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03.10.21 Cell Cycle Part 02

Cell division occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. In anaphase, the chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles. In telophase, the daughter nuclei reform and cytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells through the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells or a cell plate in plant cells.

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42 views53 pages

03.10.21 Cell Cycle Part 02

Cell division occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. In anaphase, the chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles. In telophase, the daughter nuclei reform and cytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells through the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells or a cell plate in plant cells.

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Cell

Cycle & Cell Division

Zoology by- Sonal Vishwakarma


M-Phase (Division phase)
• It last only about an hour in the 24 hour duration of cell cycle of a human cell
shortest.
• M – Phase represents the phase when the actual cell division takes place.
• Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same,
it is also called equational division.
Prophase-
• It is the first stage of mitosis follows the S and G2 phase of interphase.
• In the S and G2 phase, the new DNA molecules formed are not distinct but
intertwined.
• Prophase marks the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material
(chromatin). The chromatin material becomes untangled. It condenses to form
chromosomes.
• Metabolism of cell decreases, cytoplasm becomes viscous, refractive and pale.
• The centriole , which had undergone duplication during S-phase, now begins to
move towards opposite poles of the cell.
• Astral rays forms due to gelation of proteins around centrioles.
Anastral and Amphiastral Mitosis-
• Mitosis without asters is known as a anastral mitosis. In higher plants,
centrioles are absent and no asters are formed.
• In animals, the asters are present and the mitosis is called amphiastral (astral
mitosis).
• Chromosomal material (chromatin) condenses to form compact chromosome
which composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere.
• Cell at the end of prophase, do not show Golgi complex, ER, nucleolus and
nuclear envelope.
Metaphase-
• The complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope which results in the
spread of chromosome throughout cytoplasm of the cell.
• Condensation of chromosome is completed. This is the stage at which
morphology of chromosomes is most easily studied.
• At this stage, metaphase chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids which
are held together by the centromere. A small disc-like structure at the surface of
the centromere called kinetochores.
• These structures serve as the site of attachment of spindle fibres (formed by the
microtubules) to the chromosomes that are moved into position at the centre of
cell.
• All the chromosomes comes to lie at the equator with one chromatid of each
chromosome is connected by its Kinetochore to spindle fibres from one pole and
its sister chromatid connected by its kinetochore to spindle fibre from the
opposite pole (Metaphase plate).
• Chromosomal discontinuous fibres which run from pole to centromere and
supporting continuous fibres which run from pole to pole arrange in cell.
• Spindle fibre are composed of 97% during protein and 3% are RNA.
• Centromere lies at equator and arms remain attached towards poles.
• Chromosomal fibres have polarity i.e., + end at equator and - end at the pole.
In metaphase , chromosomes split lengthwise centromere.
• Two chromatids of the chromosome repulse each other and the arms of
chromosomes are directed towards the opposite poles.
• The process of bringing chromosomes over the equator is called congression.
Anaphase-
• Centromere split and chromatids separate.
• Chromosome with one chromatids move to opposite poles.
• Approximately 30 ATP are required to carry a chromosome to pole.
Telophase (Reverse prophase)-
• Chromosomes clusters at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost as
discrete elements.
• Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome clusters.
• Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reforms.
• The segregation of duplicated chromosome results in daughter nuclei.
Cytokinesis in Animal cell-
• In animal cells, cytokinesis takes place by Furrow method. It is achieved by the
presence of a furrow in the plasma membrane.
• The furrow gradually depends and ultimately joins in the centre dividing the cell
cytoplasm into two (centripetal order).
Cytokinesis in Plant cell-
• It takes place by cell plate formation because constriction is not possible due
to presence of rigid cell wall.
• In plant cell, wall formation starts in the centre of the cell and grows outward
to meet the existing lateral walls.
• The formation of new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple precursor,
called the cell plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls of two
adjacent cells.
• At the time of cytoplasmic division, organelles like mitochondria and plastids get
distributed between the two daughter cells.
• In some organisms karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis as a result of
which multinucleate condition arises leading to the formation of syncytium
(liquid endosperm of coconuts).
• Many Golgi vesicles and spindle microtubules arrange themselves on equator to
form phragmoplast.
• Membranes of Golgi vesicles fuses to form a plate-like structure called cell plate.
• Golgi vesicles secret calcium and magnesium pectate. Further cell plate is
modified into middle lamella.
• In plants, cytokinesis occurs in centrifugal order.

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