max  133.33  61    4  68.26 KNM 
 6 

Span BC: where SF=0, consider SF equation with C as reference

S X  42.58  20 x  0
42.58
x  2.13 m
20

2.132
 Mmax  42.58  2.13  20   30  15.26 KN M
2

Example: Analyse the continuous beam ABCD shown in figure by slope deflection method. The
support B sinks by 15mm.

6 4
Take E  200 10 KN / m and I  120 10 m
5 2

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Solution:

In this problem  A =0, B  0, C  0,  =15mm

FEMs:

Wab 2
FAB   44.44 KNM
L2

Wa 2 b
FBA   88.89 KNM
L2
wL2
FBC   41.67 KNM
8

wL2
FCB    41.67 KNM
8

FEM due to yield of support B

For span AB:

6EI
mab  mba   
L2
6  200 15
 2
 105  120  10  6   6 KNM
6 1000

For span BC:

6EI
mbc  mcb   
L2
6  200 15
 2
 105  120  10  6   8.64KNM
5 1000

Slope deflection equation

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2EI 3
MAB  F AB  (2 A  B  )
L L
6EI
 F AB  2 A  B   2
EI
L L
1
 - 44.44  EIB 6
3
- - - - - - - --  1
1
 50.44  EIB
3
2EI 6EI
MBA  FBA  (2B   A )  2
L L
2
  88.89  EIB 6
3
- - - - - - - --  2
2
 82.89  EIB
3
2EI 6EI
MBC  FBC  (2B  C )  2
L L
 - 41.67  EI2B  C   8.64
2
5
- - - - - - - --  3 
4 2
 33.03  EIB  EIC
5 5
2EI 6EI
MCB  FCB  (2C  B )  2
L L
  41.67  EI2C  B   8.64
2
5
- - - - - - - --  4 
4 2
 50.31  EIC  EIB
5 5
MCD  30 KNM - - - - - - - --  5 

There are only two unknown rotations B and C . Accordingly the boundary conditions are

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
Now, M M  49.86  22 EI  2 EI  0
BA BC B C
15 5
2 4
MCB MCD  20.31  EI B  EI C  0
5 5

Solving these equations we get

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EIB  31.35 Anticlockwise

EI C  9.71 Anticlockwise

Substituting these values in slope deflections we get the final moments:

MAB  50.44 
1
 31.35   60.89 KNM
3
MBA  82.89   31.35   61.99 KNM
2
3
MBC  33.03   31.35    9.71  61.99 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB  50.31   9.71   31.35   30.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCD  30 KNM

Consider the free body diagram of continuous beam for finding reactions

Reactions:

Span AB:

RB × 6 = 100 x 4 + 61.99 – 60.89

RB = 66.85

RA = 100 – RB

=33.15 KN

Span BC:

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5
RB × 5 = 20 x 5 x + 61.99 – 30
2

RB = 56.40 KN

RC = 20 x 5 - RB

=43.60 KN

Example: Three span continuous beam ABCD is fixed at A and continuous over B, C and D.
The beam subjected to loads as shown. Analyse the beam by slope deflection method and draw
bending moment and shear force diagram.

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Solution:

Since end A is fixed A  0, B  0, c  0, D  0

FEMs:

Wl 60  4
F AB     - 30 KNM
8 8

Wl 60  4
FBA      30 KNM
8 8

M
FBC    12.5 KNM
4

M
FCB     12.5 KNM
4

wl2 10  42
FCD     - 13.3 3 KNM
12 12

wl2 10  42
FDC      13.33 KNM
12 12

Slope deflection equations:

M AB  F AB 
2EI
2 A   B 
L

 - 30 
2EI
0   B 
4

 - 30  0.5EIB - - - - - - - -  1

MBA  F BA 
2EI
2 B   A 
L

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 30 
2EI
2 B 0 
4

  30  EIB - - - - - - - --  2 

MBC  F BC 
2EI
2 B   C 
L

 12.5 
2EI
2 B   C 
4

 12.5  EIB 0.5EIC - - - - - - - --  3

M CB  F CB 
2EI
2 C   B 
L

 12 .5 
2EI
2 C   B 
4

 12.5  EIC 0.5 EIB - - - - - - - --  4

M CD  F CD 
2EI
2 C   D 
L

 - 13.33 
2EI
2 C   D 
4

 13.33  EI C 0.5EI D - - - - - - - - - -  5

MDC  F DC 
2EI
2 D   C 
L

 13.33 
2EI
2 D   C 
4

 13.33  0.5EI C  EI D - - - - - - - - - -  6

In the above Equations there are three unknowns, EI B ,EIC & EID , accordingly the boundary
conditions are:

i MBA MBC  0
ii MCB MCD  0
iii MDC  0 ( hinged)

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Now

MBA  MBC  0
30  EIB 12.5  EIB 0.5EIC  0
2EIB 0.5EIC 42.5  0        7

MCB MBC  0
 12.5  EIC 0.5EIB 13.33  EIC 0.5EID  0
0.5EIB 2EIC 0.5EID 0.83  0        8

MDC  0

13.33  0.5EIC EID  0        9

By solving (7), (8) & (9), we get

EIB  24.04
EI C  11.15
EID  18.90

By substituting the values of B, c and D in respective equations we get

MAB  30  0.5  24.04   42.02 KNM

MBA  30   24.04   5.96 KNM
MBC   12.5  - 24.04   0.5 11.15   - 5.96 KNM
MCB  12.5  11.15  0.5 24.04   11.63 KNM
MCD  13.33  11.15  0.5 18.90   11.63 KNM
MDC  13.33  0.511.15    18.90   0 KNM

Reactions: Consider the free body diagram of beam.

Beam AB:

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60  2  5.96  42.02
RB   20.985 KN
4
 R A  60  RB  30.015 KN

Beam BC:

11.63  50  5.96
RC   13.92 KN
4
 RB  RC  13.92 KN  RB is downward

Beam CD:

10  4  2  11.63
RD   17.09 KN
4
 RC  10  4  RD  22.91 KN

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Example: Analyse the continuous beam shown using slope deflection method. Then draw
bending moment and shear force diagram.

Solution: In this problem  A  0,  end A is fixed

FEMs:

wl2 10  82
FAB     - 53.33 KNM
12 12

wl2
FBA     53.33 KNM
12

Wl 30  6
FBC     - 22.50 KNM
8 8

WL
FCD     22.50 KNM
8

Slope deflection equations:

M AB  F AB 
2EI
2 A   B 
L

2E  3I
 - 53.33  0   B 
8

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- - - - - - - -  1
3
 - 53.33  EIB
4

MBA  F BA 
2EI
2 B   A 
L

2E  3I
  53.33  2 B 0 
8

- - - - - - - -  2
3
 53.33  EIB
2

MBC  F BC 
2EI
2 B   C 
L

 - 22.5 
2E2I
2 B   C 
6

- - - - - - - -  3 
4 2
 - 22.5  EIB  EIC
3 3

M CB  F CB 
2EI
2 C   B 
L

  22.5 
2E2I
2 C   B 
6

- - - - - - - -  4 
4 2
  22.5  EIC  EIB
3 3

In the above equation there are two unknown B and C , accordingly the boundary conditions
are:

i MBA MBC 24  0

ii MCB  0
3 4 2
Now, MBA MBC 24  53.33  EIB 22.5  EIB  EIC 24
2 3 3
       5 
17 2
 54.83  EIB  EIC  0
6 3

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4 2
and MCB  22.5  EIC  EIB  0
3 3

2 1
 EIC  11.25  EIB - - - - - - - - - --  (6)
3 3

Substituting in eqn. (5)

17 1
54.83  EIB 11.25  EIB  0
6 3
15
 44.58  EIB  0
6
44.58  6
 EIB    17.432 rotation anticlockwise
15

 from equation (6)

3 
 11.25   17.432
1
EIC  
2 3 
 8.159 rotation anticlockwise

Substituting EIB  17.432 and EIC  8.159 in the slope deflection equation we get Final
Moments:

MAB  53.33 
3
- 17.432  -66.40 KNM
4
MBA  53.33   17.432  27.18 KNM
3
2

MBC  22.5 
4
 17.432  2  8.159  51.18 KNM
3 3
MCB  22.5   8.159   ( 17.432)  0.00
4 2
3 3

Reactions: Consider free body diagram of beams as shown

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Span AB:

27.18  66.40  10  8  4
RB   35.13 KN
8
R A  10  8 RB  44.87 KN

Span BC:

51.18  30  3
RB   23.53 KN
6
RC  30 RB  6.47 KN

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Max BM

Span AB: Max BM occurs where SF=0, consider SF equation with A as origin

S x  44.87 - 10x  0
x  4.487 m
4.4872
 M max  44.87  4.487  10   64  36.67 KNM
2

Span BC: Max BM occurs under point load

51.18
BC Mmax  45   19.41 KN M
2

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UNIT-V

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

1. What is the difference between absolute and relative stiffness?

Absolute stiffness is represented in terms of E, I and l, such as 4EI / l.

Relative stiffness is represented in terms of I and l, omitting the constant E. Relative

stiffness is the ratio of stiffness to two or more members at a joint.

2. Define: Continuous beam.

A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports. For usual
loading on the beam hogging ( - ive ) moments causing convexity upwards at the supports and sagging
( + ve ) moments causing concavity upwards occur at mid span.

3. What are the advantages of Continuous beam over simply supported beam?

1. The maximum bending moment in case of continuous beam is much less than in case of
simply supported beam of same span carrying same loads.

2. In case of continuous beam, the average bending moment is lesser and hence lighter
materials of construction can be used to resist the bending moment.

4. In a member AB, if a moment of –10 KNm is applied at A, what is the moment carried over to B?

Carry over moment = Half of the applied moment

∴Carry over moment to B = -10/5 = -5 KNm

5. What are the moments induced in a beam member, when one end is given a unit rotation, the other
end being fixed. What is the moment at the near end called?

When θ = 1,
A l B MAB = 4EI MBA = 2EI

θ=1 l l
MAB is the stiffness of AB at B.

6.A beam is fixed at A and simply supported at B and C. AB = BC = l. Flexural rigidities of AB and
BC are 2EI and EI respectively. Find the distribution factors at joint B if no moment is to be
transferred to support C

A l B l C
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Joint B: Relative stiffness: I1 = 2I for BA. KBA = 2

l l
3 x I1 = 3I for BC KBC = ¾ = 0.75

4 l 4l
Distribution factors:

DF for BA: KBA = 2 = 8/11 = 0.727

KBA + KBC 2 + 0.75

DF for BC: KBC = 0.75 = 3/11 = 0.273

KBC + KBA 2 + 0.75
7. Define: Moment distribution method.( Hardy Cross mrthod).

It is widely used for the analysis of indeterminate structures. In this method, all the
members of the structure are first assumed to be fixed in position and fixed end moments due to
external loads are obtained.

8. Define: Stiffness factor.

It is the moment required to rotate the end while acting on it through a unit rotation,
without translation of the far end being

(i) Simply supported is given by k = 3 EI / L

(ii) Fixed is given by k = 4 EI / L

where, E = Young’s modulus of the beam material.

I = Moment of inertia of the beam

L = Beam’s span length.

9. Define: Distribution factor.

When several members meet at a joint and a moment is applied at the joint to produce
rotation without translation of the members, the moment is distributed among all the members
meeting at that joint proportionate to their stiffness.

Distribution factor = Relative stiffness / Sum of relative stiffness at the joint

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If there is 3 members, Distribution factors = k1 , k2 , k3

k1 + k2 + k3 k1 + k2 + k3 k1 + k2 + k3

10. Define: Carry over moment and Carry over factor.

Carry over moment: It is defined as the moment induced at the fixed end of the beam by the
action of a moment applied at the other end, which is hinged. Carry over moment is the same nature of
the applied moment.

