1.

Make a geometric plot to show that the nth roots of unity are equally spaced
points that lie on the unit circle centered at origin and form the vertices of a
regular polygon with n sides ,for n=4,5,6,7,8.

(a) For n=4

In[5]:= n = 4;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[6]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ ⅈ || z ⩵ - 1 || z ⩵ - ⅈ

In[7]:= Reduce[z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ ⅈ || z ⩵ - 1 || z ⩵ - ⅈ]
Out[7]= z ⩵ - 1 || z ⩵ - ⅈ || z ⩵ ⅈ || z ⩵ 1

In[8]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[8]= {{z → 1}, {z → ⅈ}, {z → - 1}, {z → - ⅈ}}

In[9]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

Out[9]= {{1, 0}, {0, 1}, {- 1, 0}, {0, - 1}}

In[5]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[8]=
2

(b) For n=5

In[15]:= n = 5;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[16]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ (- 1)25 || z ⩵ (- 1)4/5 || z ⩵ - (- 1)1/5 || z ⩵ - (- 1)35

In[17]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[17]= {z → 1}, z → (- 1)25, z → (- 1)4/5, z → - (- 1)1/5, z → - (- 1)35

In[18]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

1 5 5 1 5 5
Out[18]= {1, 0},  - 1 + 5 , + ,  - 1 - 5 , - ,
4 8 8 4 8 8

1 5 5 1 5 5
 - 1 - 5 , - - ,  - 1 + 5 , - + 
4 8 8 4 8 8

In[19]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[22]=

(c) For n=6

 3

In[23]:=

n = 6;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[24]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ (- 1)13 || z ⩵ (- 1)23 || z ⩵ - 1 || z ⩵ - (- 1)13 || z ⩵ - (- 1)23

In[25]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[25]= {z → 1}, z → (- 1)13, z → (- 1)23, {z → - 1}, z → - (- 1)13, z → - (- 1)23

In[26]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
Out[26]= {1, 0},  , , - , , {- 1, 0}, - ,- ,  ,- 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

In[27]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[30]=

(d) For n=7

In[31]:= n = 7;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[32]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ (- 1)27 || z ⩵ (- 1)4/7 || z ⩵ (- 1)67 || z ⩵ - (- 1)1/7 || z ⩵ - (- 1)37 || z ⩵ - (- 1)5/7

In[33]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[33]= {z → 1}, z → (- 1)27, z → (- 1)4/7, z → (- 1)67, z → - (- 1)1/7, z → - (- 1)37, z → - (- 1)5/7
4

In[34]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

3π 3π π π π π
Out[34]= {1, 0}, Sin , Cos , - Sin , Cos , - Cos , Sin ,
14 14 14 14 7 7
π π π π 3π 3π
- Cos , - Sin , - Sin , - Cos , Sin , - Cos 
7 7 14 14 14 14

In[35]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[38]=

(e) For n=8

In[39]:= n = 8;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[40]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ (- 1)1/4 || z ⩵ ⅈ || z ⩵ (- 1)34 || z ⩵ - 1 || z ⩵ - (- 1)1/4 || z ⩵ - ⅈ || z ⩵ - (- 1)34

In[41]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[41]= {z → 1}, z → (- 1)1/4, {z → ⅈ}, z → (- 1)34, {z → - 1}, z → - (- 1)1/4, {z → - ⅈ}, z → - (- 1)34

In[42]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Out[42]= {1, 0},  , , {0, 1}, - , , {- 1, 0}, - ,- , {0, - 1},  ,- 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 5

In[43]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[46]=

(f) For n=9

In[64]:= n = 9;
Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]
Out[65]= z ⩵ 1 || z ⩵ (- 1)29 || z ⩵ (- 1)49 || z ⩵ (- 1)23 ||
z ⩵ (- 1)89 || z ⩵ - (- 1)19 || z ⩵ - (- 1)13 || z ⩵ - (- 1)59 || z ⩵ - (- 1)79

In[66]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]}

Out[66]= {z → 1}, z → (- 1)29, z → (- 1)49, z → (- 1)23,
z → (- 1)89, z → - (- 1)19, z → - (- 1)13, z → - (- 1)59, z → - (- 1)79
6

In[67]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ n ⩵ 1, z]]})

2π 2π π π 1 3 π π
Out[67]= {1, 0}, Cos , Sin , Sin , Cos , - , , - Cos , Sin ,
9 9 18 18 2 2 9 9
π π 1 3 π π 2π 2π
- Cos , - Sin , - ,- , Sin , - Cos , Cos , - Sin 
9 9 2 2 18 18 9 9

In[68]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[71]=

2.Find all solutions of the equation z^3=8i and represent these geometrically.

