GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDED

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2020-21

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

TURBOCHARGING OF DIESEL ENGINES
AND THIER EXHAUST GAS AFTER
TREATMENT
Program:Mechanical Eng. Program code: ME5I

Course: PER Course code: 22562

Name of Guide:R.M. sakalkale

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that members of group 1663, 1683, 1666, 1676,1671. of 5 th
Semester of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Institute, GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC NANDED has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
Subject- PER(22562) for the academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: Nanded
Date:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Government Polytechnic, Nanded
Mechanical Engineering Department
Academic Year (2020-21)
___________________________________________________________________________

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet (I Scheme )

Name of Course and Code :- Power Engineering and Refrigeration (22562)

Name Of Student :- (1) Sonone Omkar Digamber (1683), (2) Panchal Balanced Ishwar (1663),

(3) Patil chaitanya Kishor (1666), (4) Shelke Ganesh Mariba(1676),

(5) Prashant Kadam(1671).

Course Outcomes Achieved

1. We can identify different pollutant in exhaust gas.

2. We known the how to prevent to release harmful gases in to atmosphere.

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total Marks

Part A Project Project Part B- Project Individual
Proposal Methodology Report/ Presentation/
(10 )
(02 Marks ) ( 02 Marks) Working Model Viva
( 02 Marks ) ( 04 Marks )

Comments/Suggestions about team work/ leadership/Inter personal communication

For making this project we take every group member suggestion and their opinion.

Any Other Comment

We did hard work for preparation of this project reports.

Date Signature and Name of lecturer

 Government Polytechnic, Nanded
Mechanical Engineering Department
Academic Year (2020-21)
PART A
Micro Project Report
___________________________________________________________________________

Title of Micro-project: Turbocharging of Diesel Engines and Their Exhaust Gas After
Treatment.

1.Brief Introduction :-
In a diesel motor, the chemical energy (fuel energy) is altered into heat energy through burning
of fuel and heat leads to an expansion and rotate the crankshaft. The first stroke starts when
air enters the combustion chambercombustion chamber due to the opening of intake valves. At
the second stroke, air is compressed inside the cylinder by piston movement and intake valves
are closed. The volume of the combustion chamber is smallest when the piston approaches the
top dead centre. At this stage, fuel is injected into the highly compressed air and self-ignition
take place for a short interval of time. Excessive supply of oxygen lead more burning of fuel and
in this way, high combustion takes place in the combustion chamber. Thus, more power is
produced to rotate the crankshaft . The natural greenhouse is affected by burning fossil fuels.
This lead to an expansion in the climatic pollutions called greenhouse gases . Climate change
occurs due to the presence of these gases in the atmosphere. CO2 is considered as the principal
reason for global warming . Emissions from transport are the main part of environmental
pollution these emissions cause changing climate . Global CO2emissions with the range of
22% are produced by the second largest sector Transport . The rapid increase of transport
disturbed climate in urban areas . This article reviews on the outflows from diesel motor
and their control technologies. Four main discharges (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) from diesel
motors are clarified individually. Different outflow control technologies are reviewed as DPF,
DOC, SCR and.

2. Aim of the Micro-project :-Aim of the microproject is that to identify the various
pollutant in turbocharging diesel engine and their chemical reactions.

Action plan
S. Details of activity Planne Planned Name of
No d start finish responsible team
. date Date members
1. Select the title of the microproject All members
2. Collected information about selected topic Someone Omkar and
Shelke Ganesh
3. Brought required component from market Panchal Balanand and
Prashant Kadam
4. Prepare report on turbocharging diesel Sonone Omkar and
engine. Patil Chaitanya
5. Make project report Sonone Omkar and
Shelke Ganesh

4. Resources Required

S. Name of Resource / material Specification Qty

no.
1. Reference book. R.K. Bansal 1
2. Internet various websites. 1

Government Polytechnic, Nanded

Mechanical Engineering Department
Academic Year (2020-21)
 PART B
Micro Project Report
___________________________________________________________________________

Title of Micro-project: Turbocharging of diesel engines and their exhaust gas after treatment

1.Brief Description

In a diesel motor, the chemical energy (fuel energy) is altered into heat energy through burning
of fuel and heat leads to an expansion and rotate the crankshaft. The first stroke starts when
air enters the combustion chambercombustion chamber due to the opening of intake valves. At
the second stroke, air is compressed inside the cylinder by piston movement and intake valves
are closed. The volume of the combustion chamber is smallest when the piston approaches the
top dead centre.

