7/31/2020 Let us learn about Artificial Ventilation

Let us learn about Artificial Ventilation

Site: IDEAMOOCS_LMS Printed by: Nilesh Boraste

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Table of contents

1. Bio-Climatic approach

2. Passive heating and ventilation.

3. Means of Artificial ventilation

4. Fans

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1. Bio-Climatic approach

What is the Bio-Climatic approach and why is it necessary when we discuss HVAC?

The need for Human comfort:

We experience mental and physical fatigue resulting from activities of the day. Hence our mind and the body must recover through recreation,
rest and sleep to counterbalance this physical and mental fatigue. This cycle can be disrupted by unfavourable climatic conditions and resulting
stress on the mind and body causes discomfort, loss of efficiency and breakdown of health. The effect of the climate on health is, therefore, a
factor of considerable importance. Climate continues to influence architecture design.

The climate of a region changes seasonally along with daily variations in weather. Climate is the product of the geographical factors of the area
we live in. It depends on the variable factors such as temperature, precipitation, vegetation and invariable factors such as latitude, longitude,
nearness to the sea, etc. There may be a difference between the microclimate and macroclimate of a location. Hence we have to design an
approach that considers the environmental factors and human comfort.

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN APPROACH:

The bioclimatic design approach could be simply described as the one which combines the architecture designs methods and the knowledge
of the climatic situations for the right application of design elements and building technology to conserve energy. Human comfort parameters
like temperature or humidity have to be maintained within the permissible upper and lower limits as described in the comfort zone as per the
Psychometric chart.

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Primarily it is preferred to achieve human comfort through passive methods of heating and cooling as active methods consume energy for
functioning. But in most situations, it is not always possible to achieve the desired bio-climatic comfort through passive methods. In such
situations, we have to introduce active methods in combination with the passive methods. The active methods can be mechanical methods or
non-mechanical methods of heating and ventilation.

Comfort can be achieved by natural methods or passive methods such as openings and fenestrations or by mechanical methods or active
methods such as air conditioning, coolers, fans, etc. and by the combination of both, where passive methods or active methods are individually
not enough. For example, a fan can be used in the presence of open windows for air movement in humid conditions considering the
microclimatic situations, where the fan helps in displacing the stale air surrounding the body which exits the room through the opening. If only
mechanical methods such as air conditioning are used in such the situation then the openings will have to be shut and the input and output of
air have to be controlled by mechanical means.

To conclude, a bioclimatic approach is an approach, where the microclimate of a space is controlled within the comfort level in terms of
temperature as well as humidity, light, illumination, etc.

The task of the designer is to create the best possible indoor climate (it is not feasible to regulate the outdoor conditions). For this bioclimatic
approach is needed.

Air affects the human environment in three ways, by:

• Its temperature

• Its humidity (Dry air and Humid air)

• Its movement (cool breeze)

Our design must respond to maintain the above three factors for achieving human comfort. Human comfort is primarily determined by the
climatic situation, the variable factors can be manipulated to assist in modifying the primary climatic effects to increase the specific comfort of
the internal environment.

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2. Passive heating and ventilation.

Let us first look at some of the passive interventions to manage heating and ventilation.

Controlling excess heat:

A house protects us from sun rays. In the regions with higher temperatures, direct sunlight is not invited as it heats the interiors and raises the
temperature. Thus to prevent overheating the interior of the house, we can follow some principles such as Large roof overhangs that can be
provided which shall cut off the direct sunlight. Trees can be planted around the house which shall absorb the radiations from the sun.

When the sun’s rays hit an outside wall, they heat it up and eventually, the heat penetrates the interior spaces and the temperature inside the
house rises. This can be avoided by protecting the longer walls from the sun while placing the structure and by painting the surface white,
which would reflect the sunrays.

As seen earlier, direct sunlight is not preferable in such hot regions, but the light is necessary hence passive lighting techniques can be
effective while designing in such areas. E.g: Light shelves, Skylight, upper windows in sloping roofs.

Passive ventilation:

To maintain ambient interior conditions the presence and the flow of air movement are necessary. Hence a design should consider the flow of
air as an important aspect. To well ventilate the interior spaces and to keep the hot air circulating and non–stagnant, doors and windows should
be located in relation to the prevailing wind directions. The sizes of the openings should be decided wisely depending upon the climatic
conditions of a particular region.