(a) Solve z^3=8I

In[72]:= Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 8 I, z]
Out[72]= z ⩵ 2 (- 1)16 || z ⩵ 2 (- 1)56 || z ⩵ - 2 ⅈ

{ToRules[Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 8 I, z]]}
Out[73]= z → 2 (- 1)16, z → 2 (- 1)56, {z → - 2 ⅈ}

In[74]:= roots = {Re[#], Im[#]} & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 8 I, z]]})

Out[74]=  3 , 1, - 3 , 1, {0, - 2}
 7

In[75]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 2]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[78]=

(b) Solve z^3=2+8I

In[79]:= Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 2 + 8 I, z]
Out[79]= z ⩵ (- 1)23 (2 + 8 ⅈ)13 || z ⩵ - (- 2)13 (1 + 4 ⅈ)13 || z ⩵ (2 + 8 ⅈ)13

In[2]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 2 + 8 I, z]]}

Out[2]= z → (- 1)23 (2 + 8 ⅈ)13, z → - (- 2)13 (1 + 4 ⅈ)13, z → (2 + 8 ⅈ)13

roots = N[{Re[#], Im[#]}] & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 3 ⩵ 2 + 8 I, z]]})

Out[82]= {{- 1.66141, 1.14951}, {- 0.164794, - 2.01358}, {1.82621, 0.864073}}
8

In[91]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 2.02]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[94]=

(c) Solve z^6=2+7I

In[2]:= Roots[z ^ 6 ⩵ 2 + 7 I, z]
Out[2]= z ⩵ (- 1)13 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16 || z ⩵ (- 1)23 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16 || z ⩵ - (2 + 7 ⅈ)16 ||
z ⩵ - (- 1)13 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16 || z ⩵ - (- 1)23 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16 || z ⩵ (2 + 7 ⅈ)16

In[3]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 6 ⩵ 2 + 7 I, z]]}

Out[3]= z → (- 1)13 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16, z → (- 1)23 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16, z → - (2 + 7 ⅈ)16,
z → - (- 1)13 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16, z → - (- 1)23 (2 + 7 ⅈ)16, z → (2 + 7 ⅈ)16

In[5]:= roots = N[{Re[#], Im[#]}] & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 6 ⩵ 2 + 7 I, z]]})

Out[5]= {{0.422281, 1.32657}, {- 0.937705, 1.02899}, {- 1.35999, - 0.29758},
{- 0.422281, - 1.32657}, {0.937705, - 1.02899}, {1.35999, 0.29758}}
 9

In[10]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1.39]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[13]=

(d) Solve z^10=2-17I

In[14]:= Roots[z ^ 10 ⩵ 2 - 17 I, z]
Out[14]= z ⩵ (- 1)1/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ (- 1)25 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ (- 1)35 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 ||
z ⩵ (- 1)4/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ - (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ - (- 1)1/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 ||
z ⩵ - (- 1)25 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ - (- 1)35 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ - (- 1)4/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110 || z ⩵ (2 - 17 ⅈ)110

In[15]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 10 ⩵ 2 - 17 I, z]]}

Out[15]= z → (- 1)1/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → (- 1)25 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → (- 1)35 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110,
z → (- 1)4/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → - (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → - (- 1)1/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110,
z → - (- 1)25 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → - (- 1)35 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → - (- 1)4/5 (2 - 17 ⅈ)110, z → (2 - 17 ⅈ)110

In[16]:= roots = N[{Re[#], Im[#]}] & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 10 ⩵ 2 - 17 I, z]]})

Out[16]= {{1.17651, 0.616921}, {0.589198, 1.19063}, {- 0.223166, 1.30957}, {- 0.950288, 0.928287},
{- 1.31443, 0.192435}, {- 1.17651, - 0.616921}, {- 0.589198, - 1.19063},
{0.223166, - 1.30957}, {0.950288, - 0.928287}, {1.31443, - 0.192435}}
10

In[17]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1.33]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[20]=

(e) Solve z^13=7+9I

In[21]:= Roots[z ^ 13 ⩵ 7 + 9 I, z]
Out[21]= z ⩵ (- 1)213 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ (- 1)413 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ (- 1)613 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 ||
z ⩵ (- 1)813 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ (- 1)1013 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ (- 1)1213 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 ||
z ⩵ - (- 1)113 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ - (- 1)313 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ - (- 1)513 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 ||
z ⩵ - (- 1)713 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ - (- 1)913 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ - (- 1)1113 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113 || z ⩵ (7 + 9 ⅈ)113

In[22]:= {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 13 ⩵ 7 + 9 I, z]]}

Out[22]= z → (- 1)213 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → (- 1)413 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → (- 1)613 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113,
z → (- 1)813 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → (- 1)1013 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → (- 1)1213 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113,
z → - (- 1)113 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → - (- 1)313 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → - (- 1)513 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113,
z → - (- 1)713 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → - (- 1)913 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → - (- 1)1113 (7 + 9 ⅈ)113, z → (7 + 9 ⅈ)113

In[23]:= roots = N[{Re[#], Im[#]}] & /@ (z /. {ToRules[Roots[z ^ 13 ⩵ 7 + 9 I, z]]})

Out[23]= {{1.02596, 0.633692}, {0.613949, 1.03789}, {0.0612921, 1.20433}, {- 0.505406, 1.09486},
{- 0.956322, 0.734577}, {- 1.18816, 0.206011}, {- 1.1478, - 0.36975},
{- 0.844493, - 0.860806}, {- 0.347725, - 1.15466}, {0.228703, - 1.184},
{0.752738, - 0.942095}, {1.10433, - 0.484369}, {1.20293, 0.0843201}}
 11

In[24]:= points = Graphics[{Red, PointSize[Large], Point[roots]}];

circle = Graphics[{Green, Circle[{0, 0}, 1.206]}];
poly = Graphics[{LightBlue, Polygon[roots]}];
Show[{points, circle, poly}]

Out[27]=

3.Write parametric equations and make a parametric plot for an ellipse centered
at the origin with horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2
units. Show the effect of rotation of this ellipse by an angle of π / 6 radians and
shifting of the centre from (0,0) to (2,1), by making a parametric plot.

