INTL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, 2019, VOL. 65, NO. 4, PP.

635-649
Manuscript received May 16, 2019; revised September, 2019. DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2019.129823

A comprehensive Review on Bidirectional

Traction Converter for Electric Vehicles
Lavanya Anbazhagan, Jegatheesan Ramiah, Vijayakumar Krishnaswamy,
and Divya Navamani Jayachandran

Abstract—In this fast-changing environmental condition, the vehicle connecting the wheel with the power source is either an
effect of fossil fuel in vehicle is a significant concern. Many internal combustion engine or a DC/AC motor. A vehicle that
sustainable sources are being studied to replace the exhausting has both an IC engine and a battery power source is called as a
fossil fuel in most of the countries. This paper surveys the types of
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and the same with a facility to
electric vehicle’s energy sources and current scenario of the on-
road electric vehicle and its technical challenges. It summarizes the charge the battery is called as Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
number of state-of-the-art research progresses in bidirectional dc- (PHEV) because in the latter, the battery is charged only when
dc converters and its control strategies reported in last two the engine operates. Power Train is the combination of the drive
decades. The performance of the various topologies of bidirectional train, power source and motor. Figure 1 shows the building
dc-dc converters is also tabulated along with their references.
block of the electric vehicle. It consists of energy sources, power
Hence, this work will present a clear view on the development of
state-of-the-art topologies in bidirectional dc-dc converters. This converter, traction motor, controller and transmission system
review paper will be a guide for the researchers for selecting [1]. Figure 2 presents the various loads of the electric vehicles
suitable bidirectional traction dc-dc converters for electric vehicle and the need of the traction converter.
and it gives the clear picture of this research field.
Nomenclature
Keywords—Electric vehicle, isolated, non-isolated, bidirectional
dc-dc converter, controller
EV Electric Vehicle
HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle
I. INTRODUCTION PHEV Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicle
SOC State of Charge
I N our country (India), recently revealed the National Electric
Mobility Mission, 2020. Currently, the air quality in major
cities is no longer healthy and the country badly needs to reduce
BDC
BIC
Bidirectional dc-dc Converter
Bidirectional Isolated Converter
greenhouse gas emission and plan for clean mobility solutions. BNIC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Converter
Hence, our government has decided to make a major transition BIRC Bidirectional Isolated Resonant Converter
to the Electric Vehicle (EV) by 2030. At present, Reva electric BIRSC Bidirectional Isolated Reduced Switch Converter
car company is the only Indian car manufacturer for the electric
vehicle. India provides incentives for the purchase of an electric BIDABC Bidirectional Isolated Dual Active Bridge Converter
vehicle and also releases tender to lay the charging BIMC Bidirectional Isolated Modular Converter
infrastructure in the country. The primary challenges faced by BIZSC Bidirectional Isolated Z-Source Converter
India for the bloom of electric vehicle are BIFBC Bidirectional Isolated Fly Back Converter
• Charging infrastructures are not fully expanded yet. BNIRC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Resonant Converter
• Works on renewable powered charging points at the BNICIC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Coupled Inductor
existing fuel station are going on. Converter
• The cost of renewable energy for the fast charging is the BNISSC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Soft-Switched Converter
biggest factors. BNIIC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Interleaved Converter
• Derivation and analysis of reliable and efficient topologies BNIMSC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Multiple Switch
of power converters are still in research and development Converter
stage. BNICC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Cascaded Converter
Taking all these factors into consideration, this article reviews
BNISCC Bidirectional Non-Isolated Switched-Cap Converter
the energy sources and the topologies of the power converters
ZVS Zero Voltage Switching
for an electric vehicle. Hybrid Electric vehicles are categorized
ZCS Zero Current Switching
depending upon the type of sources, the type of traction used LVS Low Voltage Side
and the charging facilities. The traction that is used to run the HVS High Voltage Side

The authors are with SRM institute of science and technology, India (e-mail:
divyanavamani.j@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in)
636 L. ANBAZHAGAN, J. RAMIAH, V. KRISHNASWAMY, D. N. JAYACHANDRAN

Fig. 1. Building blocks of the electric vehicle

TABLE I
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ELECTRIC CAR WITH ITS BATTERY AND MOTOR RATING

Battery
S.No Vehicle Type Power Source Motor Type Motor Rating
Rating
1. Nissan Leaf EV lithium-ion battery 40-kWh permanent-magnet synchronous AC motor 147 hp

2. Chevrolet Bolt EV lithium-ion battery 60-kWh permanent-magnet synchronous AC motor 200 hp

permanent-magnet synchronous AC 1 x 111 kW
3. Chevrolet Volt PHEV lithium-ion battery and liquid fuel 18.4 kWh
motor/ generator 1 x 55 kW
FC Fuel-cell stack: solid polymer
4. Toyota Mirai 153 hp Synchronous AC 152 hp
EV electrolyte.
141hp(F),
5. Toyota Rav 4 HEV nickel-metal-hydride battery pack 1.6-kWh + 2 AC electric motors, ,
67 hp (R),
6. Renault Fluence ZE EV lithium-ion battery 22 kWh Synchronous motor 70 kW (94 hp)
22 kWh&
7. Renault Zoe EV lithium-ion battery Electric motor 66 kW
41 kWh
8. Toyota Prius HEV lithium-ion battery 0.7 kWh permanent-magnet synchronous AC motor 71 hp

9. Honda Insight 2 HEV NiMH 13 hp DC brushless motor 13 hp

8 x 6V, 200
10. Mahindra Reva EV Lead-acid battery DC motor 4.8 kW
A
8 x 6V, 200
11. Mahindra Reva-i EV Lead-acid battery AC motor 13 kW
A
Mahindra Reva L-
12. EV lithium-ion battery 17.4 Bhp AC motor 13 kW
ion
Hyundai lithium-ion
13. HEV 42 kWh permanent-magnet synchronous AC motor 43.5 kW
Ioniq hybrid Polymer
Hyundai
lithium-ion
14. Ioniq EV 28 kWh permanent-magnet synchronous AC motor 88 kW
Polymer
Electric

Fig. 2. Various loads of the electric vehicle

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTION CONVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 637

TABLE II
CURRENT SCENARIO OF PRESENTLY AVAILABLE ELECTRIC CAR

Vehicle Year of production and Place Current scenario

Nissan Leaf 2010 – USA and Japan Still in production and running with upgrades to second generation from 2017

Chevrolet Bolt 2016 – Europe and North America Still in production

Still in production and running in second generation model with various names
Chevrolet Volt 2010 - USA such as Buick Velite 5 – China, Holden Volt – Australia & New Zealand, Opel
Ampera – Europe, Vauxhall Ampera - UK
Toyota Mirai 2015 – Japan, US, Europe Still in production

Toyota Rav 4 1994 – Japan and Europe Still in production and 4th generation model is currently in production

Renault Fluence ZE 2011-2014 (Turkey), 2013 South Korea Still in production

Renault Zoe 2012 - France Still in production

Toyota Prius 1997 - Japan Presently 4th generation model is on sales
Honda EV plus 1997-1999 , 300 produced Stopped with the introduction of Honda HEV
1996-2006 , Japan
Honda Insight Discontinued due to poor sales.
2008-2014
Mahindra Reva 2001 – 2007, India No strong chassis and hence poor in crash test

