Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .............................

Practical Worksheet 6: Chemical Energetics

Pre-Lab Activity

Prior to your practical session for Experiment 6, you are required to do the following:

1. Read through the instructions in Experiment 6.

2. As you view the 2 videos below, answer the accompanying questions.
Please submit this pre-lab worksheet when you report for your practical session.

Part I Reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate with acid

Video Title: Double displacement sodium bicarbonate and HCl

http://tinyurl.com/WS-5-Bicarbonate-HCl
Duration: 1:07 min

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction shown in the video.

NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What is observed during the reaction between the sodium bicarbonate (sodium
Effervescence
hydrogencarbonate) and the acid? __________________________

3. In experiment 6, you are supposed to add in the solid to the acid instead of what is shown in the
video.
Suggest what you could do to minimise acid spray.
___________________________________________________________________________
Add in the solid in small portions

4. What is observed after the reaction between the sodium bicarbonate (sodium
Colorless solution (of NaCl) formed
hydrogencarbonate) and the acid? __________________________________________
Part I Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

Video Title: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

http://tinyurl.com/WS-5-Endothermic-Exothermic
Duration: 4:34 min

5. In the video (1:22 to 1:30 min), it was stated the exothermic reaction occurs when heat is
released to the surroundings and endothermic reaction occurs when heat is being
being_____________
absorbed
______________ from the surroundings.

more
6. In the video (2:30 to 3:40 min), for exothermic reactions, the reactants have _______ energy
less
than the products, whereas in an endothermic reaction, the reactants have ________ energy
than the products.
Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .....................
Catholic Junior College
H2 Chemistry (9729)

Experiment 6: Chemical Energetics 15

Answer ALL the questions in the SPACES provided.

You are required to obtain values of enthalpy change of reaction, H, for two chemical reactions and
use them to calculate H for a third reaction.
In Experiment 1, a known mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate is reacted with a known volume of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
In Experiment 2, a known mass of sodium carbonate is reacted with a known volume of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
In each experiment, the H is determined from the temperature change. You will then use your
results to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:
2NaHCO3 (s)  Na2CO3 (s) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

FA 1 is solid sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3.

FA 2 is solid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.
FA 3 is 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

(a) Method
(i) Experiment 1

1. Weigh out between 3.50 g and 4.00 g of FA 1 in a weighing bottle. If your balance has a
tare facility, do not use it. Record all your weighings in the table below.
2. Place the plastic cup in a 250 cm3 beaker. Use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50.0 cm3 of
FA 3 into the plastic cup. The acid is in excess.
3. Place the thermometer in the acid in the plastic cup and record its initial temperature in the
table below.
4. Carefully add FA 1 (from weighing bottle) to the acid in the plastic cup. Stir with the
thermometer and record the lowest temperature reached.
[You should add FA 1 in small portions to minimise acid spray. Avoid breathing any fumes from the
experiment.]
5. Reweigh the weighing bottle to obtain the actual mass of FA 1 added.

Results:

mass of weighing bottle and FA 1/g 7.988

mass of weighing bottle + residual FA 1/g 4.022 [1] temperature recorded to 1 d.p. (in both
tables)
mass of FA 1 added/g 3.966 [1] mass readings to 2 or 3 d.p. (in both tables)
and within range (as per instuctions)
initial temperature of FA 3/oC [2] accuracy: compare with tr's T1/m1
–1

lowest temperature reached/ oC (2) if difference ≤ 0.30 °C g

(1) if difference between 0.30 and 0.60 °C g–1
temperature fall/ oC 6.0
[4]
(ii) Experiment 2
1. Weigh out between 4.50 g and 5.00 g of FA 2 in a weighing bottle. If your balance has a tare
facility, do not use it. Record all your weighings in the table of results.
2. Place the plastic cup in a 250 cm3 beaker. Use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50.0 cm3 of
FA 3 into the plastic cup. The acid is in excess.
3. Place the thermometer in the acid in the plastic cup and record its initial temperature in the
table of results.
4. Carefully add FA 2 (from weighing bottle) to the acid in the plastic cup. Stir with the
thermometer and record the highest temperature reached.
5. Reweigh the weighing bottle to obtain the actual mass of FA 2 added.