3. Course Outcomes

1. We know the different types of pollutant in exhaust gases.

2. We can identify each component of Turbocharging diesel engine.

4. Procedure Followed

1. First we were collected information of Turbocharging of diesel engine. The search layout
2. diagram of Turbocharging diesel engine on internet.
3. after that we make project report .
4. Resources Required

S. Specification Qty .Remarks

no.
1. Reference book R.S. khurmi
2. Internet

1.Emission from diesel combustion:-

The most astounding proportion of diesel outflows is because of NOx. NOx has
emissions rate above than 50%. In diesel emissions, PM has the second highest percentage.
CO and HC are produced due to incomplete combustion and are found in lowest

concentration. Moreover, diesel emissions include a little amount of SO2 depending upon
the details and quality of fuel. There is no after treatment technology to SO2. These days,
the vast majority of the oil wholesalers and clients like ultra-low sulphur diesel

Energy, Environment and

Sustainable Develo
4
th

International
(ULSD) for diesel motors to reduce the unwanted effect of SO2. Fig. 1 explains the
composition of emissions from the diesel engineis explored on an individual basis and
accordingly the effects of each contamination on ecological and wellbeing issues are
uncovered.

2.Nitrogen oxides (NOx):-

The combination of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO) is referred as NOx.

There is 85-95% of NO contributions in NOx. NO2 gas has a pungent smell with reddish

brown colour while NO is an odourless and colourless gas . NOx for transport has 40-
70% of contributing to worldwide pollution level. Now, (NO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO) is
referred as NOx. There is 85-95% of NO contributions in NOx. NO2 gas has a pungent smell
with reddish brown colour while NO is an odourless and colourless gas NOx for
transport has 40-70% of contributing to worldwide pollution level. Now, diesel
combustion is considered as the main contributors to NOx emissions. Diesel engine needs
higher temperatures for combustion of diesel fuel. . Smog formation and acid rain are
caused by NOx emissions Tropospheric ozone is basically originated in the atmosphere
from NOx emissions reaction chemically with other pollutants. Both NO2 and NO are toxic
but the level of toxicity of NO2 is fiered as the main contributoremissions. Diesel engine
needs higher temperatures for combustion of diesel fuel. . Smog formation and acid rain are
caused by NOx emissions . Tropospheric ozone is basically originated in the atmosphere
from NOx emissions reaction chemically with other pollutants. Both NO2 and NO are toxic
but the level of toxicity of NO is five.

3.Particulate matter (PM):-

Insufficient supply of oxygen in combustion chamber produce incomplete combustion of
HCs which produce PM. An experimental study describe that PM consists of
sulphatesmoisture, unburnt lubricating oil, carbon element, unburnt fuel and metals
and others substances. In the diesel engine PM emissions are six to ten times
greater than petrol engines. There are main three types of Diesel particle emissions soot,
inorganic fraction (IF) and soluble organic fraction (SOF). SOcontains heavy
hydrocarbons (HHC) which are adsorbed on the soot. At low exhaust temperatures

with light engine loads, the values of SOF are too high. It is the combination of
lubricating oil, unburned fuel and compounds which are produced during combustion.

4.Hydrocarbons (HC):-
The formation of HC in diesel engines is caused by incomplete combustion and insufficient
temperature which occur due to the lake supply of oxygen in the combustion chamber. HC
formation is high near to cylinder wall is lower than the centre of the cylinder because the
temperature of the air-fuel mixture is high in the centre of the cylinder . Thousands of
species contribute to making HCs most prominent of these are alkenes, alkanes and
aromatics . HC emissions occur normally at high load . The environment is badly affected
by HCs emissions. The formation of Ground-level ozone results.