(a) Plot the above given ellipse

Parametric equation of an ellipse centered at the origin with
horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units

In[9]:= x[theta_] = 2 Cos[theta];

y[theta_] = Sin[theta];
12

In[11]:= ParametricPlot[{2 Cos[theta], Sin[theta]}, {theta, 0, 2 π}]

1.0

0.5

Out[11]=
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0

Parametric equation of an ellipse centered at (2, 1) with

horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units
x[theta_] = 2 + 2 Cos[theta];
y[theta_] = 1 + Sin[theta];

In[12]:= ParametricPlot[{2 + 2 Cos[theta], 1 + Sin[theta]}, {theta, 0, 2 π}]

2.0

1.5

Out[12]= 1.0

0.5

1 2 3 4

Parametric equation of an ellipse centered at (0, 0)

with horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of
2 units and rotation of this ellipse by an angle of π / 6 radians :
x[t] = 2 Cos[t] * Cos[π / 6] - Sin[t] * Sin[π / 6];
y[t] = Cos[π / 6] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[π / 6];
 13

In[15]:= ParametricPlot[
{2 Cos[t] * Cos[psi] - Sin[t] * Sin[psi], Cos[psi] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[psi]}, {t, 0, 2 π}]

1.0

0.5

Out[15]=
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0

In[15]:= Parametric equation of an ellipse centered at (2, 1)

with horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2
units and rotation of this ellipse by an angle of π / 6 radians :
x[t_] = 2 + 2 Cos[t] * Cos[psi] - Sin[t] * Sin[psi];
y[t_] = 1 + Cos[psi] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[psi];

In[13]:= psi = π / 6;
ParametricPlot[
{2 + 2 Cos[t] * Cos[psi] - Sin[t] * Sin[psi], 1 + Cos[psi] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[psi]}, {t, 0, 2 π}]

2.0

1.5

Out[14]= 1.0

0.5

1 2 3 4

This is required ellipse which is rotated by an angle π/6 and shifting the center to (2,1).
(b) Plot an ellipse centered at (9,2) and rotated by an angle π/9 whose major vertical axis is of length 8
units and minor horizontal axis of 4 unit
14

Parametric equation of an ellipse centered at (9, 2)

with vertical major axis of 8 units and horizontal minor axis of 4
units and rotation of this ellipse by an angle of π / 9 radians :
x[t_] = 9 + 2 Cos[t] * Cos[psi] - 4 Sin[t] * Sin[psi];
y[t_] = 2 + 4 Cos[psi] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[psi];

In[32]:= psi = π / 9;
ParametricPlot[{9 + 2 Cos[t] * Cos[psi] - 4 Sin[t] * Sin[psi],
2 + 4 Cos[psi] * Sin[t] + 2 Cos[t] * Sin[psi]}, {t, 0, 2 π}]

Out[33]= 2

7 8 9 10 11

-2

(c) Plot a hyperbola with transverse axis of length 2 units and conjugate axis of length 6units centered
at (2,1) .

Parametric equation of an hyperbola centered at origin with

horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units

In[34]:= x[theta_] = 3 Tan[theta];

y[theta_] = Sec[theta];
 15

In[36]:= ParametricPlot[{3 Tan[theta], Sec[theta]}, {theta, 0, 2 π}]

6
4
2
Out[36]=
-20 -10 10 20
-2
-4
-6

Parametric equation of an hyperbola centered at (2, 1) with

horizontal major axis of 4 units and vertical minor axis of 2 units
x[theta_] = 2 + 3 Tan[theta];
y[theta_] = 1 + Sec[theta];

In[38]:= ParametricPlot[{2 + 3 Tan[theta], 1 + Sec[theta]}, {theta, 0, 2 π}]

8
6
4
2
Out[38]=

-20 -10 10 20
-2
-4
-6

(d) Plot a parabola centered at (5,0)

Parametric equation of an parabola y ^ 2 = 4 (x - 5)
16

In[8]:= x[t_] = (t ^ 2 / 4) + 5;
y[t_] = t;
ParametricPlot[{(t ^ 2 / 4) + 5, t}, {t, - 2, 2}, PlotRange → {{0, 7}, {- 5, 5}}]

Out[10]= 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-2

-4

(e) Plot a parabola centered at (5,3)

Parametric equation of an parabola (y - 3) ^ 2 = 4 (x - 5)

In[26]:= x[t_] = ((t - 3) ^ 2 / 4) + 5;

y[t_] = t;
ParametricPlot[{((t - 3) ^ 2 / 4) + 5, t}, {t, - 25, 30}]

