MV Overcurrent Relay Protection

Last Update Jun 2022

Switchgear
Switchgear
Grading Margin or Discrimination Margin Practice

TNB MV Practice
PMU Outgoing Trip time =< 1.2s
TMS =< 0.5
Discrimination Margin = 0.4s
PSM – Plug setting Multiplier
Signifies the severity of the current seen by the relay
PSM value of 1 is the nominal current seen by the relay
For PSM greater then 20 should be round down to 20
𝐼𝐹
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅 =
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

Standard Normal Inverse Relay Trip time Equation

0.14 3
𝑡𝑅 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑡𝑅 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃𝑆𝑀
PMU Outgoing Bus Trip time 1.2s
R1 R2 R3
CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS=75% PS=100% PS=100%
Trip=1.2s Trip= ? Trip=?
TMS=? TMS=? TMS=?

PMU 10kA SSU 6kA LPC

PMU Outgoing Bus Trip time 1.2s
R1 R2 R3
CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS=75% PS=100% PS=100%
Trip=1.2s TMS=? TMS=?
TMS=0.52

PMU 10kA SSU 6kA LPC

𝐼𝐹 0.14
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = 𝑡𝑅1 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
10000 𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
= = 22.22 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.52
600 75 0.14
× 100 × 5
5
 R1 R2 R3
CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS=75% PS=100% PS=100%
Trip=1.2s TMS=0.4 TMS=?
TMS=0.5

PMU 10kA SSU 6kA

6000 6000
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = = 13.33 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 20
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14
𝑡𝑅1 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 1.32𝑠 𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1 𝑇𝑀𝑆 =
0.14
𝑡𝑅2 = 1.32 − 0.4 = 0.92𝑠 = 0.4
SSU Bus trip time 0.92-0.4 = 0.52s
R1 R2 R3
CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS=75% PS=100% PS=100%
TMS=0.5 TMS=0.4 TMS=?

10kA 6kA
𝑡𝑅3 = 0.92 − 0.4 = 0.52𝑠
6000
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 20
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅3 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 =
0.14
= 0.23
Textbook Example
R1 R2 R3
CT=1000/1A CT=600/1A CT=600/1A
PS= ? PS= ? PS=75%
TMS=? TMS=? TMS=0.1

12kA 8kA
 Example
R1 R2 R3
CT=1000/1A CT=600/1A CT=600/1A
PS= ? PS= ? PS=75%
TMS=? TMS=? TMS=0.1

12kA 8kA

1.2 × 𝐶𝑇𝑅3 × 𝑃𝑆𝑅3 8000 𝑡𝑅2 = 0.24 + 0.3 = 0.54𝑠

𝑃𝑆𝑅2 = = 90% 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 17.77
𝐶𝑇𝑅2 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
8000
0.14 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 14.82
𝑡𝑅3 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.24𝑠 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.21
0.14
 Example
R1 R2 R3
CT=1000/1A CT=600/1A CT=600/1A
PS= ? PS= 90% PS=75%
TMS=? TMS=0.21 TMS=0.1

12kA 8kA

1.2 × 𝐶𝑇𝑅2 × 𝑃𝑆𝑅2 12000 𝑡𝑅1 = 0.46 + 0.3 = 0.78s

𝑃𝑆𝑅1 = = 65% 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 22.22
𝐶𝑇𝑅1 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
12000
0.14 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = = 18.46
𝑡𝑅2 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.48𝑠 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
PSM > 20 = 20 𝑇𝑀𝑆 =
0.14
= 0.33
 Downstream to Upstream Relay Setting Discussion
R2 R3
CT=1000/1A CT=600/1A
PS= 90% PS= 75%
TMS=? TMS=0.1

8kA

8000
𝑡𝑅2 = 0.24 + 0.3 = 0.54𝑠 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 17.77
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
8000 0.14
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 8.89 𝑡𝑅3 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.24𝑠
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.171
0.14
 Upstream to Downstream Relay Setting Discussion
R2 R3
CT=600/1A CT=600/1A
PS= 90% PS= 75%
TMS=0.21 TMS=?