5.Carbon mono oxide (CO):-

Carbon monoxide is an odourless and colourless gas. Incomplete combustion occurs due to

incomplete oxidation which produces CO formation . It occurs at the time of

instantaneous acceleration and starting of the engine because of the rich mixture . Human
respiratory system inhales CO from the air and transmits it into the bloodstream. The
presence of CO in the blood reduces the supply of oxygen in and the large concentration of
CO in air leads to suffocation and death. The air having 0.3% volumetric concentration of
CO can cause death within 30-minute of inhalation.

6.Emission reduction in diesel engine:-

today’s world, ecological security has progressed. Several organizations and agencies in the
world are trying to reduce greenhouse gases and toxic discharges for diesel engines. To
lower the antagonistic impacts of diesel outflows on human health and environment,
exhaust after-treatment technologies are considered as best. Here some after exhaust
technologies are discussed in details.

7.Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC):-

Doc converts diesel exhaust emissions into harmless gases by means of catalytic
oxidation. DOC is specifically designed for diesel powered engines. DOC reduces carbon

monoxide and HCs and. Exhaust gases travel along the catalyst, they are oxidized thus
DOC reduces exhaust emissions. The DOC oxidizes CO, HCs into CO2 and H2O. DOC
replace mufflers on the engine and no extra modifications are required. DOC’s are
inexpensive, maintenance-free, and suitable for diesel engines.

8.Diesel particulate filter (DPF) :-

Thousand of tiny channels combine to make a ceramic filter (DPF). When exhaust passes
through these channels, soot is trapped along the walls of the channel. The exhaust gases

pass through the porous surface of the ceramic filter. The majority of the residue particles
don't go through the ceramic filter and accumulate in it. This leads a develop heap of
soot/ash in the channel builds the drop in pressure. To restore the original condition of
DPF, filter has to be regenerated .In SCR, urea a liquid-reluctant agent is injected through a
catalyst into the exhaust fumes of a diesel engine. The urea starts the chemical reaction
that produces NOx into N2and H2O, which is then ejected through the engine exhaust pipe.
The result of the SCR, NOx release in the form of Water and N2in the
exhaust pipe. The chemical reactions of SCR technology are given below.
4NH3+ 4NO + O2→ 4N2+ 6H2O (1)

2NO + 2NO2+ 4NH3→ 6H2O +4N2 (2)

8NH3 + 6NO2→ 12H2O + 7N2

9.Exhaust gas recirculation :-

NOx is also controlled by an effective technique known as EGR. The EGR system is utilized
to diminish the NOx discharged. Approximately more than 15% of exhaust gases is recycled
into the intake manifold of engine and combustion chamber. At low combustion
temperature, low burning happens which indicates a decrease in NOx developments.
The mixing of intake air increase and exhaust gases increase specific heat of intake
mixture which reduces the flame temperature. The reduction in the supply of oxygen at
inlet manifold of engine generate low combustion that produce more co and soot and
reduce the formation of NOx and co2.

10.Conclusions:-
This article surveys the qualities of primary toxin outflows (PM, HC, CO and NOx) and
available after exhaust control techniques of these poison discharges in the diesel engine.
Among these contamination outflows, CO and HC are discharged on account of poor
burning and unburned fuel while NOx emanations are brought about due to high
ignition temperatures above 1600ᵒC. The PM emissions are due to the collection partially
burned fuel, lube oil or sulphates, contents of ash and water. These toxin discharges
adverse effect on the environment and human wellbeing. To control these poison
discharges exhaust after-treatment technologies are considered best. Diesel fumes
after treatment technologies include DPF, DOC, SCR and EGR. DOCs are utilized to lessen
CO and HC outflows. DPFs are utilized with DOC to minimize outflows of PM from the
exhaust of diesel engines. SCR systems are exceedingly powerful to decrease NOx outflows
and NOx is also controlled by an effective technique known as EGR. With the after-
treatment technologies, it is possible to lessen the harm of the poison outflows on air.