Results:

mass of weighing bottle and FA 2/g 16.249

[2] accuracy: compare with tr's T2/m2
mass of weighing bottle + residual FA 2/g 11.473 –1
(2) if difference 0.30 °C g
mass of FA 2 added/g 4.776 (1) if difference between 0.30 and 0.60 °C g–1

initial temperature of FA 3/oC

highest temperature reached/ oC
temperature rise/ oC 4.0
[2]
3
(b) (i) If 4.3 J of heat energy changes the temperature of 1.0 cm of solution by 1°C, calculate the
heat energy absorbed when FA 1 was added to the acid in Experiment 1.

heat absorbed = mc T =50×4.3×5.4 [1]50×4.3× T in (a)(i) = 1161 J

1161
heat energy absorbed = ........................ J [1]

(ii) Hence calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, when 1 mol of NaHCO3 reacts with HCl.
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]
NaHCO3(s) + HCl (aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) H1
Mr of NaHCO3 = 23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 3(16.0) = 84.0
𝟑.𝟕𝟓
mol of NaHCO3 = = 0.0446 mol [1]
𝟖𝟒.𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟏 –1
H1 = + 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟔 J mol [1] ans in b(i)/mol of NaHCO3 with correct sign
–1
= +26006 J mol
–1
= +26.0 kJ mol
enthalpy change, H1 = ........................
+26.0 kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) If 4.3 J of heat energy changes the temperature of 1.0 cm3 of solution by 1°C, calculate the
heat energy evolved when FA 2 was added to the acid in Experiment 2.

heat evolved = mc T =50×4.3×4.8 [1]50×4.3× T in (a)(ii) = 1032 J

1032
heat evolved = .......................... J [1]

(iv) Using your answer to (b)(iii), calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, when 1 mol of
 Na2CO3 reacts with HCl. [Ar: C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2

Mr of Na2CO3 = 2(23.0) + 12.0 + 3(16.0) = 106.0

𝟒.𝟕𝟓
mol of Na2CO3 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔.𝟎= 0.0448 mol [1]
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐
H2= − 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟖 J mol–1 [1] ans to b(ii)/ amt of Na2CO3 with correct sign
–1
= – 23030 J mol
= – 23.0 kJ mol-1

–23.0
enthalpy change, H2 = ........................... kJ mol-1 [2]

(v) Using your answers to (b)(ii) and (b)(iv) and the equations for Experiment 1 and 2,
calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g) H
+ 2 HCl + 2 HCl
H1 H2

2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2CO2(g)

By Hess' Law,
H =2H1– H2
= 2(+26.0) – (–23.0) [1] (2×(ii) – (iv)) with correct sign
= +75.0 kJ mol–1 [1, all answers in (b) in 3 or 4 s.f.]
enthalpy change, H = ...........................
+75.0 kJ mol-1 [2]

(c) State and explain why the experiment would be more accurate if the volumes of FA 3 were
measured using a burette instead of a measuring cylinder.
 % error is smaller/lower when burette is used to measure volume
....................………………........................................................................................................
 burette is more accurately calibrated and can read to 0.05 cm3 (volume measured
....................………………........................................................................................................
has precision of + 0.10 cm3), whereas a measuring cylinders can only read to 0.5
....................………………....................................................................................................[1]
3
cm [1] appropriate explanation

[Total: 15]

4.2.4 "Cooling Curve" Method

While a chemical reaction may occur instantaneously, time is needed for the thermometer to respond
to changes in the temperature of the solution. During that time, heat is being lost to the surrounding
and the maximum temperature recorded would not be the true (actual) highest temperature reached.
To work out what the highest temperature should have been, the experiment may be modified to
record the temperature of the reaction mixture at timed intervals and a cooling curve is then plotted.

Example: Cooling curve obtained for an experiment carried out with reactant FA 2 added to reactant
FA 1 at 4 min, and the temperature measured at timed intervals.

Tmax = 32.95 °C

Tinitial = 21.50 °C

 Two best-fit straight lines are drawn; the first taking into account the points before FA 2 was
added and the second line taking into account the points after the reaction has finished.
These lines are then extrapolated (extended) to 4 min (time when FA 2 was added).
 The value of Tmax (read from the graph) compensates for heat loss to the surrounding.
 Temperature change is given by: T = Tmax – Tinitial = 32.95 – 21.50 = 11.45 °C
 Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .............................
Catholic Junior College
H2 Chemistry (9729)

Experiment 7: Calculating enthalpy change using the ‘cooling curve’ method

Answer ALL the questions in the SPACES provided.