30
20
10
Out[28]=
50 100 150 200
-10
-20

4.Show that the image of the open disk D1 (-1 - i ) = {z : |z + 1 + i | < 1} under the
linear transformation w = f(z) = (3 – 4i)z + 6 + 2i is the open disk: D5 (-1 + 3i) = {w:
 17

|w + 1 – 3i| <5}.
Procedure: If w = f(z) = (3 – 4i)z + 6 + 2i this implies z=(w-6-2i)/(3-4i) .Now |z + 1 + i | < 1 can we written as
(w-6-2i)/(3-4i)+ 1 + i | < 1 .Plotting of f[D1] is equivalent to plotting of all those f(z) for which |z + 1 + i | < 1.
(a) Show that the image of the open disk D1 (-1 - i ) = {z : |z + 1 + i | < 1} under the linear transformation w
= f(z) = (3 – 4i)z + 6 + 2i is the open disk: D5 (-1 + 3i) = {w: |w + 1 – 3i| <5}
In[1]:= z = x + ⅈy
x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ (3 - 4 ⅈ) * z1 + 6 + 2 ⅈ, z1]
Out[1]= x + ⅈy

Out[2]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[3]= z1 → (- 10 + 3 w1 + 2 ⅈ (- 15 + 2 w1))
25

In[8]:= z = x+I*y
Out[8]= x+ⅈy

In[9]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Abs[z + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,

{x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Abs[( (z - 6 - 2 ⅈ) / (3 - 4 ⅈ)) + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,
{x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[11]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

(b) Find the image of an open disc D1 (-1 - i ) = {z : |z + 1 + i | < 1} under the linear transformation w ^2= (3
– 4i)z + 6 + 2i
18

In[30]:= z = x + ⅈy
x + ⅈy
Solve[w ^ 2 ⩵ (3 - 4 ⅈ) * z1 + 6 + 2 ⅈ, z1]
Out[30]= x + ⅈy

Out[31]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[32]= z1 → - 10 + 3 w2 + 2 ⅈ - 15 + 2 w2
25

In[33]:= z = x+I*y
Out[33]= x+ⅈy

In[44]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Abs[z + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,

{x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Abs[( (z ^ 2 - 6 - 2 ⅈ) / (3 - 4 ⅈ)) + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,
{x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[46]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

(c) Show that the image of the open disk D1 (-1 - i ) = {z : |z + 1 + i | < 1} under the linear transformation w
= f(z) = (3 +4i)z + 6 + 2i is an open disk.
 19

In[59]:= z = x + ⅈy
x + ⅈy
Solve[w ⩵ (3 + 4 ⅈ) * z1 + 6 + 2 ⅈ, z1]
Out[59]= x + ⅈy

Out[60]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[61]= z1 → (- 26 + 3 w - 2 ⅈ (- 9 + 2 w))
25

In[62]:= z = x+I*y
Out[62]= x+ⅈy

In[69]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Abs[z + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,

{x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Abs[( (z - 6 - 2 ⅈ) / (3 + 4 ⅈ)) + 1 + ⅈ] < 1,
{x, - 20, 20}, {y, - 20, 20}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 20

10

0 0
Out[71]=

-1

-10

-2

-3 -20
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -20 -10 0 10 20

(c) Show that the image of the open disk D1 (- i ) = {z : |z + i | < 1} under the linear transformation w = f(z)
= (3 –4i)z + 6 + 2i is an open disk.
In[72]:= z = x + ⅈy
x + ⅈy
Solve[w ⩵ (3 - 4 ⅈ) * z1 + 6 + 2 ⅈ, z1]
Out[72]= x + ⅈy

Out[73]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[74]= z1 → (- 10 + 3 w + 2 ⅈ (- 15 + 2 w))
25
20

In[75]:= z = x+I*y
Out[75]= x+ⅈy

In[76]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Abs[z + ⅈ] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Abs[( (z - 6 - 2 ⅈ) / (3 - 4 ⅈ)) + ⅈ] < 1,
{x, - 20, 20}, {y, - 20, 20}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 20

10

0 0
Out[78]=

-1

-10

-2

-3 -20
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -20 -10 0 10 20

(d) Show that the image of the open disk D1 (- i ) = {z : |z + i | < 1} under the linear transformation w = f(z)
= (7+4i)z + 6 + 2i is an open disk
In[79]:= z = x + ⅈy
x + ⅈy
Solve[w ⩵ (7 + 4 ⅈ) * z1 + 6 + 2 ⅈ, z1]
Out[79]= x + ⅈy

Out[80]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[81]= z1 → (- 50 + 7 w - 2 ⅈ (- 5 + 2 w))
65

In[82]:= z = x+I*y
Out[82]= x+ⅈy
 21

In[83]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Abs[z + ⅈ] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Abs[( (z - 6 - 2 ⅈ) / (7 + 4 ⅈ)) + ⅈ] < 1,
{x, - 20, 20}, {y, - 20, 20}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 20