Carry over factor ( C.O) : A moment applied at the hinged end B “ carries over” to the fixed
end A, a moment equal to half the amount of applied moment and of the same rotational sense.
C.O =0.5

11. Define Flexural Rigidity of Beams.

The product of young’s modulus (E) and moment of inertia (I) is called Flexural Rigidity
(EI) of Beams. The unit is N mm 2.
12. Define: Constant strength beam.

If the flexural Rigidity (EI) is constant over the uniform section, it is called Constant
strength beam.

13. What is the sum of distribution factors at a joint?

Sum of distribution factors at a joint = 1.

14. Define the term ‘sway’.

Sway is the lateral movement of joints in a portal frame due to the unsymmetry in
dimensions, loads, moments of inertia, end conditions, etc.

15. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

A L B L C L D

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Joint Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

A AB 4EI / L 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (4EI / L) = 1
B BA 3EI /L 3EI /L + 4EI / L = 7EI / L (3EI / L) / (7EI / L )= 3/7

C BC
CB 4EI
4EI // L
L 4EI / L + 4EI / L =8EI / L (4EI
(4EI // L)
L) // (7EI
(8EI // L) = 4/7
L) =4/8

D CD
DC 4EI
4EI // L
L 4EI / L (4EI
(4EI/ /L)
L)// (8EI
(4EI // L)=
L) =4/8
1

16. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

A L ( 3I) B L (I) C

Join Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

A AB 4E (3I ) / L 12EI / L (12EI / L) / (12EI / L) = 1
B BA 4E( 3I) /L 12EI /L + 4EI / L = 16EI / L (12EI / L) / (16EI / L )= 3/4

C BC
CB 4EI // L
4EI L 4EI / L (4EI
(4EI // L)
L) // (16EI
(4EI / /L)L)=1
= 1/4

17. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

D
A B L C L

Join Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

B BA 0( no support) 3EI / L 0

C BC
CB 3EI // L
3EI L 3EI /L + 4EI / L = 7EI / L (3EI(3EI
/ L) // L(7EI
) / (/ 3EI
L )=/ 3L)/ =1
7

D CD
DC 4EI
4EI // L
L 4EI / L (4EI
(4EI // L)
L) // (7EI
(4EI // L) =4/7
L) =1

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18. What are the situations where in sway will occur in portal frames?

a. Eccentric or unsymmetric loading

b. Unsymmetrical geometry

c. Different end conditions of the columns

d. Non-uniform section of the members

e. Unsymmetrical settlement of supports

f. A combination of the above

19. What is the ratio of sway moments at column heads when one end is fixed and the other end
hinged? Assume that the length and M.I of both legs are equal.

Assuming the frame to sway to the right by δ

δ δ Ratio of sway moments =

B C - 6EIδ
MBA = l2 = 2

MCD - 3EIδ
l2

A D

20. A beam is fixed at its left end and simply supported at right. The right end sinks to a lower level
by a distance ‘∆’ with respect to the left end. Find the magnitude and direction of the reaction at the
right end if l is the beam length and EI, the flexural rigidity.

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MA (due to sinking of B) = 3EI∆

l2
21. What are symmetric and antisymmetric quantities in structural behaviour?

When a symmetrical structure is loaded with symmetrical loading, the bending moment and
deflected shape will be symmetrical about the same axis. Bending moment and deflection are
symmetrical quantities.

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD -

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES

Introduction

(Method developed by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1932)

The method solves for the joint moments in continuous beams and

rigid frames by successive approximation

Statement of Basic Principles

Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads,

as shown in Figure below. Assume that only rotation of joints occur

at B, C and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and

D. Due to the applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations occur at B, C and D.

150KN

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In order to solve the problem in a successively approximating manner,

it can be visualized to be made up of a continued two-stage problems

viz., that of locking and releasing the joints in a continuous sequence.

The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is applied on the beam ABCD; then
given loads are applied on the beam. Since the joints of beam ABCD are locked in position,
beams AB, BC and CD acts as individual and separate fixed beams, subjected to the applied
loads; these loads develop fixed end moments.