10

NaHCO3 (s) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the following equation:
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

FA 1 is solid sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3.

FA 2 is 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

(a) Method
 Use a measuring cylinder to transfer 25 cm3 of the acid, FA 2, into the plastic cup supported
in a 250 cm3 beaker. The acid is in excess.
 Weigh out about 2.50 g of FA 1 in a weighing bottle. Do not use the tare facility even if your
balance has it.
 Place the thermometer in the acid and record its temperature at 1 minute intervals for the first
two minutes.
 At 2½ minutes, carefully tip all the FA 1, in small portions, into the acid and stir to dissolve.
 Record the temperature of the solution at 1 minute intervals from 3 minutes up to 8 minutes.
 Reweigh the container with any residual FA 1 and record the balance reading and the mass
of FA 1 used.

Results
Record all weighings in the space below and temperature readings on the next page.

mass of weighing bottle + FA 1 / g 5.976

mass of weighing bottle + residual FA 1 / g 3.489

mass of FA 1 used / g 2.487

 time / min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

temperature / °C 29.1 29.1 29.1 22.2 22.2 22.4 22.8 23.0 23.4

(a)(i) Plot on the grid below, a graph of temperature on the y-axis against time on the x-axis. The
scale for the temperature should extend at least 1 °C below the lowest recorded temperature.

30 ––

29 ––

28 ––
temperature / °C

27 ––

26 ––

25 ––

24 ––

23 ––

22 ––

21 ––
| | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time /
min
[4]
(ii) Draw two straight lines of best fit and extrapolate the two lines to 2½ minutes. Determine
the change in temperature at this time.
 temperature change = 29.10 – 21.95 = 7.15 °C [working needs to be shown]

7.15
temperature change at 2½ minutes = ....................... °C [1]

(b) (i) Using your answer to (a)(ii), calculate the heat energy absorbed when FA 1 was added
to the acid
[Assume that 4.3 J of heat energy changes the temperature of 1.0 cm 3 of solution by
1.0 °C.]
heat absorbed = mc T
= 25 × 4.3 × 7.15 [1]
= 768.6 J
768.6
heat energy absorbed =…………...… J [1]

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1, when 1 mol of FA 1, NaHCO3, reacts with
the acid. [Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]
Mr of NaHCO3 = 23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 3(16.0) = 84.0
mol of NaHCO3 = 2.487 = 0.0296 mol [1]
84 .0
ans to (b)(i)
 H1 = + 768 .6 J mol–1 [1] with correct sign
0.0296 mol of NaHCO3
= +25970 J mol–1
= +26.0 kJ mol–1
+26.0
enthalpy change = ......................... kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) State and explain one significant error or limitation in determining the enthalpy change
of reaction of this experiment, discussing its importance in the final result.
The measuring cylinder is only precise to the nearest 0.5 cm 3, resulting in a large
apparatus error in the volume of acid added. Thus the heat evolved and H are
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
inaccurate. [1] OR The heat gained from surrounding is estimated to be linear, which
…………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
may not be the case, leading to inaccurate determination of heat evolved and H.
OR The reaction is approximated to have completed once FA1 is added, giving an
immediate minimum temperature reached, leading to inaccurate heat evolved and H.

(iv) Explain briefly why this experiment is likely to be more accurate than Experiment 6.

It corrects for the heat gained from the surroundings and is a more accurate
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
experimental method [1]
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

4.4 THERMOMETRIC TITRATION

The reaction between an acid and a base is exothermic; i.e. heat is given off in a neutralisation
reaction. It is possible to make use of this fact to determine the equivalence-point of a neutralisation
reaction without the use of an indicator. This process is known as thermometric titration and can
be used to calculate the concentration of an acid/base solution.
In thermometric titration, small portions of one solution (say, acid solution A) are progressively added
to another solution (say, base solution B) until the equivalence-point is reached and passed. The
temperature of the resulting solution is monitored throughout the experiment.

4.4.1 Procedure and Recording of Data

Example: To determine the concentration of nitric acid, HNO3, and the enthalpy change of
neutralisation for the reaction of nitric acid with 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous Ba(OH)2.
2HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O(l) H < 0
Procedure:
1. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 Ba(OH)2 into a plastic (Styrofoam) cup supported in a
250 cm3 beaker. Measure and record the initial temperature, Ti, of Ba(OH)2 in the plastic cup.
2. Fill a 50 cm3 burette with HNO3.
3. Add 5.00 cm3 of HNO3 from the burette to the Ba(OH)2 solution in the plastic cup. Stir the mixture
with the thermometer and record the highest temperature reached.
4. Repeat step 3 until a total of 50.00 cm3 of HNO3 has been added; each time, measuring the
highest temperature reached.