Crash test passed and several safety features are added concerning the previous
Mahindra Reva-i 2008 India
model
Mahindra Reva L-ion 2009 India No proper comfort and safety

Table I presents the power rating of motor and battery of the other types of batteries. This battery is noted to be more
currently available electric cars in the market. It is noted that in advantageous due to its power density, energy efficiency,
most of the modern cars, lithium-ion batteries are used. charging capability and reliability [2, 3]. The four types of
Generally, ac motors are used for traction purpose in the electric
lithium-ion batteries are Lithium cobalt oxide, Lithium
vehicle. Recently, research is carried on with brushless dc motor
for traction purpose. Table III shows the present situation of the manganese oxide, Lithium iron phosphate and Lithium Nickel
currently available electric cars. It is observed from the table that Manganese cobalt oxide. Lithium cobalt oxide batteries are
the present scenario of the electrically powered vehicle is leading type due to its good performance [3].
• Most of the vehicles are still in production stage Recently, many works are performed and reported to increase
• Few vehicles are discontinued due to numerous the lifespan of the battery. In order to increase the lifetime of the
reasons. lithium-ion battery, capacity fading analysis is carried out in the
artificial neural network to improve the State of Charge (SOC)
II. ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE: [4]. Battery swapping concept is an emerging promising
This section discusses the present status of energy sources for technology that could bring electric car revolution [5]. In [6],
the electric vehicles and also evaluates their appropriateness and optimal power dispatch is proposed to provide fully charged
suitability. Recently, the energy sources proposed for electric batteries with multiple battery swapping stations. Model
vehicle are batteries, solar, fuel cell, capacitors and flywheel. parameters are identified to model the lithium-ion battery to
The study on renewable energy sources for the electric vehicle study the behaviour of the battery [7]. A fuzzy logic control is
is in infant stage whereas the other sources are most viable proposed for the equalization of lithium-ion battery back to
energy sources. The batteries are found to be the major energy improve the unpredictability of series-connected Lithium-ion
sources due to its effective storage medium. In last decade, fuel batteries [8]. Battery management and smart state of charge
cells and ultracapacitors are attracting many researchers and estimation along with their challenges and possible
manufacturers owing to their reliability. In the following recommendation for the development are presented and
section, various energy sources are discussed in detail. reviewed in this article [9]. In [10], wireless power transmission
is discussed for the battery charger of the electric vehicle. Figure
A. Batteries 3 presents the types of batteries and capacitors used for the
In surviving battery technologies for the electric vehicle, the electric vehicle. Thrust areas in batteries and challenges faced
lithium-ion batteries are observed to be the most promising are explored and presented in figure 4.
candidate, which is more appropriate and suitable compared to
638 L. ANBAZHAGAN, J. RAMIAH, V. KRISHNASWAMY, D. N. JAYACHANDRAN

Fig. 3.Types of batteries and capacitors used for electric vehicle

Fig. 4. Research work on batteries for the electric vehicle Fig. 5. Research work on supercapacitors for the electric
vehicle
B. Supercapacitors proposed for solar charge and storage balancing [17]. The
The double layer capacitors are called ultra or method for optimal scheduling is investigated to make use of
supercapacitors. Due it its higher capacitance value, it is batteries and wind power generation for peak load demand [18].
different from the ordinary capacitor. The upcoming energy A method is proposed to mitigate the voltage problem in the
storage component in the electric vehicle is supercapacitors and distributed solar generation with high penetration level [19]. A
it offers a smart energy storage alternative due to their compact detailed study is carried out to assess the impact of electric
size and high-power density, which is more appropriate for the vehicle and solar investment on future electricity generation
electric vehicle especially in accelerating and braking portfolios [20]. Solar taxi can run a range of 400 km without
conditions [11]. Different modeling techniques are proposed for recharging. Solar-powered vehicles are provided with convex
the supercapacitors to study the dynamic behaviour. Based on solar cells to the roof of the electric vehicle. In the year 2016,
particle swarm optimization algorithm and support vector the sunswift solar car is the first road solar car in Australia.
machine, the dynamic modelling for the super capacitor is
proposed [11]. Assessment on supercapacitors is carried out to III. BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER (BDC)
find its effectiveness for power demand satisfaction in electric
vehicle [12]. Prediction of state of charge in supercapacitors is Bidirectional dc-dc converter with isolated structure is most
made with the combination of neural network and Kalman popular [21-28]. However, recently many topologies are derived
filtering [13]. Vanadium oxide nanoribbon based super- with non-isolated structure. These structures attract many
capacitors are studied and it is observed that it has higher researchers attention due to its simple structure and reduced
charging speed in [14]. Online monitoring and fault detection component count. Most of the topologies derived for
are accomplished in [15, 16]. The research areas of bidirectional dc-dc converters are discussed and analysed for
supercapacitor revolve around the topics listed in figure 5. soft-switching. Figure 6 furnishes the few structures obtained
for bidirectional Isolated and non-isolated dc-dc converter. Few
C. Renewable energy sources researchers are trying to convert the isolated topology to non-
As already mentioned, research on renewable energy isolated topology within DC transformer as mentioned in figure
powered vehicles is not fully explored. Solar power assisted 7(i). In the conventional buck-boost converter, a DC
balancing system for the battery in the electric vehicle is transformer is integrated to achieve high voltage gain.
639 L. ANBAZHAGAN, J. RAMIAH, V. KRISHNASWAMY, D. N. JAYACHANDRAN

Fig. 6. Types of topologies derived for bidirectional dc-dc converter

A. Bidirectional Non-Isolated dc-dc converter (BNIC)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
640 D. N. JAYACHANDRAN, L. ANBAZHAGAN, AND V. KRISHNASWAMY

(g) (h)

(i) (j)
Fig. 7. Bidirectional Non-Isolated DC-DC converter (a) BNIRC (b), (i) and (j) BNICIC (c)
and (d) BNISSC (e) BNIIC (f) BNICC (g) BNISCC (h) BNISCSC

1) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Reduced component dc-dc 3) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Soft-Switched dc-dc

converter (BNIRC) converter (BNISSC)
Figure 7 (a) presents the non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc Soft-switching is many incorporated to increase the
converter with the reduced component count. It has an auxiliary efficiency by reducing the switching loss of the converter. Many
resonant circuit which consists of an inductor, capacitor, diode studies are reported in the literature to achieve lightweight
and two switches. It is used to provide zero voltage switching. converter [33-38]. Only zero voltage switching is accomplished
Zero current transition is achieved with the addition of a pair of using active snubber circuit in [39]. Figures 7 (c) and (d) show
auxiliary inductors. Maximum efficiency achieved with this that the bidirectional dc-dc converter utilizes resonant circuit to
configuration is about 98 % for both the boost and buck mode
achieve soft-switching. Two identical auxiliary resonant
operation [29]. This proposed ZVZCS technique can be
networks are used to acquire soft-switching in converter [40]. In
incorporated into any types of bidirectional converters to
accomplish soft switching with high efficiency. The attractive [41], the auxiliary circuit is made up of the diode to achieve soft-
feature the converter in [30] has high voltage gain in both the switching. Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) Pulse-width
modes of operation with reduced number of component count. Modulated (PWM) active clamped bidirectional converter with
2) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Coupled Inductor based dc- the simple structure is proposed in [42]. ZVS can be easily
dc converter (BNICIC) realised in unidirectional coupled inductor based converter
Many bidirectional non-isolated dc-dc converters are derived whereas, with coupled inductor based bidirectional dc-dc
with the coupled inductor in order to increase the gain in boost converter, it is challenging to acquire ZVS. In [43], analysis and
mode. In [31], a coupled-inductor is introduced with three design of ZVS technique incorporated bidirectional dc-dc
power switches to achieve soft switching and voltage clamping. converter is carried out. Four switches high gain bidirectional
This circuit consists of four parts named as low-voltage, high- converter is proposed with ZVS at turn ON of all switches and
voltage, clamped and middle-voltage circuit. The objective of Zero Current Switching (ZCS) at turn OFF of all switches [44].
this topology is voltage conversion ratio and the effectiveness Research is concentrated on the ZVS technique in coupled
of the magnetic core can be increased by utilizing a coupled inductor based converter [45, 46]. In addition to the above-
inductor with low turns ratio. A coupled inductor based mentioned article, few more articles are also referred here for
bidirectional dc-dc converter is proposed with minimal
soft-switching for bidirectional non-isolated dc-dc converter
component count where two capacitors are charged parallel and
[47-54].
discharged in series with coupled inductor [32]. Figures 7 (b)
and (j) offer the bidirectional non-isolated dc-dc converter with
the coupled inductor.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTION CONVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 641

4) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Interleaved dc-dc converter converter is proposed with bidirectional power flow. In this
(BNIIC) article, two techniques proposed in [62,63] are integrated to
Interleaved structure is generally used in dc-dc converters to voltage regulation capability and continuous input current
reduce the ripple in the current. To reduce the ripple in the low- waveform. Figure 7 (g) depicts the power circuit of the switched
voltage side of the converter, the interleaved structure is capacitor based bidirectional converter proposed in [64]. The
incorporated in [55]. Interleaving structure with the coupled boost converter is integrated with switched capacitor cell to
inductor is proposed and its magnetic core is simulated with achieve bidirectional power flow is presented in [65].
ANSYS and Maxwell-2D [56]. A non-isolated coupled inductor Interleaved switched capacitors with zero current switching are
based bidirectional dc-dc converter is proposed with discussed in [66]. In addition to that, the modular structure is
interleaving structure and the soft-switching is achieved in the tested for the topology to achieve high voltage gain. In [67], the
switches in both the directions [57]. The bidirectional converter hybrid switch capacitor architecture is proposed for 42 V/14 V
is also derived by combining several techniques such as the dual voltage supply system for the automotive application.
switched capacitor, coupled inductor and interleaving structure
7) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Simple Circuit Structure dc-
[58]. Figure 7 (e) depicts the circuit of interleaved converter
dc converter (BNISCSC)
discussed in [55].
Bidirectional dc-dc converter with the simple structure is
5) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Cascaded dc-dc converter proposed to reduce the weight and cost of the converter. In [68],
(BNICC) a topology is proposed with the single inductor, four switches
Cascading is usually done to increase the voltage conversion and three capacitors. The topology discussed in this article is
ratio of the converter. A multistage non-isolated bidirectional observed to be simple and it is also very easy to study the
converter is proposed whose voltage gain n times of the gain of behaviour of this converter with any modeling technique. A
the buck-boost converter with n+2 switches [59]. In [60], the simple structure is built with switched capacitor cell to reduce
bidirectional converter is obtained by cascading two boost the component rating and count [69].
converters and it has superior features compared to the cascaded
buck-boost converter. Cascaded converter along with B. Bidirectional Isolated dc-dc converter (BIC)
interleaving structure in [59] is presented in figure 7(f) for Bidirectional dc-dc converter with galvanic isolation is
reference. typically suggested for safety in applications with battery.
Isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters with high voltage
6) Bidirectional Non-Isolated Switched capacitor dc-dc conversion ratio are required for many applications.
converter (BNISCC)
Many topologies are explored with switched capacitor
techniques [61-63]. In [64], a switched capacitor based

(a)

(b)
642 D. N. JAYACHANDRAN, L. ANBAZHAGAN, AND V. KRISHNASWAMY

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTION CONVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 643

(h)
Fig. 8. Bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter (a) BIRC (b) & (c) BIDABC
(d) UISDC (e) BIRSC (f) BIZSC (g) BIFBC (h) BIMC

1) Bidirectional Isolated Resonant Converter (BIRC) converter is replaced with two switches and two diodes. The
Soft switching is usually employed in the bidirectional dc-dc additional features of this topology apart from reduced number
converters to high efficiency and frequency [70]. Resonant of active switches are smaller capacitor requirement and zero-
converters are mainstream topologies among the soft-switching voltage switching [95]. But this proposed topology can be used
dc-dc converter. Resonant converters are proposed based on only for unidirectional power flow applications.
SRC, LLC and CLLC structure. LLC resonant bidirectional dc- 3) Bidirectional Isolated Reduced Switch Converter
dc converter is a good option for soft switching with automatic (BIRSC)
transition between forward and backward operation [71]. Since Bidirectional dc-dc converter with reduced component count
the control method is quite complex, CLLC resonant converters compared to conventional half bridge and full bridge converter
are proposed with two resonant tanks in [72] [73]. CLTC is presented in [91]. Bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter with
resonant converter with extra resonant capacitor and auxiliary only four active switches is shown in figure 8 (e). A ZVS based
transformer is proposed in [74] and the circuit diagram is given dual half-bridge converter with minimum number of devices is
in figure 8 (a). It is observed that the ZVS and ZCS are achieved designed hybrid electric vehicle [92]. An isolated bidirectional
at all the ranges of loads. In addition to that, it is also noted that converter with minimum active switch is proposed with flyback
the converter [74] possess higher efficiency and more suitable converter, three winding coupled inductor and three switched
for battery application. A bidirectional converter is proposed capacitors. This proposed converter utilizes four main switches
with two conversion stages namely SRC and non-isolated which is observed to be very less compared to the other isolated
converter [75]. The volume of the converter is reduced by bidirectional converter [93].
designing resonant type forward converter [76]. Furthermore, 4) Bidirectional Isolated Z-Source Converter (BIZSC)
many articles are published on bidirectional isolated dc-dc Z- Source isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter consist of H-
converter with soft switching technique [77-81]. bridges, two switched impedance networks and high-frequency
2) Bidirectional Isolated Dual Active Bridge Converter transformer. The advantages of this converter are higher
(BIDABC) reliability and symmetrical circuit configuration [94].
Bidirectional isolated Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter Bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter with two impedance
consist of two H-bridges and high frequency isolation network is furnished in figure 8 (f).
transformer. The H-bridge converter may be half bridge and full 5) Bidirectional Isolated Flyback Converter (BIFBC) and
bridge converter. Figures 8 (b) and (c) present the dual H-bridge Hybrid converter (BIHC)
converters. A dual H-bridge isolated bidirectional converter is The isolated bidirectional flyback-based dc–dc converter
proposed for hybrid vehicle energy management [82] [83]. topologies are proposed in [96]–[98] for the forward and
Isolated DAB converters are designed with resonant structure backward power flow. In [99], bidirectional flyback converter
like LCL etc to lower the switching losses of the converter [84] is presented with digital control technique to obtain valley
[85]. Optimized switching strategy with reduced current stress switching. Figure 8 (g) presents the circuit of flyback converter
DAB converter is proposed in [86]. Small-signal modelling with based bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter. Conventional
digital control is implemented in [87]. Several control isolated dc-dc converters are integrated to build a novel
techniques and modelling techniques are processed on DAB topology to achieve a bidirectional power flow. In [100],
isolated bidirectional converter in [88-90]. Figure 8 (d) depicts forward and flyback converters are in series and parallel in the
the circuit of Unidirectional Isolated Semi-Dual converter primary and secondary side of the converter respectively. A
(UNISDC). The semi-dual semi-active bridge isolated minimal component counts bidirectional converter presented by
unidirectional dc-dc converter is the modified form of dual- combining inductor-based and switched capacitor converter
active bridge converter topology. The replacement is done on [101]. The active switches are reduced with push-pull forward
the load side of the DAB converter. The derived topology is half-bridge circuit DAB converter [102].
named as semi-active since the four active switches of DAB
644 D. N. JAYACHANDRAN, L. ANBAZHAGAN, AND V. KRISHNASWAMY

