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Protective Device Used in Electrical Installation

Electrical energy is a type of kinetic energy caused by moving electric charges, with the amount of energy depending on the speed of the charges - the faster they move, the more electrical energy they carry. Generators operate by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy using the relationship between magnetism and electricity. Common generators produce electricity by using an electromagnet within a coil of wire, inducing small electric currents that combine to form a larger current that powers homes and businesses.

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622 MANSI TANJILA
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98 views21 pages

Protective Device Used in Electrical Installation

Electrical energy is a type of kinetic energy caused by moving electric charges, with the amount of energy depending on the speed of the charges - the faster they move, the more electrical energy they carry. Generators operate by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy using the relationship between magnetism and electricity. Common generators produce electricity by using an electromagnet within a coil of wire, inducing small electric currents that combine to form a larger current that powers homes and businesses.

Uploaded by

622 MANSI TANJILA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is electrical energy?

Electrical energy is a type of kinetic energy caused by moving


electric charges.
The amount of energy depends on the speed of the charges – the
faster they move, the more electrical energy they carry.
Let's imagine an electric charge is represented by a ball being
thrown against a window.
If you don't throw the ball very fast, it won't have enough energy to
break the window.
But if you throw the ball faster, it will have more energy and will
be able to smash through the window.
The faster you throw the ball, the more energy it will have to break
the window.
Generation
In 1831, scientist Michael Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved
inside a coil of wire, an electric current flows in the wire. An
electricity generator is a device that converts a form of energy into electricity.
Generators operate because of the relationship between magnetism and
electricity. Generators that convert kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical
energy produce nearly all of the electricity that consumers use.
A common method of producing electricity is from generators with
an electromagnet—a magnet produced by electricity—not a traditional
magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a
stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft.
When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in
each section of the wire coil. Each section of the wire coil becomes a small,
separate electric conductor. The small currents of the individual sections
combine to form one large current. This current is the electricity that moves
through power lines from generators to consumers.
Electric generator
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current is defined as the flow of charge that changes direction periodically.
The result obtained will be, the voltage level also reverses along with the current.
Basically, AC is used to deliver power to industries, houses, office buildings, etc.

DC Source
In a DC circuit, electrons emerge from the minus or negative pole and move towards
the plus or positive pole. Some of the physicists define DC as it travels from plus to
minus.
Single Phase Supply
The definition of the single-phase power supply
is, the power supplies through a single conductor.
The single-phase power supply has one distinct
wave cycle whereas; three phase has three distinct
wave cycles. The voltage of the single phase is
230V.

Three Phase Supply


The three-phase power supply includes four wires
such as one neutral as well as three conductors. The
three conductors are away from phase & space 120º
distant from each other. Three phase power supplies
are utilized as a single-phase AC power supply. This
supply is constant and not at all totally falls to zero.
three phase voltage is 415V.
Distribution board
Power Distribution consists

1. Main Distribution Board (MDB),

2. Sub Main Distribution Boards (SMDBs) and

3. Final Distribution Boards

by which the electrical energy is transmitted via branches to


reach the exact end user.
• An MDB is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers
and ground leakage protection units

• where the electrical energy, which is used to distribute electrical power


to numerous individual circuits or consumer points, is taken in from the
transformer or an upstream panel.

• An MDB typically has a single or multiple incoming power sources and


includes main circuit breakers and residual current or earth leakage
protection devices.

• A MDB is comprised of a free standing enclosure, a bus bar system,


MCCB's, metering and support equipments .

• Panels are assembled in a systematic manner such as incomer section


and outgoing section.
Switchgear
• Switchgear is a generic term and includes the entire range of switching devices and
their combination with associated control, measuring, protecting and regulating
equipment.

• The assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated inter-connections,


accessories, enclosures and supporting structures.

• The apparatus used for switching , controlling and protecting electrical circuits and
equipments is known as.

• A switchgear is a series of electrical component that are used to isolate electrical


equipments from power supplies.

• It is used to protect circuit under over current and short circuit failures.
• SWITCHGEAR GENERAL CONSISTS FOLLOWING:-
1. Switches
2. Fuses
3. Circuit breaker
4. Isolators
5. Relays
6. Control panels
7. Metering panels
8. Lighting arrestors
9. Current transformer
10. Potential transformer
FUNCTION
• To localize the effect of faults by operations of protective
equipments and automatically disconnected faulty point from
system.

• To break efficiently short circuits without giving rise to


dangerous condition.

• To facilitate redistribution of load, inspection and


maintenance of system.
FEATURES
• Complete reliability
• Absolute certain discrimination
• Quick operation
• Provision for manual control
• Provision for instrument
Protective device used in
electrical installation
• In dealing with the electrical installation, it is necessary to ensure the safety
of personnel as well as the protection of equipment from electrical faults.

• The most common types of faults in domestic systems are

(a) short circuit faults (phase to neutral faults) – as a result of which large
currents will flow and damage may occur to wires, insulators, switches,
etc., due to over heating.

(b) insulation failure (fault between the phase conductor and non-
current carrying metallic parts) - as a result of high voltages may
appear on the frames of equipment and may be dangerous to a person
coming in contact with it.
1) Fuse: Fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in series with circuit which melts
when excessive current flows through it and thus break the circuit.

There are 3 general types of fuses.

• (a) re-wireable (semi-enclosed) fuse

• (b) cartridge fuse

• (c) high-rupturing capacity (HRC) fuse – a development of the cartridge fuse

2) Circuit breakers for over current protection: circuit breaker is a


device for making and breaking a circuit (under normal and abnormal
conditions).

• It is able to provide a more accurate degree of over current protection than that
normally provided by either semi-enclosed or cartridge fuses.
3) Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB):
Which are commonly used in domestic installations, incorporate most of the
features of the circuit breaker in a compact form and are being fitted in place of
fuses in consumer units in the home or office.

• An MCB eliminates the cost of fuse replacement and may be used as a switch for
isolating circuits.

• In the mcb, the automatic operation is by magnetic or thermal means.

• The reason for the two characteristics is to have proper operation during both
short circuit and overload conditions.
4) Circuit Breakers for earth leakage circuit protection:
• These are used to detect electrical faults to earth in equipment and to clear
the fault by tripping and may be

• classified into two types:

1) Voltage operated protection − Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

2) Current operated protection − Residual Current Circuit Breakers


(RCCB) or Residual Current Device (RCD)

• The earth leakage protection device is commonly known as Trip Switch by


electricians.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB):
• for the proper operation of the ELCB, two earth
terminals are required.

• These are the frame earth to which all non-conducting


metallic parts of equipment are connected, and the ELCB
reference earth.

• The ELCB will normally operate when the voltage


across the coil, which corresponds to the voltage of the
frame earth with respect to the reference earth, exceeds
about 40 V.

• However, it is now known that what is important is the


current that may pass through the human body rather
than the voltage, and that too is time dependent.

• Thus the RCCB is now preferred to the ELCB.


Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB):

• The operation is based on a fault current, causing a


difference between the line current and the neutral
current.

• This difference is used to energize the solenoid, which


causes the switch to open.

• Under normal operating conditions, two identical


windings, m1 and m2, will carry the main current.

• Since the currents are equal and opposite through the


two windings, there is mmf balance and there will be
no induced emf on the detector winding.

• Thus the operating coil will not be energized.

• However, in case of a fault the line and neutral currents


will not equal and the trip coil will be energized due to
the induced currents in the detector winding.
Basic Domestic Installations:

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