10

0 0
Out[85]=

-1

-10

-2

-3 -20
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -20 -10 0 10 20

5.Show that the image of the right half plane Re(z)<1 under the linear
transformation w=(-1+I)z-2+3I is the half plane v>u+7 ,where u=Re(w) .Plot the
map.
(a) Show that the image of the right half plane Re(z)<1 under the linear transformation w=(-1+I)z-2+3I is
the half plane v>u+7 ,where u=Re(w) .Plot the map.
In[50]:= z = x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ (- 1 + ⅈ) * z1 - 2 + 3 ⅈ, z1]

Out[50]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[51]= z1 → (- 5 + ⅈ (1 - w1) - w1)
2

In[52]:= z = x+I*y
Out[52]= x+ⅈy
22

In[72]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Re[z] > 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Re[(z + 2 - 3 I) / (- 1 + I)] > 1,
{x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[74]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

(b) Show that the image of the upper half plane Im(z)>1 under the linear transformation w=(-1+I)z-2+3I
is the half plane v<-u-7 ,where u=Re(w) .Plot the map
z = x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ (- 1 + ⅈ) * z1 - 2 + 3 ⅈ, z1]

Out[59]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[60]= z1 → (- 5 + ⅈ (1 - w1) - w1)
2

In[61]:= z = x+I*y
Out[61]= x+ⅈy
 23

In[62]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Im[z] > 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Im[(z + 2 - 3 I) / (- 1 + I)] > 1, {x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[64]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

(c)
In[86]:= z = x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ (- 1 + ⅈ) * z1 - 2 + 3 ⅈ, z1]
Out[86]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[87]= z1 → (- 5 + ⅈ (1 - w1) - w1)
2

In[88]:= z = x+I*y
Out[88]= x+ⅈy
24

In[89]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Im[z] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Im[(z + 2 - 3 I) / (- 1 + I)] < 1, {x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[91]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

(d)
In[1]:= z = x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ (- 1 + ⅈ) * z1 - 2 + 3 ⅈ, z1]
Out[1]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[2]= z1 → (- 5 + ⅈ (1 - w1) - w1)
2

In[3]:= z = x+I*y
Out[3]= x+ⅈy
 25

In[4]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Re[z] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
A2 = RegionPlot[Re[(z + 2 - 3 I) / (- 1 + I)] < 1,
{x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → Dashed, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

2
5

0 0
Out[6]=

-1

-5
-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -5 0 5

6.Show that the image of right half plane A={z:Re(z)≥1/2} under the mapping
w=1/z is the closed disk D1={w:|w-1|≤1}
(a)

In[66]:= z = x + ⅈy
Solve[w1 ⩵ 1 / z1, z1]

Out[66]= x + ⅈy
1
Out[67]= z1 → 
w1

In[68]:= z = x+I*y
Out[68]= x+ⅈy
26

In[69]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Re[z] ≥ 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Re[1 / z] ≥ 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[71]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(b)

In[78]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Re[z] ≥ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Re[1 / z] ≥ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[80]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(c)
 27

In[84]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Re[z] ≤ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Re[1 / z] ≤ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[86]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(d)

In[75]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Im[z] ≥ 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Im[1 / z] ≥ 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[77]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(e)
28

In[81]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Im[z] ≥ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Im[1 / z] ≥ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[83]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

(f)

In[87]:= A1 = RegionPlot[Im[z] ≤ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];

A2 = RegionPlot[Im[1 / z] ≤ - 1 / 2, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, Axes → True];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
Out[89]=

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 29

7.Make a plot of the vertical lines x=a for a=-1,-1/2,1/2,1 and the horizontal lines
y=b,for b=-1,-1/2,1/2,1.Find the plot of this grid under the mapping w=f(z)=1/z.

In[115]:= C1 = {- 1, t};
C2 = {- 1 / 2, t};
C3 = {1 / 2, t};
C4 = {1, t};
C5 = {t, - 1};
C6 = {t, - 1 / 2};
C7 = {t, 1 / 2};
C8 = {t, 1};

ParametricPlot[{C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8}, {t, - 10, 10}, Axes → {x, y}]
Out[123]=

10

-10 -5 5 10

-5

-10
30

In[133]:= f[z_] := 1 / z;
k = ComplexExpand[f[1 / 2 + I * t]];
l = ComplexExpand[f[- 1 / 2 + I * t]];
m = ComplexExpand[f[1 + I * t]];
n = ComplexExpand[f[- 1 + I * t]];
p = ComplexExpand[f[t + I / 2]];
q = ComplexExpand[f[t - I / 2]];
r = ComplexExpand[f[t + I]];
s = ComplexExpand[f[t - I]];
ParametricPlot[{{Re[k], Im[k]}, {Re[l], Im[l]}, {Re[m], Im[m]}, {Re[n], Im[n]}, {Re[p], Im[p]},
{Re[q], Im[q]}, {Re[r], Im[r]}, {Re[s], Im[s]}}, {t, - 10, 10}, PlotRange → {{- 5, 5}, {- 5, 5}}]
Out[142]=