6) Bidirectional Isolated Modular Converter (BIMC): discussed. The control strategies adopted in both isolated and
Modular converters consist of series-parallel combination of non-isolated dc-dc converters are summarized. Furthermore, the
dc-dc converters and they are classified commonly into four performance evaluation of the several reported topologies in
categories such as input-series output-series, input-parallel literature is also observed and discussed in this section.
output parallel, input-series output-parallel and input-parallel
output-series. The main features of modular converters are ease A. Review on pros and cons of Bidirectional converter
of thermal design and low rating of power components. Figure topologies
8 (h) depicts the bidirectional modular converter with N In table III, the broad applications of bidirectional dc-dc
modules [103]. A modular bidirectional converter is proposed converters are summarized and presented. It is observed from
with the modular multilevel converter on the primary and the table, the bidirectional converters are predominantly used in
secondary side of the converter [104]. Similarly, the modular automotive applications especially in the electric vehicle, hybrid
converter is proposed with multiple dual-bridge series resonant electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, fuel cell vehicle,
converters [105]. etc. In addition to that, the merits and demerits are listed for
various topologies. From that comparative study, it is noted that
IV. GENERAL DISCUSSION many researchers are working on the stresses across the
components of the topologies and also reduce the components
In this section, the advantages and disadvantages of the
several topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converters are especially, the power semiconductors devices of the
bidirectional dc-dc converters.

TABLE III
SUMMARY OF BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Topology Ref no Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Resonant [74] • Soft switching • To improve power density • Battery applications in

[40] • Voltage and current stresses of renewable energy
[46] power switches are reduced generation systems
• High voltage gain
• Reverse recovery loss is eliminated • Plug-in hybrid electric
Coupled inductor [31] • Minimal active switches • problem associated vehicle
• Higher voltage conversion ratio with the leakage inductor
• Stray energy can be recycled • Additional components in • Fuel cell vehicle
clamp circuit
Interleaved [55] • Ripples of the current is reduced • narrow voltage conversion • uninterrupted power
• Low voltage stress of capacitors range supplies
Cascaded [59] • Dynamic switching frequency Conversion efficiencies are
modulation lower • Any energy storage systems
Modular [103] • Low power rating switches • Too many components
• Hybrid electric vehicle
[104] • Reduced thermal stresses • Increases the cost energy management
[105] • Reduced electrical stresses applications.
• Improved reliability
Z-source [94] • Wider regulation range of voltage. • Multiple inductor are used
• Symmetrical circuit configuration • Circuit is quite bulky
Hybrid [100] • Soft-switching • Current stress of power • Energy storage system in dc
• No voltage spikes switches are higher microgrid
• Smaller current ripples
Dual H-bridge/DAB [82] • simple circuit • High input current ripple • Battery system in the golf
[83] • low cost • Requires additional cart
[91] • High power density components for soft-
[92] switching
• Avionics and space
• High voltage spikes on
semiconductors.

B. Performance comparison of bidirectional dc-dc of active switches is higher in DAB and modular converter
converter compared to other topologies. Generally, the switching
Table IV presents the comparative analysis of frequency, frequency selected for the laboratory prototype testing is
efficiency, voltage and power rating of the bidirectional between 20- 100 kHz. The counts of passive components are
converter in literature. From this comparison, it is observed reduced to the greater extent in isolated converter compared to
that the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters are tested with the non-isolated converter. In addition to that, it is determined
higher rating compared to non-isolated converters due to the that the range of input and output voltage ratings is 20- 50 V to
presence of galvanic isolation. It is also noted that the number 150-300 V.
645 L. ANBAZHAGAN, J. RAMIAH, V. KRISHNASWAMY, D. N. JAYACHANDRAN

TABLE IV
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTERS IN LITERATURE

Ref no Rated Max LVS HVS No of power No of passive Switching Galvanic

power 𝜼 (V) (V) switches components frequency isolation
(%) (kHz)
[74] 5 kW 95.9 42-58 380-420 8 4 160 Yes
[40] 200 W 97 60 300 7 11 100 No
[46] 200 W 97.77 48 160 4 3 50 No
[31] 2 kW 96.3 48 360 3 4 100 No
[106] 800 W 95 24 200 4 3 100 No
[55] 1 kW 95.21 50-120 400 5 6 20 No
[82] 10 kW ---- 80 200 8 2 20 Yes
[91] 1.6 kW 92 26 116 4 6 20 Yes
[29] 150 W 98.2 50 120 4 5 100 No
[83] 100 W 98.8 750 750 8 4 20 Yes
[59] 500 W 97.1 20-30 270 6 5( 4 stage) 100 No
[103] 110 W 89 60 120 4N+4 2 20 Yes
[68] 200 W 94.8 24 200 4 4 50 No
[94] ---- 85 10 40 8 8 5 Yes
[100] 300 W 93.5 10-15 150 4 1 50 No
[99] 2.5 kW 89 24 2500 2 3 50 Yes

TABLE V
SUMMARY OF CONTROLLERS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTERS

Ref Type of controller To control Type of topology employed

no
[107] Simple PI controller • Gain scheduling Interleaved bidirectional boost converter
• Duty cycle presetting
[108] Current controller • To provide good dynamic Switched-capacitor bidirectional
response converter
[109] Decoupled power flow • To acquire fast dynamic response Three port isolated bidirectional
management converter
[110] DSP controller • Power flow control Multi-input isolated bidirectional
converter
[111] Varying phase angle control • Power flow control Isolated bidirectional converter
[112] Dual Phase-Shifted Modulation • Optimization of voltage stress Two-level DAB isolated converter
Strategy
[113] High-frequency link • To decrease the circulating current Isolated DAB converter
fundamental optimal strategy • To increase the efficiency
[114] Pulse width modulation plus • To reduce current stress Isolated bidirectional converter
phase-shift control • To reduce conduction losses
[115] Novel dual-phase-shift control • To eliminate reactive power Isolated DAB bidirectional converter
• To increase the efficiency
[116] Digital adaptive control • Soft-switching Non-isolated bidirectional converter
[117] Expended phase-shift control • To reduce power circulating flow Isolated bidirectional converter
• Improves reliability
[118] Unified phase-shift control • Optimizing the current stress Isolated DAB bidirectional converter