Recording of data:

vol of HNO3 added /cm3 highest temperature /°C

0.00 25.0
5.00 27.0
10.00 29.0
15.00 30.0
20.00 32.0
25.00 34.0
30.00 36.0
35.00 36.0
40.00 34.0
45.00 32.0
50.00 30.0

Observations:
 Before equivalence-point is reached, the temperature recorded increases. When the
temperature recorded starts to decrease, this indicates that the equivalence-point has been
passed.
4.4.2 Treatment of Results
 Plot graph of temperature (°C) against volume of HNO3 added (cm3).
Two best-fit graph lines are drawn. One line is drawn using data before the equivalence-point
and the second line using the remaining data. These lines are then extrapolated (extended) until
they cross.

The maximum temperature rise, T, is obtained when the volume of HNO3 added exactly
neutralises the 25.0 cm3 of aqueous Ba(OH)2 in the plastic cup.
From the graph, find the point of intersection of the two lines, which indicates the point of
maximum temperature rise and the titre volume at the equivalence point.

 To determine concentration of HNO3:

At equivalence-point, volume of HNO3 = 33.0 cm3 (read from the graph)
mol of HNO3 = 2 × mol of Ba(OH)2
25.0
= 2 × 1.00 × 1000 = 0.0500 mol
1000
 [HNO3] = × 0.0500 = 1.52 mol dm–3
33.0

 To determine Hn:
heat evolved = m c T
= [(25.0 + 33.0)  4.18  12.0] J
= 2909 J
mol of H2O = 2 × mol of Ba(OH)2
25.0
= 2 × 1.00 × 1000 = 0.0500 mol
 Hn = heat evolved
mol of H2O
= – ( 2909 )
0.0500
= – 58180 J mol–1 = –58.2 kJ mol–1
Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .............................
Practical Worksheet 8: Thermometric Titration
Pre-Lab Activity

Prior to your practical session for Experiment 8, you are required to do the following:

1. Read through the instructions and questions in Experiment 8.

2. As you view the video below, answer the accompanying questions.
Please submit this pre-lab worksheet when you report for your practical session.

Part I Thermometric Titration – Reaction between NaOH and HCl

Video Title: AICE AS Thermometric Titration with calculations

http://tinyurl.com/WS12-Thermometric-Titration
Duration: 3 min (Watch from 1:05 – 4:26)

The reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid can be represented by the following
equation:

NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

Other than using an indicator, the equivalence point can be determined via thermometric titration
since the reaction is exothermic.

1. With reference to the above reaction, what do you understand by the term ‘equivalence point’?

Equivalence point is obtained when stoichiometric amounts of HCl and NaOH

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
have been reacted.
Portions of HCl are progressively added to the NaOH solution in a styrofoam cup supported by a
250 cm3 beaker until the equivalence point is reached and passed. The temperature of the reaction
mixture is monitored throughout the reaction, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid can be
determined.

2. Why is the reaction mixture placed in a styrofoam cup with lid used instead of a beaker directly?
To prevent heat loss to the surroundings.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the reason for adding the acid in small portions of 5 cm 3 till a total volume of 50 cm3 is
added?
______________________________________________________________________________
Addition of acid must be done in small enough portions to give sufficient points
on the graph to draw the two straight lines.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Sketch the graph of temperature against volume of HCl added.

temperature
temperature

End-point

Volume
Volume of HCl
of HCl

5. With reference to the graph of temperature against volume of HCl, at which point of the titration
would the maximum temperature be obtained?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Maximum temperature rise obtained when volume of HCl added exactly
______________________________________________________________________________
neutralises the NaOH in the plastic cup.

6. From the graph plotted, how would one recognise that the equivalence point has passed?
Before equivalence point is reached, temperature recorded increases. When
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
the recorded temperature starts to decrease, this indicates that the equivalence
______________________________________________________________________________
point has been passed.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Why does the temperature decrease when volume of HCl added increases beyond equivalence
point?