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4
 31

8. Find a parametrization of the polygonal path C = C1 + C2 + C3 from -1 + i to 3 - i,

where C1 is the line from: -1 + i to -1, C2 is the line from: -1 to 1 + i and C3 is the
line from 1 + i to 3 - i. Make a plot of this path.
In[42]:= C1 = {- 1, 1 - t};
C2 = {- 1 + 2 * t, t};
C3 = {1 + 2 * t, 1 - 2 * t};
ParametricPlot[{C1, C2, C3}, {t, 0, 1}, PlotLabel → {"C1", "C2", "C3"}, AxesLabel → {x, y}]
{C1, C2, C3}
y

1.0

0.5

Out[45]=

x
-1 1 2 3

-0.5

-1.0

9. Plot the line segment ‘L’ joining the point A = 0 to B = 2 + i π / 4 and give an
exact calculation of ∫ � ^� � � about L.
In[46]:= ParametricPlot[{2 * t, (Pi / 4) * t}, {t, 0, 1}, AxesLabel → {x, y}, PlotLabel → "L"]
L
y
0.8

0.6

Out[46]=
0.4

0.2

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

In[47]:= z = x + ⅈy
Out[47]= x + ⅈy
32

In[51]:= f[z_] := Exp[z]

g[t_] := (2 + ⅈπ / 4) * t
Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 1}]

ⅈπ

-1 + ⅇ
2+
Out[53]= 4

10.Plot the semi circle 'C' with radius 1 centered at z=2 and evaluate the contour
integral ∫ 1/(� -2)� � about C.
Q1.

Parametric equation of a semi circle centered at z =

2 with radius 1 is 2 + Exp[i * t] = 2 + Cos[t] + iSin[t]

In[22]:= ParametricPlot[{2 + Cos[t], Sin[t]}, {t, 0, π}]

1.0

0.8

0.6
Out[22]=
0.4

0.2

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

In[55]:= f[z_] := 1 / (z - 2)
g[t_] := 2 + Exp[ⅈ * t]
Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, π}]
Out[57]= ⅈπ

Q2.Evaluate  C z + 2 / z dz where C is a semi circle z = 2 Exp[it] (π ≤ t ≤ 2 π)

In[23]:= ParametricPlot[{2 Cos[t], 2 Sin[t]}, {t, π , 2 π}]

-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

Out[23]= -1.0

-1.5

-2.0
 33

In[24]:= f[z_] := (z + 2) / z;
g[t_] := 2 Exp[t * I];
Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, π , 2 π}]
Out[26]= 4+2ⅈπ

Q3.Evalute  C (z - 1) dz where is C is an arc from z =

0 to z = 2 consisting of a semicircle z = 1 + Exp[i * t] (pi ≤ t ≤ 2 pi)

In[27]:= ParametricPlot[{1 + Cos[t], Sin[t]}, {t, Pi, 2 Pi}]

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-0.2

-0.4
Out[27]=

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

In[28]:= f[z_] := z - 1;
g[t_] := 1 + Exp[t * I];
Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, Pi, 2 * Pi}]
Out[30]= 0

11.Show that integration of z about C1 and C2 has value 4+2ⅈ ,where C1 is the line
segment from -1 - i to 3 + i and C2 is the portion of the parabola x = y ^2 + 2y
joining -1 - i to 3 + i. Make plots of two contours C1 and C2 joining -1 - i to 3 + i .
Parametric equation of C1 is 2 t + 1 + it where - 1 ≤
t ≤ 1 and of C2 is t ^ 2 + 2 t + ti where - 1 ≤ t ≤ 1.

In[60]:= C1 = ParametricPlot[{2 * t + 1, t}, {t, - 1, 1}, PlotLabel → "C1"];

C2 = ParametricPlot[{t ^ 2 + 2 * t, t}, {t, - 1, 1}, PlotLabel → "C2"];
GraphicsRow[{C1, C2}]

C1 C2

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5
Out[62]=

-1 1 2 3 -1 1 2 3

-0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0
34

In[63]:= f[z_] := z
g[t_] := (2 * t + 1) + ⅈ * t
h[t_] := (t ^ 2 + 2 * t) + ⅈ * t
Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, - 1, 1}]
Integrate[f[h[t]] * h '[t], {t, - 1, 1}]

Out[66]= 4+2ⅈ

Out[67]= 4+2ⅈ

12 Use ML - inequality to show that |∫C( 1  z^2 + 1 )ⅆz | ⩽ 1/2√5 where C is the
straight line - segment from 2 to 2+i. While solving, represent the distance from
the point z to the points i and -i respectively i.e. |z+i| and |z-i| on the Complex-
plane C.

Q1.

In[6]:= f[z_] := 1 / (z ^ 2 + 1);

Parametric equation of a line segment from 2 to 2 + i is

In[11]:= g[t_] := 2 + t * I
value = Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 1}]
Out[12]= - ArcTan[2] + ArcTan[2 + ⅈ]

In[13]:= N[Abs[ComplexExpand[value]]]
Out[13]= 0.187249

In[14]:= N1 / 2 × √ 5

Out[14]= 1.11803

Thus,  C 1  z ^ 2 + 1  ⅆ z ⩽ 1 / 2 × √5
 35

In[15]:= Show[Graphics[{Purple, Arrow[{{2, 0}, {2, 1}}], Red,

Arrow[{{2, 1}, {0, 1}}], Green, Arrow[{{2, 0}, {0, - 1}}], Blue,
Arrow[{{2, 1 / 2}, {0, 1}}], Magenta, Arrow[{{2, 1 / 2}, {0, - 1}}]}], Axes → True]
1.0

0.5

Out[15]=
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-0.5

-1.0

Q2.Use ML inequality to show that

 C dz / z ^ 4 ≤ 4 × √ 2 where C is a line segment from z = i to z = 1.