C. Controllers for bidirectional dc-dc converters V. CONCLUSION

Recently, many modulation strategies are proposed for This paper discusses the different topologies of bidirectional
isolated bidirectional DAB converter. In table 5, most dc-dc converters. In literature, a comprehensive evaluation is
predominantly used control technique for isolated bidirectional made and the topologies are categorized as seven main groups
converters are phase-shift control. Several phase-shift controls of isolated and non-isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters.
like single phase-shift, Dual phase-shift and extended phase- Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each
shift are used to achieve higher efficiency, improves the topology with their applications are also discussed which
regulation and to obtain soft-switching. In addition to that, facilitate the researchers and engineers to distinguish the
several control techniques are proposed for the non-isolated attributes of each topology. It also helps the power electronic
converter to acquire good dynamic response. designers and researchers to select the right topology for the
646 D. N. JAYACHANDRAN, L. ANBAZHAGAN, AND V. KRISHNASWAMY

necessitated application. Based on the observation made on the Vehicle, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume:
electric vehicle and its essential equipment, it is found that 65, Issue: 8, pp: 6762 – 6771, 2018.
[9] Rui Xiong ; Jiayi Cao ; Quanqing Yu ; Hongwen He ; Fengchun Sun,
• A lot of thrust areas in energy sources and power Critical Review on the Battery State of Charge Estimation Methods for
architectures in the electric vehicle needs to Electric Vehicles, IEEE Access , Volume: 6, pp: 1832 – 1843, 2017.
investigate. Researchers are concentrating on the [10] Paolo Germano, Yves Perriard, Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles
Based On A Wireless Power Transmission, CES Transactions 0n
reliability of the battery and exploring about the
Electrical Machines and Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP :66-71, 2017.
materials in the battery cell. Several research topics are [11] Shichuan Ding , Jun Hang , Baolei Wei , Qunjing Wang, Modelling of
revolving around the supercapacitors and they are supercapacitors based on SVM and PSO algorithms, IET Electr. Power
needed to be fully explored. Finally, the integration of Appl., Vol. 12 Iss. 4, pp. 502-507, 2018.
renewable energy sources with the electric vehicle is [12] Felipe Machado, João Pedro F. Trovão, and Carlos Henggeler Antunes,
Effectiveness of Supercapacitors in Pure Electric Vehicles Using a
recently attracting many engineers to work on this area. Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach, IEEE Trans on Vehicular Technology,
• Hard switching is usually not preferred for dc-dc vol. 65, no. 1, pp: 29-36, 2016.
converter because it leads to higher power losses. Most [13] Wang Houlian, Zhou Gongbo, State of charge prediction of
supercapacitors via combination of Kalman filtering and
of the isolated and non-isolated bidirectional
backpropagation neural network, IET Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 12 Iss. 4,
converters are derived with resonant techniques to pp. 588-594, 2018.
achieve higher efficiency. Interleaving technique is [14] Yiying Wei, Jianguo Zhu, and Guoxiu Wang, High-Specific-Capacitance
also incorporated to remove the current ripple. To Supercapacitor Based on Vanadium Oxide Nanoribbon, IEEE Trans on
increase the features of the bidirectional converter, two applied superconductivity, vol. 24, no. 5, 2014.
[15] Farshid Naseri1 , Ebrahim Farjah1 , Mehdi Allahbakhshi1 , Zahra
or more techniques are integrated. Kazemi, Online condition monitoring and fault detection of large
• Galvanic isolation in bidirectional dc-dc converter is supercapacitor banks in electric vehicle applications, IET Electr. Syst.
closely related to the safety of the system. The gain of Transp., Vol. 7 Iss. 4, pp. 318-326, 2017.
the converter can be adjusted in the buck and boost [16] Asmae El Mejdoubi, Amrane Oukaour, Hicham Chaoui, Online
Supercapacitor Diagnosis for Electric Vehicle Applications, IEEE Trans
mode by varying the transformer’s turns ratio in on vehicular technology, vol. 65, no. 6, 2016.
isolated converter. Wider voltage conversion ratio in [17] Chen Duan, Caisheng Wang, Zongzheng Li, Jianfei Chen, Shidao Wang,
the non-isolated converter is a more significant Adrian Snyder and Chenguang Jiang, A Solar Power Assisted Battery
challenge in the bidirectional dc-dc converter. Coupled Balancing System For Electric Vehicles, IEEE Trans on Transportation
Electrification ( Early Access), 2018.
inductors are added to derive non-isolated bidirectional [18] Liang Feng, Kuihua Wu, Jian Wu, Wei Sun, Bo Yang, Optimal
converter with higher conversion ratio. scheduling model of wind power generation considering the participation
• The future scope in both the bidirectional isolated and of electric vehicle batteries,IET Journal of Engineering, Vol: 2017, Iss:
13, pp: 1940-1946, 2017.
non-isolated converters are modelling the converters to
[19] Lin Cheng, Yao Chang and Renle Huang, Mitigating Voltage Problem in
study about their dynamic performance. Still soft Distribution System With Distributed Solar Generation Using Electric
computing techniques are not fully explored in these Vehicles, IEEE Trans on sustainable energy, vol. 6, no. 4, 2015.
converters to attain fast dynamic response and other [20] Peerapat Vithayasrichareon, Graham Mills, Impact of Electric Vehicles
essential features. and Solar PV on Future Generation Portfolio Investment, IEEE
Transactions on sustainable energy, vol. 6, no. 3, 2015.
[21] Xu, D.H., Zhao, C.H., Fan, H.F.: ‘A PWM plus phase-shift control
REFERENCES bidirectional DC-DC converter’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2004, 19,
[1] C.C. Chan and K.T. Chau, “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology,” pp. 666–675
Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. [22] L. Roggia; P. F. S. Costa ‘Comparative analysis between integrated full-
[2] K.E. Aifantis, S.A. Hackney, and R.V. Kumar, “High Energy Density bridge-forward and dual active bridge DC–DC converters, Electronic
Lithium Batteries, Materials, Engineering, Applications,” Wiley-Vch letters, Vol:54, iss 4, 2018.
Verlag GmbH & Co. K GaA, Weinheim, 2010. [23] Deshang Sha; Deliang Chen; Jiankun Zhang, A Bidirectional Three-
[3] Xiaopeng Chen, Weixiang Shen, Thanh Tu Vo, Zhenwei Cao, Ajay Level DC– C Converter With Reduced Circulating Loss and Fully ZVS
Kapoor, An Overview of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles, Achievement for Battery Charging/Discharging, IEEE Journal of
IPEC Conference on Power & Energy, 12-14 Dec. 2012. Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol: 6, Iss:2, 2018.
[4] Ala A. Hussein, Capacity Fade Estimation in Electric Vehicle Li-Ion [24] Jain, M., Daniele, M., Jain, P.K.: ‘A bidirectional DC-DC converter
Batteries Using Artificial Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on topology for low power application’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2000,
Industry Applications, Volume: 51, Issue: 3, May-June 2015. 15, pp. 595–606
[5] Pingping Xie; Jizhong Zhu; Peizheng Xuan, Analysis of controllable [25] Schuch, L., Rech, C., Hey, H.L., Gru¨ndling, H.A., Pinheiro, H.,
capacity for electric vehicle battery swapping stations , IET Journal of Pinheiro, J.R.: ‘Analysis and design of a new high-efficiency
Engineering, , Vol :2017,pp: 2125 – 2129, Issue: 13, 2017.- bidirectional integrated ZVT PWM converter for DC-bus and
[6] Wenjin (Jason) Li ; Xiaoqi Tan ; Bo Sun ; Danny H. K. Tsang, Optimal batterybank interface’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2006, 42, (5), pp. 1321–
power dispatch of a centralised electric vehicle battery charging station 1332
with renewable, IET Communications, Volume: 12, Issue: 5, pp-579 – [26] Chan, H.L., Cheng, K.W.E., Sutanto, D.: ‘ZCS-ZVS bi-directional phase-
585, 2018. shifted DC-DC converter with extended load range’, IEE Proc. Electr.
[7] Giuseppe Giordano ; Verena Klass ; Marten Behm ; Goran Power Appl., 2003, 150, pp. 269–277
Lindbergh ; Jonas Sjoberg, Model-based Lithium-Ion Battery Resistance [27] Chen, G., Lee, Y.S., Hui, S.Y.R., Xu, D.H., Wang, Y.S.: ‘Actively
Estimation from Electric Vehicle Operating Data, IEEE Transactions on clamped bidirectional flyback converter’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
Vehicular Technology ( Early Access ), 2018. 2000, 47, pp. 770–779
[8] Yan Ma ; Peng Duan ; Yanshuai Sun ; Hong Chen , Equalization of [28] Zhu, L.: ‘A novel soft-commutating isolated boost full-bridge ZVS-
Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based on Fuzzy Logic Control in Electric PWM DC-DC converter for bidirectional high power applications’, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., 2006, 21, (2), pp. 422–429
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTION CONVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 647