______________________________________________________________________________
No further heat would be given off beyond the equivalence point. Adding more HCl
______________________________________________________________________________
increases the total mass (or volume) of the reaction mixture and thus temperature
decreases.
8. What are the factors that would affect the maximum temperature rise for this experiment?
ΔH, total mass of the solutions, number of moles of water formed
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

9. How will the maximum temperature rise vary if the experiment was repeated using CH3CO2H
and NaOH solutions instead? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
The maximum temperature rise, ΔT , would decrease.
______________________________________________________________________________
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑚𝑐 𝛥𝑇
Since ΔHn = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
______________________________________________________________________________
ΔT depends on the number of moles of water formed, m and ΔHn. However
______________________________________________________________________________
since CH3CO2H is a monobasic weak acid, ΔHn would be less exothermic as
______________________________________________________________________________
energy is absorbed for the weak acid to dissociate and ΔT is lower.
Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .............................
Catholic Junior College
H2 Chemistry (9729)

Experiment 8: Thermometric Titration 20

Answer ALL the questions in the SPACES provided.

When sodium hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid, heat energy is given off; i.e. the reaction is
exothermic.
2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
The equivalence point can be determined by measuring the temperature changes that occur
when different volumes of the acid are added to a fixed volume of the alkali. Such experiments
are also known as thermometric titrations.

FA 1 is a solution of sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

FA 2 is 2.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

You are required to determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation and the concentration of
sulfuric acid by thermometric titration.

Before starting any practical work, read through the instructions carefully.

(a) Method
1. Support the plastic cup in a 250 cm3 beaker. Use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of FA 2
into the plastic cup. Record the initial temperature of FA 2, T1, in the space below.
28.0
T1 = .....................°C
2. Fill a burette with FA 1.
3. Add 5.00 cm3 of FA 1 from the burette into the plastic cup. Stir the mixture thoroughly
with the thermometer and record the highest temperature reached.
4. Immediately run a further 5.00 cm3 of FA 1 into the plastic cup, stir the mixture and
again record the temperature of the solution.
5. Repeat this addition of 5.00 cm3 portions of FA 1 until a total of 50.00 cm3 of FA 1 is
added to the plastic cup. Record the temperature of the solution after each addition.
Results:
For each addition of acid, FA 1, record
• the total volume of FA 1 added, and
• the temperature of the solution, T.

In your table of results, include the following calculations after each addition of acid:
• the temperature rise, ∆T, which is given by ∆T = T – T1
• the total volume of solution in the plastic cup, VT, which is given by
VT = volume of FA 1 + volume of FA 2
• the total volume × the temperature rise, (VT × ∆T ), to three significant figures.

Table of results:

total volume of FA 1 / temperature, temperature total volume, VT (VT × ∆T )

cm3 T / °C rise, ∆T / °C / cm3 / cm3 °C
5.00 32.0 4.0 30.0 120

10.00 34.5 6.5 35.0 228

15.00 36.5 8.5 40.0 340

20.00 38.0 10.0 45.0 450

25.00 39.5 11.5 50.0 575

30.00 40.0 12.0 55.0 660

35.00 38.5 10.5 60.0 630

40.00 37.0 9.0 65.0 585

45.00 36.0 8.0 70.0 560

50.00 35.0 7.0 75.0 525

[5]

[1] reading for all 10 volumes taken

[1] all temperature readings to 1 d.p. , VT to 1 d.p. and (VT × ∆T ) to 3 s.f.
[1] correctly calculate T, VT and (VT × T )
[2] accuracy: compare with tr's T for 25.00 cm3 of acid added
(2) if difference, ≤ 1.0 °C
(1) if difference, 1.0 < ≤ 2.0 °C

(b) Plot on the grid below, a graph of (VT × ∆T ) on the y-axis against the volume of FA 1 on the
x-axis.
Draw two appropriate straight lines through the plotted points to show an end-point for the
neutralisation; i.e. point where the two lines of best fit intersect.

[1] axes correctly labelled, with units [4]

[1] no awkward scale & plotted points covers at least half of each axis
[1] all points accurately plotted to within ½ small square
[1] 2 straight lines (not curves) drawn through the points and intersect
(c) From your graph,

(i) determine the volume of FA 1 needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of FA 2.

3
29.0 cm
volume of FA 1 needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of FA 2 = .............................. [1]
[1] correctly read from graph +
units
(ii) calculate T at this volume you determined in (c)(i).

