CLASS-8-CHAPTER-13-

CHEMICAL CHANGE
AND CHEMICAL BOND

Notes
Std. VIII-General Science
Maharashtra State Board 2020-2021

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 Class-8-Chapter-13-Chemical Change and Chemical Bond
Topics to be learn :
 Chemical change and word equation :
 Chemical changes in everyday life
 Natural chemical changes
 Manmade chemical changes
 Chemical bond
 Ionic bond
 Covalent bond

Introduction : There are two methods of classification of changes : Physical

change and chemical change.
 In physical change, the composition of substance does not change. No new
substance is formed. Examples: Melting of ice, boiling of water, dissolution of
salt in water.
 In chemical change, the composition of compounds change and new
compounds are formed. Examples: Ripening of mango, ripening of banana,
fragrance of ripening fruit, darkening of a cut potato, bursting of an inflated
balloon, sound of bursting firecracker, foul smell from spoiled food.
Chemical change and word equation : In a chemical change the chemical
composition of the original matter changes and new substances having different
properties and different chemical composition are formed.
A chemical equation can be written for a chemical change, if the exact change in
chemical composition is known.
The word equation can be Written for a chemical reaction, baking soda with lemon
juice as follows :
Citric acid + Sodium bicarbonate  Carbon dioxide + Sodium citrate
Acid + Alkali  CO2 + Salt

How to write chemical equations :

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  First step of writing a chemical equation is to write a word equation by using
the names of the concerned substances.
 When the chemical formula is written in place of each of the names, it
becomes a chemical equation.
 While writing a chemical equation, original substances are written on the left
side and newly formed substances are written on right side and an arrow is
drawn in between.
 Arrow head points towards the substances formed. Arrow indicates the
direction of the reaction.
 Substances written on the left side of the arrow are original substances that
take part in the reaction. They are called reactants.
 New substances formed as a result of the reaction are called products. Place
for the products of a reaction is on the right side of the arrow.
Chemical changes in everyday life :
Natural chemical changes :
(a) Respiration : Respiration is a continuously occurring biological process. In this
process air is inhaled, oxygen present in this inhaled air reacts with glucose present
in the cells of the body forming carbon dioxide and water.
The word equation and the chemical equation of this chemical reaction are as
follows: (Here, the chemical equation is not balanced.)
Word equation :
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
Chemical equation :
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
(b) Photosynthesis : Green plants perform photosynthesis in sunlight. A word
equation and a Chemical equation (unbalanced) is written for this natural chemical
change as follows :
Word equation :
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Carbon dioxide + Water 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
> Glucose + Oxygen

Chemical equation :

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 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CO2 + H2O > C6H12O6 + O2
𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

Man-made chemical changes :

(a) Combustion of fuels : Wood, coal, petrol or cooking gas are burnt for
producing energy. Carbon is the common substance that burns in all these fuels.
The product carbon dioxide is formed when carbon combines with oxygen in the air
during the combustion process.
A common equation for all these combustion processes is as follows :
Word equation :
Carbon + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide
Chemical equation :
C + O2  CO2
Combustion of fuel is a fast and irreversible chemical change.
(b) Cleaning Shahabad tile with dilute hydrochloric acid : The main chemical
constituent of Shahabad tile is calcium carbonate. During it’s cleaning with
hydrochloric acid the upper layer of the tile reacts with hydrochloric acid and three
products are formed. One of them is calcium chloride, which being soluble in water,
gets washed away with water.
The second product is carbon dioxide; its bubbles mix up in air. The third product,
water mixes with water. The following equation is a chemical change.
Word equation : .
Calcium carbonate+Hydrochloric acid  Calcium chloride+Carbon dioxide+Water
(c) Softening of hard water : Water in some wells or tube wells is hard water. *
' It is brackish to taste and does not form lather with soap. This is because hard
water contains the chloride and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium in
dissolved state. Hard water is softened by adding solution of washing soda to it.
This results in the formation of a precipitate of insoluble salts of calcium carbonate
and magnesium carbonate.
As the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium go out in the form of precipitate
of the carbonate salts, the water is softened. The following equation . is written for
this chemical change.
Word equation : .

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Calcium chloride + Sodium carbonate  Calcium carbonate + Sodium chloride
Chemical equation (unbalanced) :
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 —> CaCO3 + NaCl
Distinguish between Physical change and Chemical change
Physical change Chemical change
1) In this change, the composition of 1) In this change, the composition of
the substance does not change. No new the compounds change and new
substance is formed. compounds are formed. -
2) In this case, physical properties such 2) In this case, physical and chemical
as state, colour, density, etc. are properties are entirely changed.
changed. 3) This change is permanent.
3) This change is temporary. 4) In this case, the original substance
4) In this case, the original substance cannot be recovered by easy means or
can be recovered by simple means or by reversing the process.
by merely reversing the process.

Chemical bond : Noble gases do not form any chemical bond as their electron
octet/duplet is complete while the atoms with incomplete electron octet/duplet
form chemical bonds. During the formation of a chemical bond an atom uses its
valence electrons. Moreover on forming chemical bonds equal to its valency the
atom attains the electronic configuration of complete octet/duplet.
Ionic bond : The chemical bond formed due to an electrostatic force of attraction
between the oppositely charged cation and anion is called an ionic bond or an
electrovalent bond.
The compound formed by means of one or more ionic bonds is called ionic
compound.
One ionic bond is formed due to the electrical charge +1 or -1 on an ion. The
valency of an ion 1 is equal to the magnitude of Positive or negative charge on 1t.
An ion forms the same number of ionic bonds as its valency.
Examples : Sodium chloride (NaCl), Magnesium chloride are ionic compounds.

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Formation of Sodium chloride (NaCl) :

 Sodium has atomic number 11 and electronic configuration 2, 8, 1.

 Sodium atom has 1 electron in its outermost shell.
 It loses one electron from its outermost shell, i.e., M shell. Then its L shell
becomes the outermost shell with a stable octet.
 The nucleus of sodium atom has 11 protons but the number of electrons in
the atom has become 10. So, there is a net unit positive charge giving a
sodium cation (Na+).
 On the other hand, chlorine has electronic configuration 2, 8, 7. Chlorine
atom has 7 electrons in its outermost shell and requires one electron to
complete its octet.
 Thus, the electron lost by sodium is taken up by chlorine.
 When chlorine atom gains one electron, octet of chlorine is completed and its
K, L, M shells have together 18 electrons and the nucleus has 17 protons.
This leads to the formation of an ion (Cl-).
 Thus, a chlorine atom accepts one electron from a sodium atom and
consequently a chloride ion with one unit negative charge and a sodium ion
with one unit positive charge are formed.
 Sodium and chloride ions, being oppositely charged, attract each other due to
the electrostatic force of attraction. An ionic bond is formed and this results
in the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) molecule.
Covalent bond : The chemical bond formed by sharing of valence electrons of two
atoms with each other is called a covalent bond. One covalent bond is formed by
sharing of two valence electrons.
Examples : Hydrogen, oxygen, water are covalent compounds.

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Ionic bond and Covalent bond :
Ionic bond Covalent bond
(1) Ionic bond is formed due to the (1) Covalent bond is formed due to the
transfer of electrons from one atom to sharing of electrons between two or
another. more atoms.
(2) Atoms of metals and nonmetals (2) Atoms of -nonmetals combine to
combine to form ionic bonds. form covalent bonds.
(3) Molecules of the compounds formed (3) Molecules of the compounds formed
due to ionic bond split up into ions in due to covalent bond so not split up
aqueous solution. into ions in a solution.

END

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