[29] Ratil H. Ashique and Zainal Salam, A Family of True Zero Voltage Zero Without Auxiliary Switches, IEEE transactions on industrial electronics,
Current Switching (ZVZCS) Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC vol. 65, no. 2,2018.
Converter With Wide Soft Switching Range, IEEE Transactions on [50] Yuang-Shung Lee, Yi-Pin Ko, Ming-Wang Cheng, and Li-Jen Liu,
industrial electronics, vol. 64, no. 7, 2017. Multiphase Zero-Current Switching Bidirectional Converters and Battery
[30] Muhammad Aamir, Saad Mekhilef, and Hee-Jun Kim, High-Gain Zero- Energy Storage Application, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 28,
Voltage Switching BidirectionalConverter With a Reduced Number of no. 8, 2013.
Switches, IEEE Trans on circuits and systems—ii: express briefs, vol. 62, [51] Y.-S. Lee and Y.-Y. Chiu, Zero-current-switching switched-capacitor
no. 8,2015. bidirectional DC–DC converter, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 152,
[31] R.-J. Wai R.-Y. Duan K.-H. Jheng, High-efficiency bidirectional dc–dc No. 6, 2005.
converter with high-voltage gain, IET Power Electron., 2012, Vol. 5, Iss. [52] Tine Konjedic, Lucijan Koroˇsec, Mitja Truntiˇc, Carlos Restrepo, Miran
2, pp. 173–184. Rodiˇc, and Miro Milanoviˇc, DCM-Based Zero-Voltage Switching
[32] Yi-Ping Hsieh, Jiann-Fuh Chen, High-Conversion-Ratio Bidirectional Control of a Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Variable Switching
DC–DC Converter With Coupled Inductor, IEEE Trans on industrial Frequency, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 31, no. 4, 2016.
electronics, vol. 61, no. 1, 2014. [53] Serkan Dusmez, Alireza Khaligh, and Amin Hasanzadeh, A Zero-
[33] B.-R. Lin and C.-H. Chao, “Analysis, design, and implementation of a Voltage-Transition Bidirectional DC/DC Converter, IEEE Transactions
soft-switching converter with two three-level PWM circuits,” IEEE on industrial electronics, vol. 62, no. 5, 2015.
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1700–1710, Apr. 2013. [54] Akshay Kumar Rathore, Devendra R. Patil, Non-isolated Bidirectional
[34] I.-O. Lee and G.-W. Moon, “Soft-switching DC/DC converter with a full Soft-Switching Current-Fed LCL Resonant DC/DC Converter to
ZVS range and reduced output filter for high-voltage applications,” IEEE Interface Energy Storage in DC Microgrid, IEEE Trans on industry
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 112–122, Jan. 2013. applications, vol. 52, no. 2, 2016.
[35] S.-Y. Yu and A. Kwasinski, “Analysis of soft-switching isolated [55] Yun Zhang , Yongping Gao, Jing Li, and Mark Sumner, Interleaved
timesharing multiple-input converters for DC distribution systems,” Switched-Capacitor Bidirectional DC-DC Converter With Wide
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1783–1794, Apr. 2013. Voltage-Gain Range for Energy Storage Systems, IEEE Trans on power
[36] H.-W. Seong, H.-S. Kim, K.-B. Park, G.-W. Moon, and M.-J. electronics, vol. 33, no. 5, 2018.
Youn,“High step-up DC-DC converters using zero-voltage switching [56] Yugang Yang, Jie Ma, Carl Ngai-Man Ho, and Yufei Zou, A New
boost integration technique and light-load frequency modulation Coupled-Inductor Structure for Interleaving Bidirectional DC–DC
control,”IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1383–1400, Converters, IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power
Mar. 2012. electronics, vol. 3, no. 3,2015.
[37] H.-L. Do, “A soft-switching DC/DC converter with high voltage gain,” [57] Hamid Bahrami , Shahrokh Farhangi ,, Hossein Iman-Eini, A New
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1193–1200, May 2010. Interleaved Coupled-Inductor Nonisolated Soft-Switching Bidirectional
[38] H. Wang, Q. Sun, H. S. H. Chung, S. Tapuchi, and A. Ioinovici, “A DC–DC Converter With High Voltage Gain Ratio, IEEE Transactions on
ZCS current-fed full-bridge PWM converter with self-adaptable industrial electronics, vol. 65, no. 7, 2018.
softswitching snubber energy,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. [58] Yi-Feng Wang, , Li-Kun Xue, Cheng-Shan Wang, Interleaved High-
24, no. 8, pp. 1977–1991, Aug. 2009. Conversion-Ratio Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Distributed
[39] Jae-Won Yang and Hyun-Lark Do, Soft-Switching Bidirectional DC-DC Energy-Storage Systems—Circuit Generation, Analysis, and Design,
Converter Using a Lossless Active Snubber, IEEE Trans on circuits and IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 31, no. 8, 2016.
systems—i: regular papers, vol. 61, no. 5, 2014. [59] Jianliang Chen, Deshang Sha, Cascaded High Voltage Conversion Ratio
[40] Ratil Hasnat Ashique ; Zainal Salam, A High Gain High Efficiency Non- Bidirectional Nonisolated DC–DC Converter With Variable Switching
isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Sustained ZVS Operation, Frequency, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 33, no. 2,2018.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (Early Access), 2018. [60] Hossein Ardi, Ali Ajami, Faezeh Kardan, and Shahla Nikpour Avilagh,
[41] Jae-Won Yang and Hyun-Lark Do, High-Efficiency Bidirectional DC– Analysis and Implementation of a Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC
DC Converter With Low Circulating Current and ZVS Characteristic Converter With High Voltage Gain, IEEE Trans on industrial electronics,
Throughout a Full Range of Loads, IEEE Trans on industrial electronics, vol. 63, no. 8,2016.
vol. 61, no. 7, 2014. [61] O. Mak and A. Ioinovici, “Switched-capacitor inverter with high power
[42] Pritam Das, Brian Laan, Seyed Ahmad Mousavi, and Gerry density and enhanced regulation capability,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Moschopoulos, A Nonisolated Bidirectional ZVS-PWM Active Clamped I, vol. 45, pp. 336–347, Apr. 1998.
DC–DC Converter, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 24, no. 2,2009. [62] H. Chung, B. O, and A. Ioinovici, “Switched-capacitor-based dc-to-dc
[43] Pritam Das, S. Ahmad Mousavi, and Gerry Moschopoulos, Analysis and converter with improved input current waveform,” in Proc. IEEE
Design of a Nonisolated Bidirectional ZVS-PWM DC–DC Converter Int.Symp. Circuits Syst., May 1996, pp. 541–544.
With Coupled Inductors, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 25, no. [63] H. Chung and Y. K. Mok, “Inductorless DC/DC boost converter using
10,2010. switched-capacitor circuit,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., June
[44] Minho Kwon, Secheol Oh, and Sewan Choi, High Gain Soft-Switching 1997, pp. 925–928.
Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Eco-Friendly Vehicles, IEEE Trans [64] Henry S. H. Chung, W. C. Chow, S. Y. R. Hui, and Stephen T. S. Lee,
on power electronics, vol. 29, no. 4, 2014. Development of a Switched-Capacitor DC–DC Converter with
[45] Lei Jiang, Chunting Chris Mi, Siqi Li, Mengyang Zhang, A Novel Soft- Bidirectional Power Flow, IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems—
Switching Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Coupled Inductors, i: fundamental theory and applications, vol. 47, no. 9,2000.
IEEE trans on industry applications, vol. 49, no. 6,2013. [65] Octavian Cornea, Gheorghe-Daniel Andreescu, , Nicolae Muntean, and
[46] Navid Molavi, Ehsan Adib , Hosein Farzanehfard, Soft-switching Dan Hulea, Bidirectional Power Flow Control in a DC Microgrid
bidirectional DC–DC converter with high voltage conversion ratio, IET Through a Switched-Capacitor Cell Hybrid DC–DC Converter, IEEE
Power Electron., 2018, Vol. 11 Iss. 1, pp. 33-42. Trans on industrial electronics, vol. 64, no. 4, 2017.
[47] Kuei-Hsiang Chao, Chun-Hao Huang, Bidirectional DC–DC soft- [66] Hyuntae Choi , Minsoo Jang, Vassilios Georgios Agelidis, Zero-current-
switching converter for stand-alone photovoltaic power generation switching bidirectional interleaved switched-capacitor DC–DC
systems, IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 6, pp. 1557–1565. converter: analysis, design and implementation, IET Power Electron.,
[48] Hyeonju Jeong, Minho Kwon, and Sewan Choi, Analysis, Design, and 2016, Vol. 9, Iss. 5, pp. 1074–1082.
Implementation of a High Gain Soft-Switching Bidirectional DC–DC [67] Daniel Flores Cortez, Gierri Waltrich, Joseph Fraigneaud, DC–DC
Converter With PPS Control, IEEE Trans on power electronics, vol. 33, Converter for Dual-Voltage Automotive Systems Based on Bidirectional
no. 6, 2018. Hybrid Switched-Capacitor Architectures, IEEE Transactions on
[49] Yong Zhang , Xu-Feng Cheng , Chengliang Yin, and Si Cheng, Analysis industrial electronics, vol. 62, no. 5,2015.
and Research of a Soft-Switching Bidirectional DC–DC Converter [68] C.-C. Lin, L.-S. Yang, G.W. Wu, Study of a non-isolated bidirectional
DC–DC converter, IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 30–37.
648 D. N. JAYACHANDRAN, L. ANBAZHAGAN, AND V. KRISHNASWAMY