VT × T = 670
670
∆T= [1] = 12.4℃
29.0+25.0
12.4 oC
T = .............................. [1]

(iii) Calculate the amount of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of FA 2.

25.0
Amount of NaOH = cV = 2.00 × 1000
[1]

=0.0500 mol

0.0500 mol
amount of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of FA 2 = .............................. [1]

(iv) Define the term standard enthalpy change of neutralisation.

The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is defined as the enthalpy change
..……………………….................................................................................................................
when one mole of water is formed in the neutralisation between an acid and an alkali,
..……………………….................................................................................................................
the reaction being carried out in aqueous solution under standard conditions of 298 K
..……………………….................................................................................................................
and 1 bar. [1]
..……………………….................................................................................................................

[1]
(v) Given that NaOH + ½ H2SO4  ½ Na2SO4 + H2O
Calculate the enthalpy change of neutralisation of the above reaction.
[Assume the heat capacity of all solutions = 4.18 J K–1 cm–3]

heat evolved = mcT = [(25.0 + 29.0) × 4.18 × 12.4] = 2799 J [1]

[(25.0 + answer from (c)(i)) × 4.18 × answer from (c)(ii)]

mol of H2O = mol of NaOH = 0.0500 mol

𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟗
Hn = − = – 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎 [1] = - 55 979 J mol = –56.0 kJ mol-1
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

– 56.0 kJ mol-1 [2]

Enthalpy change of neutralisation = ..............................
(d) (i) Calculate the amount of sulfuric acid that would react with the amount of NaOH in (c)(iii).

amt of H2SO4 reacted = ½ × amount of NaOH

= ½ × 0.0500 [1] ½ × ans to (c)(iii)
= 0.0250 mol

0.0250 mol
amount of H2SO4 reacted = .............................. [1]

(ii) Hence calculate, in mol dm–3, the concentration of sulfuric acid in FA 1.

From c(i) and d(i),

amount of H2SO4 in 29.0 cm3 of FA1 = 0.0250 mol

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 1000
conc of H2SO4 = 𝟐𝟗.𝟎
× 0.0250 [1] ans to (c)(i) × ans to (d)(i)

= 0.862 mol dm–3

0.862 mol dm-3

Concentration of H2SO4 in FA 1 = …..................................... [1]

(e) Another student performed the same experiment but chose to plot T instead of (VT x T) on
the y-axis. He also drew and extrapolated two straight lines through the plotted points to do
the calculations.
Explain why this student’s method is likely to be less accurate.

Total volume in the cup is not constant. HenceT is not proportional to the heat
..……………………….................................................................................................................
evolved (due to the larger mass of solution present to absorb heat). [1]
..……………………….................................................................................................................
Explanation:
n × no. of moles of water = – m c T (where n and c is constant),
∆𝑯
 m × T = – 𝒄 𝒏 × no. of mole of water
 VT × T  no. of mole of water since m = Vacid + Vbase = VT
T is not directly proportional to vol of acid used i.e. two straight lines will not [1]
be obtained

(f) How, if at all, will the maximum temperature rise, T, vary if you use double the volumes of
the original acid and metal hydroxide solutions? Explain your answer.
maximum temperature rise will not change. [1]
..……………………….................................................................................................................
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 ∆𝑯 × 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
Since Hn = 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = − 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 T = − 𝒎𝒄
..……………………….................................................................................................................
When the volumes of H SO and NaOH are doubled, the value of m doubles
2 4

and amount of water formed is also doubled. [1] SinceHn is constant, T

..……………………….................................................................................................................
would therefore remain unchanged.
..……………………….................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 20]
Name: ................................................... (1T ) Date: .............................
Catholic Junior College
 H2 Chemistry (9729)

Experiment 8 (Planning): Thermometric Titration Planning [2014 N P2 Q1]

10
The reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide is exothermic. It is possible to make use of this
fact to determine the equivalence-point of a neutralisation reaction without the use of an indicator.
This process is known as thermometric titration and can be used to calculate the concentration of
an acid solution.

Portions of acid are progressively added to the hydroxide solution until the equivalence-point is
reached and passed. The temperature is monitored throughout the experiment.

The data obtained is plotted and two best-fit graph lines are drawn. One line is drawn using data
before the equivalence-point and the second line using the remaining data. These lines are then
extrapolated (extended) until they cross.