8kA

8000 𝑡𝑅3 = 0.53 − 0.3 = 0.23𝑠

𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 14.82
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
8000
0.14 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 17.77
𝑡𝑅2 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.53𝑠 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1 𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.1
0.14
Overcurrent Relay 51P/50P
Protection with Transformer

R1 TX R2 R3 TX R4
CT=600/5A 33kV/11kV CT=300/5A CT=200/5A 11kV/0.4kV CT=2500/5A
PS=75% 30MVA PS=100% PS=75% 1MVA PS=100%
TMS= Z=10% TMS= TMS= Z=4.75% TMS=0.1
Fault Current

R1 TX R2 R3 TX R4
CT=600/5A 33kV/11kV CT=300/5A CT=200/5A 11kV/0.4kV CT=2500/5A
PS=75% 30MVA PS=100% PS=75% 1MVA PS=100%
TMS= Z=10% TMS= TMS= Z=4.75% TMS=0.1

15.75kA 30kA
𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑀𝑉𝐴 100
𝐼𝑓(3∅) = 𝐼𝑓(3∅) = ×
𝑍 𝑘𝑉𝐿 3 𝑍(%)

𝑀𝑉𝐴 100 1𝑀𝑉𝐴 100

𝐼𝑓(3∅) = × = 15.75𝑘𝐴 𝐼𝑓(3∅) = × = 30kA
𝑘𝑉𝐿 3 𝑍(%) 0.4𝑘𝑉𝐿 3 4.75
Relay R3 Setting

R1 TX R2 R3 TX R4
CT=600/5A 33kV/11kV CT=300/5A CT=200/5A 11kV/0.4kV CT=2500/5A
PS=75% 30MVA PS=100% PS=75% 1MVA PS=100%
TMS= Z=10% TMS= TMS= Z=4.75% TMS=0.1

15.75kA 30kA
30000
𝑡𝑅3 = 0.27 + 0.4 = 0.67𝑠 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅4 = = 12
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
30000 0.4
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = × = 7.27 0.14
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 11 𝑡𝑅4 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.27𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.19
0.14
Relay R2 Setting

R1 TX R2 R3 TX R4
CT=600/5A 33kV/11kV CT=300/5A CT=200/5A 11kV/0.4kV CT=2500/5A
PS=75% 30MVA PS=100% PS=75% 1MVA PS=100%
TMS= Z=10% TMS= TMS=0.19 Z=4.75% TMS=0.1

15.75kA 30kA
𝑡𝑅2 = 0.43 + 0.4 = 0.83𝑠 15750
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 105
15750 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 52.5
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 0.14
𝑡𝑅3 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.43𝑠
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1) 𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.37
0.14
 Relay R1 Setting

R1 TX R2 R3 TX R4
CT=600/5A 33kV/11kV CT=300/5A CT=200/5A 11kV/0.4kV CT=2500/5A
PS=75% 30MVA PS=100% PS=75% 1MVA PS=100%
TMS=0.44 Z=10% TMS=0.37 TMS=0.19 Z=4.75% TMS=0.1

15.75kA 30kA
𝑡𝑅1 = 0.83 + 0.4 = 1.23𝑠

15750 11
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = × = 11.67
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆 33

𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.44
0.14
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 3 × 11 × 15.75 = 300𝑀𝑉𝐴
Earth Fault Relay (64, 51G, 51N, 50G, 50N)
Earth/Ground Fault Demo

Unbalanced Fault
Single line to Ground Fault (SLG)
Double line to Ground Fault (DLG)
Leads to Neutral-Earth current
Earth Fault Relay
Earth Fault Relay
 Earth Fault Relay
R1
CT=200/5A
PS= 20%
TMS=0.1

325A

325
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = = 8.125
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

0.14
𝑡𝑅1 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.33𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/112965-earth-fault-relay-51n-50n
 Earth Fault Relay Setting
R1 R2 R3 R4
CT=1600/5A CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20%
tR1 = 1.6s TMS= TMS=? TMS=? TMS=?

1600A 1000A

1600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = =5
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.37
0.14
 Earth Fault Relay Setting
R1 R2 R3 R4
CT=1600/5A CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20%
tR1 = 1.6s TMS= TMS=? TMS=? TMS=?

1600A 1000A

1600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = =5
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.37
0.14
 Earth Fault Relay Setting
R1 R2 R3 R4
CT=1600/5A CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20%
tR1 = 1.6s TMS=0.37 TMS=0.45 TMS=? TMS=?

1600A 1000A

𝑡𝑅2 = 1.6 − 0.4 = 1.2𝑠

1600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 13.33
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.45
0.14
 Earth Fault Relay Setting
R1 R2 R3 R4
CT=1600/5A CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20%
tR1 = 1.6s TMS=0.37 TMS=0.46 TMS=0.43 TMS=?