[69] Wei Qian, Dong Cao, Jorge G. Cintrón-Rivera, A Switched-Capacitor [88] R.T. Naayagi, A.J. Forsyth, R. Shuttleworth, Bidirectional control of a
DC–DC Converter With High Voltage Gain and Reduced Component dual active bridge DC–DC converter for aerospace applications, IET
Rating and Count, IEEE Trans on industry applications, vol. 48, no. 4, Power Electron., 2012, Vol. 5, Iss. 7, pp. 1104–1118.
2012. [89] Hengsi Qin and Jonathan W. Kimball, Generalized Average Modeling of
[70] D. Aggeler, J. Biela, and J. W. Kolar, “A compact, high voltage 25 kW, Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Converter, IEEE Transactions on power
50 kHz DC–DC converter based on SiC JFETs,” in Proc. Appl. Power electronics, vol. 27, no. 4, 2012.
Electron. Conf., 2008, pp. 801–807. [90] Biao Zhao, Qiang Song, Wenhua Liu, Overview of Dual-Active-Bridge
[71] Tianyang Jiang, Junming Zhang, XinkeWu, Kuang Sheng, and Yousheng Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for High-Frequency-Link
Wang, A Bidirectional LLC Resonant Converter With Automatic Power-Conversion System, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol.
Forward and Backward Mode Transition, IEEE Transactions on Power 29, no. 8, 2014.
Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2015 [91] Fang Z. Peng, Hui Li, A New ZVS Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for
[72] J. H. Jung, H. S. Kim, M. H. Ryu and J. W. Baek, "Design Methodology Fuel Cell and Battery Application, IEEE Transactions on power
of Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter for High-Frequency Isolation electronics, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004.
of DC Distribution Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power [92] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, A Natural ZVS Medium-Power Bidirectional
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1741-1755, April 2013. DC–DC Converter With Minimum Number of Devices, IEEE Trans on
[73] Wei Chen, Ping Rong, and Zhengyu Lu, Snubberless Bidirectional DC– industrial appln, vol. 39, no. 2, 2003.
DC Converter With New CLLC Resonant Tank Featuring Minimized [93] Chih-Lung Shen , You-Sheng Shen, Po-Chieh Chiu, Tsair-Chun Liang,
Switching Loss, IEEE Trans on industrial electronics, vol. 57, no. 9, Isolated bidirectional converter with minimum active switches for high-
2010. voltage ratio achievement and micro-grid applications, IET Power
[74] Cheng-shan Wang, Shu-huai Zhang, Yi-feng Wang, Bo Chen, Jiang-hua Electron., 2017, Vol. 10 Iss. 15, pp. 2208-2216.
Liu, A 5 kW Isolated High Voltage Conversion Ratio Bidirectional [94] Biao Zhao, Qingguang Yu, Zhiwei Leng, Switched Z-Source Isolated
CLTC Resonant DC–DC Converter with Wide Gain Range and High Bidirectional DC–DC Converter and Its Phase-Shifting Shoot-Through
Efficiency, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, Early access,2018. Bivariate Coordinated Control Strategy, IEEE Trans on industrial
[75] Junsung Park, and Sewan Choi, Design and Control of a Bidirectional electronics, vol.59, no. 12, 2012.
Resonant DC–DC Converter for Automotive Engine/Battery Hybrid [95] Siddharth Kulasekaran, and Rajapandian Ayyanar,Analysis, Design, and
Power Generators, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 29, no. Experimental Results of the Semidual-Active-Bridge Converter, IEEE
7, 2014. Transactions on power electronics, vol. 29, no. 10, 2014.
[76] Mina Khodabakhshian, Ehsan Adib ✉, Hosein Farzanehfard,Forward- [96] T. Bhattacharya, V. S. Giri, K. Mathew, and L. Umanand, “Multiphase
type resonant bidirectional DC–DC converter, IET Power Electron., bidirectional flyback converter topology for hybrid electric vehicles,”
2016, Vol. 9, Iss. 8, pp. 1753–1760. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 78–84, Jan. 2009.
[77] Zhan Wang, and Hui Li, A Soft Switching Three-phase Current-fed [97] G. Chen, Y.-S. Lee, S. Y. R. Hui, D. Xu, and Y. Wang, “Actively clamped
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter With High Efficiency Over a Wide Input bidirectional flyback converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47,no.
Voltage range, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 27, no. 2, 4, pp. 770–779, Aug. 2000.
2012. [98] F. Zhang and Y. Yan, “Novel Forward—flyback hybrid bidirectional dc-
[78] Masanori Ishigaki, Jongwon Shin, and Ercan M. Dede, A Novel Soft dc converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1578–
Switching Bidirectional DC–DC Converter Using Magnetic and 1584,May 2009.
Capacitive Hybrid Power Transfer, IEEE Transactions on power [99] Prasanth Thummala, Dragan Maksimovic, Digital Control of a High-
electronics, vol. 32, no. 9, 2017. Voltage (2.5 V)Bidirectional DC–DC Flyback Converter for Driving a
[79] Pan Xuewei, and Akshay K. Rathore, Naturally Clamped Soft-Switching Capacitive Incremental Actuator, IEEE Transactions on power
Current-Fed Three-Phase Bidirectional DC/DC Converter, IEEE Trans electronics, vol. 31, no. 12, 2016.
on industrial electronics, vol. 62, no. 5, 2015. [100] Fanghua Zhang, and Yangguang Yan, Novel Forward–Flyback Hybrid
[80] Satarupa Bal, Akshay K. Rathore, Naturally Commutated Current-fed Bidirectional DC–DC Converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no.
Three-Phase Bidirectional Soft-switching DC–DC Converter With 120° 5, pp. 1578–1583, Jan. 2009.
Modulation Technique, IEEE Trans on industrial appln, vol. 52, no. 5, [101] Shouxiang Li , Keyue Ma Smedley, Diego Reis Caldas, Hybrid
2016. Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Low Component Counts, IEEE
[81] Satarupa Bal, Akshay Kumar Rathore, Naturally Clamped Snubberless Trans on industry applications, vol. 54, no. 2, 2018.
Soft-Switching directional Current-Fed Three-Phase Push–Pull DC/DC [102] Zhe Zhang, Ole C. Thomsen, and Michael A. E. Andersen, Optimal
Converter for DC Microgrid Application, IEEE Trans on industrial appln, Design of a Push-Pull-Forward Half-Bridge (PPFHB) Bidirectional DC–
vol. 52, no. 2, 2016. DC Converter With Variable Input Voltage, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
[82] C. Mi, H. Bai, C. Wang,S. Gargies, Operation, design and control of dual vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 2761–2771,May 2012.
H-bridge-based isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter, IET Power [103] Farzad Sedaghati, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Mehran Sabahi, Analysis and
Electron., 2008, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 507–517. implementation of a modular isolated zero-voltage switching
[83] Hirofumi Akagi, Shin-ichi Kinouchi, and Yuji Miyazaki, Bidirectional bidirectional dc–dc converter, IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 8,
Isolated Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) DC-DC Converters Using 1.2-kV pp. 2035–2049.
400-A SiC MOSFET Dual modules, CPSS Transactions On Power [104] Stephan Kenzelmann, Alfred Rufer, Drazen Dujic, Francisco Canales,
Electronics And Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2016. Isolated DC/DC Structure Based on Modular Multilevel Converter, IEEE
[84] Stanislaw Jalbrzykowski, Antoni Bogdan, and Tadeusz Citko, A Dual Transactions on power electronics, vol. 30, no. 1, 2015.
Full-Bridge Resonant Class-E Bidirectional DC–DC Converter, IEEE [105] W. Warren Chen, Regan Zane, and Luca Corradini, Isolated Bidirectional
Trans on industrial electronics, vol.58, no. 9, 2011. Grid-Tied Three-Phase AC–DC Power Conversion Using Series-
[85] Ross P. Twiname, Duleepa J, A New Resonant Bidirectional DC–DC Resonant Converter Modules and a Three-Phase Unfolder, IEEE
Converter Topology, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 29, Transactions on power electronics, vol. 32, no. 12, 2017.
no. 9, 2014. [106] R.-Y. Duan1 J.-D. Lee, High-efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converter
[86] Biao Zhao, Qiang Song, Current-Stress-Optimized Switching Strategy of with coupled inductor, IET Power Electron., 2012, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 115–
Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Dual-Phase-Shift Control, 123.
IEEE Trans on industrial electronics, vol.60, no. 10, 2013. [107] Kristof Engelen, Sven De Breucker, Peter Tant, Johan Driesen, Gain
[87] Florian Krismer, and Johann W. Kolar, Accurate Small-Signal Model for scheduling control of a bidirectional dc–dc converter with large dead-
the Digital Control of an Automotive Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge, time, IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 3, pp. 480–488.
IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 24, no. 12, 2014. [108] Octavian Cornea, Gheorghe-Daniel Andreescu, Bidirectional Power
Flow Control in a DC Microgrid Through a Switched-Capacitor Cell
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTION CONVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 649