Using the information given above, you are required to write a plan for a thermometric titration in
which nitric acid is added to 25.0 cm3 aqueous barium hydroxide.
You are also required to explain how the data you obtain from this experiment may be used to
determine the concentration of the nitric acid.
You may also assume that you are provided with:
 1.00 mol dm–3 aqueous Ba(OH)2;
 HNO3 of approximate concentration 1.5 mol dm–3;
 graph paper;
 the equipment normally found in a school or college laboratory.

(a) Determine expected volume of HNO3 at equivalence-point for 25.0 cm3 of Ba(OH)2.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of HNO3 and Ba(OH)2

2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2  Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O [1]

(ii) Calculate the amount in moles of HNO3 needed to react with 25.0 cm3 Ba(OH)2

𝟐𝟓.𝟎
amount of HNO3 = 2 × mol of Ba(OH)2 = 2× 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 0.0500 mol [1]

(ii) Hence, calculate the volume of HNO3 needed to reach equivalence point.
𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎
volume of HNO3 = 𝟏.𝟓
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 33.33 cm3 [1]
Equivalence point is reached when volume of HNO3 added is between
30 cm3 and 40 cm3.
[3]
(b) In the space below, give the procedure of the experiment. Your procedure must give brief, but
specific, details of the apparatus you would use, bearing in mind the levels of precision they
offer. You also need to show the results would be obtained.
Procedure:

1. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 Ba(OH)2 into a plastic cup supported in a 250 cm3
..……………………….................................................................................................................

beaker. Measure and record the initial temperature, Ti, of Ba(OH)2 in the plastic
..……………………….................................................................................................................

cup.
..……………………….................................................................................................................

2. Fill a 50 cm3 burette with HNO3 (given acid). [1] appropriate apparatus
..……………………….................................................................................................................

3. Add 5.00 cm3 of HNO3 from the burette to the Ba(OH)2 solution in the plastic cup.
..……………………….................................................................................................................
Stir the mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature reached.
..……………………….................................................................................................................
[1] record Tmax
..……………………….................................................................................................................

[Acid should be added in small portions to give sufficient points on the graph to
..……………………….................................................................................................................

draw straight lines.]

..……………………….................................................................................................................
4. Repeat step 3 until a total of 50.00 cm3 of HNO3 has been added; each time,
..……………………….................................................................................................................
measuring the highest temperature reached.
..……………………….................................................................................................................
[1] vol of base & small enough portions of acid
..……………………….................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Describe briefly what is observed before equivalence point is reached and explain how you
would recognise that the equivalence point has passed.

Before equivalence-point is reached, the temperature recorded increases. When the

..……………………….................................................................................................................
temperature recorded starts to decrease, this indicates that the equivalence-point
..……………………….................................................................................................................
has been passed. This should occur when volume of HNO3 added is between 30 cm3
..……………………….................................................................................................................
and 40 cm3.
..……………………….................................................................................................................
[1] recognise when equivalence point had been passed.
...……………………….................................................................................................................
[1]
(Tutor to elaborate in class): The first straight line is a best fit line drawn using the
data before the equivalence point. The reaction between HNO3 and Ba(OH)2 is
exothermic and so, temperature rise is observed. The maximum temperature rise is
obtained when the volume of HNO3 added exactly neutralises the Ba(OH)2 in the cup.

The second straight line is a best fit line drawn using the data after the equivalence
point. After the equivalence point, all the Ba(OH)2 has been neutralised so additional
HNO3 does not produce heat. Since HNO3 is at room temperature, it will lower the
overall temperature of the reaction mixture.
(d) (i) Label the axes below, and sketch the shape of the graph expected.
In your sketch, indicate clearly volume of acid to reach equivalence point is 35.0 cm3.

VT × ∆T / cm3 °C

volume of HNO3 / cm3

35.0
[1] correct axes, graph with two lines that intersect at the maximum point
[1] x and y axes values indicated correctly.

[2]

(ii) Using the information in (i), calculate the actual concentration of HNO3.

To determine concentration of HNO3: [1] show how conc of acid determined

At equivalence-point, vol of HNO3 = 35.0 cm3
𝟐𝟓.𝟎
mol of HNO3 = 2 × mol of Ba(OH)2 = 2 × 1.00 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 0.0500 mol
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
[HNO3] = 𝟑𝟓.𝟎
× 0.0500 = 1.43 mol dm–3

[1]

[Total: 10]