In[39]:= f[z_] := 1 / z ^ 4;
g[t_] := t + (1 - t) * I;
N[Abs[Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 1}]]]

Out[41]= 0.471405

In[42]:= N4 × √ 2

Out[42]= 5.65685

Q3.Use ML inequality to show that

 C (z + 4) / (z ^ 3 - 1) dz ≤ 6 π / 7 where C is an arc of the circle z = 2 from 2 to 2 i.

36

In[43]:=

f[z_] := (z + 4) / (z ^ 3 - 1);
g[t_] := 2 Exp[I * t];
N[Abs[Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, Pi / 2}]]]

Out[45]= 1.61387

In[46]:= N[6 * Pi / 7]
Out[46]= 2.69279

13. Show that ∫C(1/2√z)dz=1+i , where √z is the principal branch of the square
root function and C is the line segment joining 4 to 8 + 6i. Also plot the path of
integration.

f[z_] := 1 / (2 * z ^ (1 / 2))
Parametric equation of a line segment from 4 to 8 + 6 i is

In[17]:= g[t_] := 4 + 4 t + I * 6 t

In[19]:= value = Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 1}]

Out[19]= 1+ⅈ

In[18]:= ParametricPlot[{4 + 4 * t, 6 * t}, {t, 0, 1},

AxesOrigin → {0, 0}, AxesLabel → {x, y}, PlotLabel → "C"]
C
y

Out[18]=
3

x
2 4 6 8

14. Find and plot three different Laurent series representations for the function
f(z)=3/(2+z-z^2), involving powers of z.
 37

In[2]:= Solve[2 + z - z ^ 2 ⩵ 0, z, Complexes]

Out[2]= {{z → - 1}, {z → 2}}

In[1]:= f[z_] := 3 / (2 + z - z ^ 2);

In[4]:= f1[z_] := Normal[Series[f[z], {z, - 1, 5}]]

f1[z]
1 1 1+z 1 1 1 1
Out[5]= + + + (1 + z)2 + (1 + z)3 + (1 + z)4 + (1 + z)5
3 1+z 9 27 81 243 729

z = - 1 is a pole of order 1

In[4]:= f2[z_] := Normal[Series[f[z], {z, 2, 5}]]

f2[z]
1 2-z 1 1 1 1 1
Out[5]= + - + (- 2 + z)2 - (- 2 + z)3 + (- 2 + z)4 - (- 2 + z)5
3 9 -2 + z 27 81 243 729

z = 2 is a pole of order 1.

15. Locate the poles of f(z)= 1/5z^4+26z^2+5 and specify their order.
Q1.Locate the poles of f (z) = 1 / 5 z ^ 4 + 26 z ^ 2 + 5 and specify their order.

In[1]:= Solve[5 z ^ 4 + 26 z ^ 2 + 5 ⩵ 0, z, Complexes]

ⅈ ⅈ
Out[1]= z → - , z → , z → - ⅈ 5 , z → ⅈ 5 
5 5

In[13]:= f[z_] := 1 / (5 z ^ 4 + 26 z ^ 2 + 5)
f[z]
NormalSeriesf[z], z, - I  √ 5, 5
1
Out[14]=
5 + 26 z2 + 5 z4
ⅈ ⅈ 2
25 ⅈ 5 185 ⅈ 5  + z 5225  + z
5 5
Out[15]= + - - +
ⅈ
576 48  + z 6912 82 944
5

ⅈ 3 ⅈ 4 ⅈ 5
32 725 ⅈ 5  + z 965 125  + z 5 848 625 ⅈ 5  + z
5 5 5
+ -
995 328 11 943 936 143 327 232

z = - i  √ 5 is a pole of order 1.
38

In[10]:= NormalSeriesf[z], z, - I * √ 5, 5

2
31 ⅈ 661 ⅈ ⅈ 5 + z 12 091 ⅈ 5 + z
Out[10]= - - + + -
2880 48 5 ⅈ 5 + z 34 560 5 2 073 600

3 4 5
204 421 ⅈ ⅈ 5 + z 3 304 651 ⅈ 5 + z 51 999 781 ⅈ ⅈ 5 + z
- +
24 883 200 5 1 492 992 000 17 915 904 000 5

c = - i * √ 5 is a pole of order 1.

In[11]:= NormalSeriesf[z], z, I * √ 5, 5

2
31 ⅈ 661 ⅈ - ⅈ 5 + z 12 091 - ⅈ 5 + z
Out[11]= - + - + +
2880 48 5 - ⅈ 5 + z 34 560 5 2 073 600

3 4 5
204 421 ⅈ - ⅈ 5 + z 3 304 651 - ⅈ 5 + z 51 999 781 ⅈ - ⅈ 5 + z
- -
24 883 200 5 1 492 992 000 17 915 904 000 5

c = i * √ 5 is a pole of order 1.