In beam AB

Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m

Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m

In beam BC

Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62

= -112.5 kN.m

Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62

= + 112.5

In beam AB

Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m

Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m

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Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-end moments), now the
joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate. Due to the joint release, the joints rotate
maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments on
either side of joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and cause a net unbalanced moment
to occur at the joint.

These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and D, according to
their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are distributed to either side of the
joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses. These distributed moments also modify the
moments at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at joints B and C in span BC
and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is dependent on the carry-over factor (which is
equal to 0.5 in this case);

The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints to which they are carried
over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-over or distributed moment becomes small.

Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

In order to understand the five steps mentioned in section 7.3, some words need to be defined and
relevant derivations made.

7.3.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors

Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a point, for given
support constraint conditions

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A clockwise moment MA is applied at A to produce a +ve bending in beam AB. Find A and MB.

Using method of consistent deformations

Considering moment MB,

MB + MA + RAL = 0
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MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA

Carry - over Factor = 1/2

7.3.2 Distribution Factor

Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally applied unbalanced moment M at a
joint is apportioned to the various members mating at the joint

M = MBA + MBC + MBD

 4 E I   4 E I   4 E I 
  1 1    2 2    3 3  B
 L1   L2   L3 
 K BA  K BC  K BD  B
M M
 B  
K BA  K BC  K BD   K
 K 
M BA  K BA B   BA  M  ( D.F ) BA M
K 
 
Similarly
K 
M BC   BC  M  ( D.F ) BC M
K 
 
K 
M BD   BD  M  ( D.F ) BD M
K 
 

Modified Stiffness Factor

The stiffness factor changes when the far end of the beam is simply-supported.
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As per earlier equations for deformation, given in Mechanics of Solids text-books.

M AL
A 
3EI
M 3EI  3  4 EI 
K AB  A     
A L  4  L 
3
 ( K AB ) fixed
4

Solve the previously given problem by the moment distribution method

Fixed end moments

wl 2 (15)(8) 2
M AB   M BA     80 kN .m
12 12
wl (150)(6)
M BC   M CB     112.5 kN .m
8 8
wl 2 (10)(8) 2
M CD   M DC     53.333 kN .m
12 12

Stiffness Factors (Unmodified Stiffness

4 EI (4)( EI )
K AB  K BA    0.5 EI
L 8
4 EI (4)( EI )
K BC  K CB    0.667 EI
L 6
 4 EI  4
K CD    EI  0.5 EI
 8  8
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Distribution Factors

K BA 0.5 EI
DFAB    0 .0
K BA  K wall 0.5   ( wall stiffness )
K BA 0.5 EI
DFBA    0.4284
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667 EI
K BC 0.667 EI
DFBC    0.5716
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667 EI
K CB 0.667 EI
DFCB    0.5716
K CB  K CD 0.667 EI  0.500 EI
K CD 0.500 EI
DFCD    0.4284
K CB  K CD 0.667 EI  0.500 EI
K DC
DFDC   1.00
K DC

Moment Distribution Table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution Factors 0 0.4284 0.5716 0.64 0.36 1
Computed end moments -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33
Cycle 1
Distribution 13.923 18.577 -37.87 -21.3 -53.33
Carry-over moments 6.962 -18.93 9.289 -26.67 -10.65
Cycle 2
Distribution 8.111 10.823 11.122 6.256 10.65
Carry-over moments 4.056 5.561 5.412 5.325 3.128
Cycle 3
Distribution -2.382 -3.179 -6.872 -3.865 -3.128
Carry-over moments -1.191 -3.436 -1.59 -1.564 -1.933
Cycle 4
Distribution 1.472 1.964 2.019 1.135 1.933
Carry-over moments 0.736 1.01 0.982 0.967 0.568
Cycle 5
Distribution -0.433 -0.577 -1.247 -0.702 -0.568

Summed up -69.44 90
100.69 -100.7 93.748 -93.75 0
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Computation of Shear Forces

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