1600A 1000A

1000
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 8.33 𝑡𝑅3 = 1.45 − 0.4 = 1.05𝑠
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14 1000
𝑡𝑅2 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 1.45𝑠 𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 16.67
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1 𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅3 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.43
0.14
 Earth Fault Relay Setting
R1 R2 R3 R4
CT=1600/5A CT=600/5A CT=300/5A CT=300/5A
PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20% PS= 20%
tR1 = 1.6s TMS=0.37 TMS=0.46 TMS=0.45 TMS=0.27

1600A 1000A

𝑡𝑅4 = 1.05 − 0.4 = 0.65𝑠

1000
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅4 = = 16.67
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅4 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.27
0.14
Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay (OCEF)
Text Book Example R3 TMS=0.2, set OCEF relay

LLL 1600A LLL 1370A

LG 600A LG 800A
Overcurrent Relay Setting
150 − 100 − 20 = 30𝑀𝑉𝐴
30𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝐿3 = = 131.2
132𝑘𝑉 × 3
131.2
𝑃𝑆𝑅3 = = 66%
200

150 − 100 = 50𝑀𝑉𝐴

50𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝐿2 = = 218.7
132𝑘𝑉 × 3
218.7
𝑃𝑆𝑅2 = = 44%
500

𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐹𝐿1 = = 656.1
132𝑘𝑉 × 3
LLL 1600A LLL 1370A
LG 600A LG 800A 656.1
𝑃𝑆𝑅1 = = 66%
1000
Overcurrent Relay Setting

1370
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 10.37
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14
𝑡𝑅3 = × 𝑇𝑀𝑆 = 0.58𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1

𝑡𝑅2 = 0.58 + 0.4 = 0.98𝑠

1370
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 6.2
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.26
0.14

LLL 1600A LLL 1370A

LG 600A LG 800A
Overcurrent Relay Setting

1600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = = 7.27
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14
𝑡𝑅2 = × 0.26 = 0.9𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1

𝑡𝑅1 = 0.9 + 0.4 = 1.3𝑠

1600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = = 2.42
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.17
0.14

LLL 1600A LLL 1370A

LG 600A LG 800A
Earth Fault Relay Setting TMS R3=0.2 & PS R1=R2=R3=20%

800
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅3 = = 20
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14
𝑡𝑅3 = × 0.2 = 0.45𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1

𝑡𝑅2 = 0.45 + 0.4 = 0.85𝑠

800
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = =8
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

𝑡𝑅2 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.26
0.14
LLL 1600A LLL 1370A
LG 600A LG 800A
Earth Fault Relay Setting TMS R3=0.2 & PS R1=R2=R3=20%

600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅2 = =6
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆
0.14
𝑡𝑅2 = × 0.26 = 1𝑠
𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1

𝑡𝑅1 = 1 + 0.4 = 1.4𝑠

600
𝑃𝑆𝑀𝑅1 = =3
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑃𝑆

𝑡𝑅1 × (𝑃𝑆𝑀0.02 − 1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 = = 0.22
0.14
LLL 1600A LLL 1370A
LG 600A LG 800A
Determine the operating time of the relay for fault currents of 400 A and 800 A, if the relay used is
IDMT relay (Normal Inverse) lowset or PS is set at 75% and the time multiplier is set at 0.1. A high set
instantaneous relay is inbuilt and set at x10 of the low set or PS.
Fault Location
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
4,5,6 Bus fault on Bus C No
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
2,3 Bus fault on Bus B No
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
6,8 Line fault between breakers 6 and 8 No
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
4,5,8 Bus fault on Bus C Breaker 6 failed to trip
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
3,7,8 Bus fault on Bus C Relay 87 of Bus C failed
OR
Line fault between breakers 3 and 4 Breaker 4 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 5 and 7 Breaker 5 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 6 and 8 Breaker 6 failed to trip
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
1,4 Line fault between breakers 1 and 2 Breaker 2 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 3 and 4 Breaker 3 failed to trip
OR
Bus fault on Bus B Relay 87 of Bus B failed
Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
1,3 Bus fault on Bus B Breaker 2 failed to trip
Fault Location Summary
Case Breakers Fault Location Failure of Relaying
Tripped
A 4,5,6 Bus fault on Bus C No
B 2,3 Bus fault on Bus B No
C 6,8 Line fault between breakers 6 and 8 No
D 4,5,8 Bus fault on Bus C Breaker 6 failed to trip
E 3,7,8 Bus fault on Bus C Relay 87 of Bus C failed
OR
Line fault between breakers 3 and 4 Breaker 4 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 5 and 7 Breaker 5 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 6 and 8 Breaker 6 failed to trip
F 1,4 Line fault between breakers 1 and 2 Breaker 2 failed to trip
OR
Line fault between breakers 3 and 4 Breaker 3 failed to trip
OR
Bus fault on Bus B Relay 87 of Bus B failed
G 1,3 Bus fault on Bus B Breaker 2 failed to trip
Q&A Session