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8-Holding Pattern

Holding patterns are used to keep aircraft within protected airspace when needed, such as for traffic congestion or weather. The standard holding pattern involves right turns around a fix along a radial or course. Pilots enter the pattern using direct, parallel, or teardrop procedures depending on their approach angle. Timings are adjusted on subsequent legs based on wind effects to maintain consistent leg times. Crosswind corrections are also applied, with triple correction on outbound legs. Controllers provide key holding instructions like location, radial or course, direction of turns, and time to expect further clearance.

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Alejandro Patt
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82 views11 pages

8-Holding Pattern

Holding patterns are used to keep aircraft within protected airspace when needed, such as for traffic congestion or weather. The standard holding pattern involves right turns around a fix along a radial or course. Pilots enter the pattern using direct, parallel, or teardrop procedures depending on their approach angle. Timings are adjusted on subsequent legs based on wind effects to maintain consistent leg times. Crosswind corrections are also applied, with triple correction on outbound legs. Controllers provide key holding instructions like location, radial or course, direction of turns, and time to expect further clearance.

Uploaded by

Alejandro Patt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOLDING PATTERN

WHAT IS A HOLDING PROCEDURE

Holding is the act of stopping an aircraft


from proceeding on course, it becomes
necessary when there is a need to keep
air traffic within specified airspace that is
reasonably protected, Different types of
holding patterns are established based on
their purpose and phase of flight.
Holding can be accomplished at a
Navigational Aid (NAVAID), a fix, or an
intersection, even a DME from the navaid.
WHY WE HOLD

Holding patterns are used to keep an


airplane in a specific protected area for a
certain amount of time
There are various reason why an airplane
may be requested to hold:
Traffic congestion
Aircraft emergency
Equipment outage
Waiting for an Expect Further Clearance time
Pilots require time to make a decision
Poor weather
Unavailability of the runway
THE STANDARD
HOLDING
PATTERN
In a standard pattern all turns are to
the right.
Each holding pattern has a fix, a
direction from the fix , and a line of
position (NDB bearing, VOR radial)
Each circuit of the holding pattern
begins and ends at the Holding fix.
The inbound leg of the pattern is flown
to the fix on the holding course
The holding course can be a VOR
radial, GPS course, bearing.
The side of the holding course where
the pattern is flown is called the
holding side
The size of the pattern varies with your
speed
HOLDING ENTRIES
Three entry procedures have been developed to get
you headed in the right direction on the holding
without excessive maneuvering.
The entry you use depends on your magnetic
heading relative to the holding course when you
arrive at the fix
We have Non standard holding pattern aswell (Left
turn)
HOW TO ENTER
DIRECT ENTRY:
When approaching the holding fix from
anywhere in sector (c), the direct
entry procedure would be to fly
directly to the fix and turn to follow
the holding pattern.
PARALLEL ENTRY:
When approaching the holding fix
from anywhere in sector (a), the
parallel entry procedure would be
to turn to a heading to parallel
the holding course outbound on
the non holding side for one
minute, turn in the direction of
the holding pattern through more
than 180 degrees, and return to
the holding fix or intercept the
holding course inbound.
Right Turns: first turn left, then left, and
finally right
Left Turns: first turn right, then right, and
finally left
TEARDROP ENTRY:
When approaching the
holding fix from anywhere
in sector (b), the teardrop
entry procedure would be
to fly to the fix, turn
outbound to a heading for a
30 degree teardrop entry
within the pattern (on the
holding side) for a period of
one minute, then turn in
the direction of the holding
pattern to intercept the
inbound holding course.
Remember Left Add Right Subtract, or
LARS for short
L+30
R-30
OUTBOUND AND
INBOUND TIMING

Since it is difficult to predict the


effects of wind, we will use the
first circuit to find appropriate
corrections for upcoming circuits.
Begin timing the outbound leg
when you are abeam the holding
fix.
- If you cannot identify the abeam
position, you should start the timer
when you complete the turn
outbound
For the inbound leg take into
account the effect of wind, and
adjust the outbound legs to achieve
1 minute legs.
- A longer inbound leg indicates
that you should shorten your
outbound leg.
CROSSWIND CORRECTION

If you fly a holding pattern without


correcting for crosswind, you could drift
away from the protected area or have
difficulty coming back to the inbound
course.
- To avoid this use normal bracketing and
drift correction techniques to determine
the amount of drift correction necessary
during the inbound leg (a)

- Once you determine the wind correction


angle to maintain the inbound course,
triple the correction for the outbound leg
(b)
Holding instructions
ATC clearance requiring an aircraft to hold at a fix where the pattern is not charted
will include the following information:
Direction of holding from the fix in terms of the eight cardinal compass points (i.e.,
N, NE, E, SE, etc.)
The name of the holding fix
The radial, course, bearing, airway, or route on which the aircraft is to hold
Direction of turn if left turns need to be made, otherwise will be standard (right
turns)
Time to expect further clearance (EFC) and any pertinent additional delay
information (times are given in Zulu)
ATC: "Hold east of the Ormond VORTAC on the 090 radial, left turns, maintain 5,000,'
expect further clearance 0+50"
At a minimum, the only information you need is the location, the radial, and the EFC
time
When charted, the controller may omit all holding instructions, except the charted
holding direction and the statement "as published"
ATC: "Hold east as published"

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