Fenestrations and openings

Cross ventilation

Cross ventilation is the simplest form of wind-induced forced displacement of indoor air. Essentially it can be seen as a
controlled draft of wind through space.

Cross ventilation principle

It is based on the overpressure on the windward façade and the under pressure on the leeward façade, which will cause the air to flow from
one side to the other.

To accommodate this airflow every space needs to have an opening on both sides, which can be a window or a regulated grill. Adjacent
spaces can cause difficulties for an unobstructed airflow or the air quality of the exfiltration air from one space to another. This may be
solved by adding a bypass to the system, either under the floor or above a lowered ceiling. as in figure below.

Cross ventilation bypass

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The orientation and form of a building are important when considering using cross ventilation. The building should not be too wide for the
system to be effective. Additionally, the long side of the building should be directed perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction to ensure the
highest efficiency.

What is Passive cooling?

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building to improve indoor thermal
comfort with low or no energy consumption.

For example, thick walls, common walls, courtyards, small openings form basic design principles for Hot and Dry climatic zones. There are
different design interventions for passive cooling techniques and energy conservation methods.

Passive cooling systems are the least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without any
use of mechanical devices. It relies on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation,
convection, and radiation without using any intermediate electrical devices. All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature
and relative humidity. The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions.

These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces.

- Natural Ventilation

- Shading

- Wind Towers
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- Courtyard Effect

- Earth Air Tunnels

- Evaporative Cooling

- Passive Down Draught Cooling

- Roof Sprays

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3. Means of Artificial ventilation

Artificial means to ventilate room:

As natural ventilation systems have their limitations, the alternative to natural systems is the artificial ventilation systems. These systems are
used for applications where natural ventilation is not appropriate.

Artificial ventilation is used to achieve accuracy in the freshness of air, temperature, humidity. especially Where close control of the
environment is required like Hospitals, laboratories, etc.

Artificial ventilation systems provide the best possible system of ventilation, but it is also the most expensive and is used for many types of
buildings including cinemas, theatres, offices, lecture theatres, dance halls, restaurants, departmental stores and sports centres.

Various components involved in artificial means of ventilation are:

• Fan

• Filters

• Ductwork

• Fire dampers

• Diffusers

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4. Fans

A. PROPELLER FANS

It does not create much air pressure and has a limited effect on the ductwork. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.

· Propeller fans usually run at low speeds and moderate temperatures.

· They experience a large change in airflow with small changes in static pressure.

· They handle large volumes of air at low pressure or free delivery.

· Propeller fans are often used indoors as exhaust fans.

· Outdoor applications include air-cooled condensers and cooling towers.

· Efficiency is low – approximately 50% or less. Used in kitchens etc. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.

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2.CENTRIFUGAL FAN
· This fan can produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air.

· Most suited to larger installations such as air conditioning systems.

· It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of the impeller can be selected depending on the air condition.

· In centrifugal flow, airflow changes direction twice - once when entering and second when leaving

Ex. Window a.c. / Split A.C. / A.H.U

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CENTRIFUGAL FAN

MAJOR TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL FAN ARE

a. RADIAL FANS

· Radial fans are industrial workhorses because of their high static pressures (up to 1400 mm WC) and ability to handle heavily
contaminated airstreams. Because of their simple design,

· Radial fans are well suited for high temperatures and medium blade tip speeds.

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b. FORWARD-CURVED FANS

· Forward-curved fans are used in clean environments and operate at lower temperatures.

· They are well suited for low tip speed and high-airflow work - they are best suited for moving large volumes of air against relatively low
pressures.

c. BACKWARDS-INCLINED FANS

· Backward-inclined fans are more efficient than forward-curved fans.

· Backward-inclined fans reach their peak power consumption and then power demand drops off well within their useable airflow range.

· Backward-inclined fans are known as "non overloading" because changes in static pressure does not overload the motor.

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3. AXIAL FLOW FAN

· The fan is integral to the run of ducting and does not require a base.

· In axial flow, air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction.

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AXIAL FAN
Axial Flow Fan can develop high pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral to the run of
ducting and does not require a base. These fans have a wheel inside a cylindrical housing, with close clearance between blade and housing
to improve airflow efficiency.

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· The wheel turns faster than propeller fans, enabling operation under high-pressures 250 – 400 mm WC.

· The efficiency is up to 65%.

· Vaneaxials are typically the most energy-efficient axial fan type available and should be used whenever possible.

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