In[12]:= NormalSeriesf[z], z, I  √ 5, 5

ⅈ ⅈ 2
25 ⅈ 5 185 ⅈ 5 - + z 5225 - + z
5 5
Out[12]= - + - -
ⅈ
576 48 - + z 6912 82 944
5

ⅈ 3 ⅈ 4 ⅈ 5
32 725 ⅈ 5 - + z 965 125 - + z 5 848 625 ⅈ 5 - + z
5 5 5
+ +
995 328 11 943 936 143 327 232

c = i  √ 5 is a pole of order 1.

Q2.Locate the poles of f (z) = 1 / z (z ^ 2 + 1) and specify their order

In[16]:= Solve[ 1 / z (z ^ 2 + 1) ⩵ 0, z, Complexes]

Out[16]= {{z → - ⅈ}, {z → ⅈ}}

In[17]:= f[z_] := 1 / z (z ^ 2 + 1)
f[z]
Normal[Series[f[z], {z, - I, 5}]]
1 + z2
Out[18]=
z

Out[19]= 2 (ⅈ + z) - ⅈ (ⅈ + z)2 - (ⅈ + z)3 + ⅈ (ⅈ + z)4 + (ⅈ + z)5

Removable singular point.

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In[20]:= Normal[Series[f[z], {z, I, 5}]]

Out[20]= 2 (- ⅈ + z) + ⅈ (- ⅈ + z)2 - (- ⅈ + z)3 - ⅈ (- ⅈ + z)4 + (- ⅈ + z)5

Removable singular point.

16.Locate the zeros and poles of g(z)=πcot(πz)/z^2 and determine their order.
Also justify that Res(g, 0) = -π^2/3
Q1 Locate the zeros and poles of g (z) =
π cot (π z) / z ^ 2 and determine their order. Also justify that Res (g, 0) = - π ^ 2 / 3

In[22]:= g[z_] := π * Cot[π * z] / z ^ 2

Solve[z ^ 2 ⩵ 0, z, Complexes]
Out[23]= {{z → 0}, {z → 0}}

In[24]:= Normal[Series[g[z], {z, 0, 5}]]

1 π2 π4 z 2 π 6 z3 π 8 z5
Out[24]= - - - -
z3 3z 45 945 4725

z = 0 is a pole of order 3.
And Residue (g, 0) = Coefficient of 1 / z = - π ^ 2 / 3

Q2 Locate the zeros and poles of g (z) =

π tan (π z) / z ^ 2 and determine their order. Also justify that Res (g, 0) = 0

In[47]:= g[z_] := π * Tan[π * z] / z ^ 2

Solve[z ^ 2 ⩵ 0, z, Complexes]
Out[48]= {{z → 0}, {z → 0}}

In[49]:= Normal[Series[g[z], {z, 0, 5}]]

π2 π4 z 2 π 6 z3 17 π 8 z5
Out[49]= + + +
z 3 15 315

It ' s a removable singular point. Therefore, Res (g, 0) = 0.

Q3 Locate the zeros and poles of g (z) =

(1 - Exp[2 z]) / z ^ 4 and determine their order. Also justify that Res (g, 0) = - 4 / 3

In[53]:= g[z_] := (1 - Exp[2 z]) / z ^ 4;

In[54]:= Normal[Series[g[z], {z, 0, 5}]]

2 2 2 4 4z 4 z2 8 z3 2 z4 4 z5
Out[54]= - - - - - - - - -
3 z3 z2 3z 15 45 315 315 2835

z = 0 is a pole of order 3. Res (g, 0) = Coefficient of 1 / z = - 4 / 3

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17. Evaluate ∫C1(0) Exp[2/z]dz, where C1 (0) denotes the circle: {z: |z|=1} with
positive orientation. Similarly evaluate ∫C3(0) 1/z^4+z^3-2z^2 dz.
Q1. Evaluate  C1 (0) Exp (2 / z) dz,

where C1 (0) denotes the circle : {z : z = 1} with positive orientation

In[25]:= Normal[Series[Exp[z], {z, 0, 5}]]

z2 z3 z4 z5
Out[25]= 1+z+ + + +
2 6 24 120

Putting 2 / z instead of z in the above series we get series expansion of exp[2 / z] .

In[4]:= f[z_] := Exp[2 / z];

g[t_] := Exp[I * t];
val = Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 2 * Pi}]
Out[6]= 4ⅈπ

Q2.Evaluate  c3 (0) 1 / z ^ 4 + z ^ 3 - 2 z ^ 2 dz

In[10]:= f[z_] := 1 / (z ^ 4 + z ^ 3 - 2 z ^ 2);

g[t_] := 3 * Exp[I * t];
val = Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 2 * Pi}]

Out[12]= 0

Q3.Evaluate  c2 (0) 1 / 4 z ^ 2 + 4 z + 1 dz

In[19]:= f[z_] := 1 / (4 z ^ 2 + 4 z + 1);

g[t_] := 2 * Exp[I * t];
val = Integrate[f[g[t]] * g '[t], {t, 0, 2 π}]
Out[21]= 0
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