Hybrid DC–DC Converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. [113] Biao Zhao, Qiang Song, , Wenhua Liu, Guowei Liu, and Yuming Zhao,
3012–3022, 2017. Universal High-Frequency-Link Characterization and Practical
[109] Chuanhong Zhao,Simon D. Round, An Isolated Three-Port Bidirectional Fundamental-Optimal Strategy for Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC
DC-DC Converter With Decoupled Power Flow Management, IEEE Converter Under PWM Plus Phase-Shift Control, IEEE Transactions on
Transactions on power electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, 2008. power electronics, vol. 30, no. 12, 2015.
[110] V. Karthikeyan , and Rajesh Gupta , Multiple-Input Configuration of [114] Dehong Xu, Chuanhong Zhao, Haifeng Fan, A PWM Plus Phase-Shift
Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Power Flow Control in Control Bidirectional DC–DC Converter, IEEE Transactions on power
Combinational Battery Storage , IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 14, no. electronics, vol. 19, no. 3, 2004.
1, pp. 1-11, 2018. [115] Hua Bai and Chris Mi, Eliminate Reactive Power and Increase System
[111] V. Karthikeyan , Rajesh Gupta, Varying phase angle control in isolated Efficiency of Isolated Bidirectional Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC
bidirectional DC–DC converter for integrating battery storage and solar Converters Using Novel Dual-Phase-Shift Control, IEEE Transactions on
PV system in standalone mode, IET Power Electron., 2017, Vol. 10 Iss. power electronics, vol. 23, no. 6, 2008.
4, pp. 471-479. [116] Jong-Bok Baek, Student Member, IEEE, Woo-In Choi, Digital Adaptive
[112] Peng Liu, Changsong Chen, Shanxu Duan, Dual Phase-Shifted Frequency Modulation for Bidirectional DC–DC Converter, IEEE
Modulation Strategy for the Three-Level Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 60, no. 11, 2013.
Converter , IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 7819-7830, [117] Biao Zhao, Qingguang Yu, Extended-Phase-Shift Control of Isolated
2017. Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for Power Distribution in Microgrid,
IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, 2012.