3/30/2021 Visualising Solid Shapes

Introduction
Two Dimensional Object

A shape with only two dimensions (such as length and width) and no thickness is
called two-dimensional shape. Squares, Circles, Triangles, etc are two dimensional objects.
Also known as "2D".

Area

Area is measurement of space enclosed by a closed geometrical figure.

Volume

Volume is measurement of total space occupied by a solid.

Three Dimensional Objects- Solids

Shapes which can be measured in 3 directions are called three-dimensional shapes. These
shapes are also called solid shapes. Length, width, and height (or depth or thickness) are
their dimensions.

Formation of Solid Solids

Stacking of 2 dimensional figures, results in solids shapes.

Example: Linear stacking of circles, forms the solid shape called cylinder.

Solids and Their Classification

Hexagon
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In geometry, hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides. Sum of all interior angles is equal to 720
degrees.
If all the sides of hexagon are equal then it is called regular hexagon, then each interior
angle measures 120 degrees.
     

Irregular Hexagons

Regular hexagon

Non-Polyhedrons

Solids with curved faces are called Non polyhedrons. They also can be discribed as solids
which have sides that are not polygons.
Example: Sphere, Cylinder, Cone, etc.

Polyhedrons

A Polyhedron is a solid in three dimensions with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and
sharp corners or vertices. In short, Solids with flat surfaces are called Polyhedrons.(or
Polyhedra)

Regular polyhedron: All faces constitute regular polygons and at each vertex the same
number of faces intersect. Example : Cube
 

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(i) Regular polyhedron (ii) Irregular Polyhedra

Solid Cuboid

A cuboid is a solid bounded by six rectangular plane regions.

It is formed by stacking rectangles linearly.
 

Cuboid

Solid Triangular Prism

Solid Triangular Prism: A polyhedron with two triangular  bases parallel to each other. It is
formed by stacking triangles linearly.
 

Solid Triangular prism

Solid Hexagonal Prism

Solid Hexagonal Prism: A polyhedron with two hexagonal  bases parallel to each other. It is
formed by stacking hexagons linearly. Each face of hexagonal prism is rectangular in shape.
 

Solid Hexagonal prism

Solid Cylinder

Solid cylinder can be formed in two different ways:

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(i) By stacking rectangles in a circular fashion.

(ii) By stacking many circles linearly

Solid cylinder

Solid Sphere

Solid spheres are formed by stacking circles in a circular fashion.

Solid sphere

Solid Cone

Solid Cones are formed by stacking triangles which are right-angled, in a circular fashion
with edge which is right angled at the center.
 

Solid cone
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Formation of Hollow Solids

Hollow Solids are obtained by joining two dimensional figures.

Hollow Cuboid

Hollow Cuboid: Formed by joining six rectangles in a specific manner as shown below:
 

Hollow cuboid

Hollow Triangular Prism

Hollow triangular prism: Formed by joining two triangles and three rectangles in a specific
manner as shown below:
 

Hollow Triangular prism

Hollow Hexagonal Prism

Hollow hexagonal Prism: Formed by joining two hexagons and six rectangles as shown
below:
 

Hollow hexagonal prism

Hollow Cylinder

Hollow Cylinder: A cylinder is made by rotating a rectangle around either its length or

breadth as shown below.
 

Hollow Cylinder

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Hollow Cylinder

  

Hollow Cone

Hollow Cone: A circle and a curved sector of a circle are joined together as shown below:

Pyramid

Pyramid: All side faces are triangular in shape and base is of the shape of any polygon.
 

(i) Triangular pyramid (ii) Pentagonal pyramid

Types of Polyhedrons

Polyhedrons are of two types:

(i) Convex Polyhedron:

A polyhedron whose surface (comprising its faces, edges and vertices) does not intersect
itself.
Line segment joining any two points of the polyhedron lies within its interior part or on
surface.

Convex polyhedron

(ii) Concave Polyhedron:

A polyhedron whose surface intersect itself.
Line segment joining any two points of the polyhedron may lie in the exterior part.
 

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Concave Polyhedron

Faces, Edges and Vertices

Every individual flat surface of a solid is called its face. Solids have more than one face.
Example: Cube and cuboids have six faces.

Line segment which acts as an interface between two faces is called an edge. It is the line
segment that joins two vertices.
Example: Cube and cuboids have 12 edges.

A vertex is a point where two or more edges meet. These are corner points.
Example: Cube and cuboids have 8 vertices.

Euler's Formula

Euler's Formula: For any polyhedron,

F + V − E = 2 ,

where ‘F ’ stands for number of faces, V stands for number of vertices and E stands for
number of edges.

Perspectives of 3D Shapes
Perspectives of Looking at a Solid

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Side, front and top view of the above solid (made up of cubes) is as shown below:

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