CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Surveys along a comparatively narrow strip of territory for the location, design and

construction of any route of transportation, such as high ways and railroads,

aqueducts, canals and flumes, pipelines for water, sewage, oil and gas, cable ways

and belt conveyors power, telephone and telegraph transmission line is called route

surveying route surveying includes all field work and requisite calculations,

together with maps, profiles and other drawings.

Route surveys are done with two main aims (1) determining the best general route

between the termini and (2) fixing the alignment grades and other details of the

selected route.

A comprehensive route survey consists of the following sequence of surveys:

1) Reconnaissance of the terrain between the termini.

2) Preliminary surveys over one or more locations along the general route

recommended in the reconnaissance report.

Route survey comprises of all survey operation required for design and

construction of engineering works such as highways, pipelines or railways. Route

survey supplies data necessary to determine alignments, grading, and earthwork

quantities for design and construction of various engineering projects.

1
Road is part of social amenities which their construction is a design of road

location, road is a common way of transportation which plays a vital role in the

development of states, town or villages.

It is practicable impossible to survey a road without reconnaissance,

Reconnaissance is the necessary survey to carry out on project site in order to

become familiar with the site. Reconnaissance survey is the most important of the

series of surveys mentioned in page one (1) paragraph 3. A considerable amount of

time and expense may be saved on unusable instrument surveys if the most

desirable line is obtained during the reconnaissance. A very thorough and

exhaustive examination of the whole area should be made to ensure that no

possible route has been overlooked. This survey is about an area and the result of

this survey is not only to determine the feasibility but provide a profile through

cross-sectioning and for selecting the most feasible route for a proposed road.

The most important aspect in route survey alignment project is the establishment of

horizontal vertical control required for connecting the route survey and the

planning design and constructions.

The Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa state is a higher institution for

learning in terms of education; it was established mainly to train the students both

in practical and theory aspects of their respective discipline. The project site is

situated in this institution and the project topic is route survey with cross sectioning

from Medical Centre to Polytechnic Staff Quarter of Federal Polytechnic

Nasarawa, Nasarawa State. Which we are to carry out traverse and leveling
2
respectively and at the end of the entire work a map showing the route and its

cross-sectional area will be produced.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The major road that is recognized is that which runs from the school gate down to

the proposed administrative block, though the road which runs from federal

polytechnic junction down to the federal polytechnic staff quarters Nasarawa,

Nasarawa State which was not a major road but a proposed road. As student it is

imperative that we know how to undertake this aspect of project as engineering

survey, hence the need to undertake the task.

Here the statement of the problem is how do we go about getting the data for the;

1. The longitudinal and cross sectioning of the road.

2. The co-ordinates along the centre line of the road alignment.

3. The profile level of the route.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

The aim of the project is to educate and enlighten the writer to the practical aspect

on route survey and cross sectioning with other valuable information for road

engineers to carry out works on the proposed route to be constructed

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives are as follows:

3
1. To establish coordinates at each of the chainage points using Theodolite

traversing.

2. To establish the center line using the coordinate of the chainage points.

3. To run level at right angle to the center line at both side i.e. left and right.

1.4 MEMBER OF SURVEY TEAM

The survey team consists of all the group members who carried out the survey job,

and they include:

1. ANTAH BENEDICT NSUV/0232

2. PRINCE BAJJU FRANCIS NSUV/0229

3. MUSA DANJUMA EJIM NSUV/0230

4. ADAMU MANSIR NSUV/0231

5. SHUAIBU OPEYEMI DORCAS NSUV/0233

6. AHMED ROYIZA RAHANAT NSUV/0234

7. UMAR HAJARA BABA NSUV/0235

8. DAVID BENSON NSUV/0236

9. SAIDU MUHAMMED SAIDU NSUV/0237

10.ETIM ROSEMARY EKPO NSUV/0238

11.HASSAN ABUBAKAR HABU-ALAGO NSUV/0239

12.WISDOM ISAAC AKUYE NSUV/0240

13.OLUFEYISAN DAMILOLA KUDUS NSUV/0242

4
 14.SIYAKA KHASIM ADEIZA NSUV/0243

15.AMUJO MERCY IRETI NSUV/0244

16.EMMANUEL OGBENE ROSE NSUV/0245

1.5 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The main purpose of this project work is to carry out the route survey with cross

section from Medical Centre to Polytechnic Staff Quarter of Federal Polytechnic

Nasarawa, Nasarawa State.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is that at the end of the entire practical field work

plan/maps showing the cross-sectional and longitudinal section of the road will be

shown for future use and costing when the need arises.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

❖ Reconnaissance

❖Chainage marking at 30m interval along the center line of route

❖ Height determination (leveling)

❖ Theodolite observation

❖ Cross sectioning

❖ Computation of field observations

❖ Data processing

❖ Analysis and

❖Plotting with a suitable scale.

5
❖ All other things that deemed necessary for this project to be complete.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Back Sight (B.S): Is the first reading taken on the staff after setting up the level

usually to determine the height of instrument.

Beacons: A survey beacon is defined as a permanents survey mark of any kind of

iron, concrete or stone.

Change Point (C.P): Change point is the point where both the foresight and back-

sight are taken during leveling operation.

Circle Reading: They are calibrated in degrees, minute and seconds used for

angular readings.

Co-ordinates: Is the position of any points relative to some axis usually

intersecting at right angles.

Cross Section Level (C.S.L): Is to determine the differences of elevation on the

ground surface along the line at right angle to the centre line.

Data: Are given information used to produce a desired result.

Easting (E): Is the easting for a given meridian.

Face Right (FL): This is when the vertical circle is on the left telescope at the time

of observation.

Face Right (FR): This is when the vertical circle is on the right telescope at the

time of observation

Foot Screws: Is used for leveling Theodolite operation

6
Fore Sight (F.S): It is the last reading from an instrument position on to a staff

held at a point.

Height of Instrument (H.I): This is the elevation of line of sight with respect to

the assumed datum.

Instrument Station Position: (I.S.P): Is the point where instrument is set up for

observation.

Intermediate Sight (I.S): Intermediate sight covers all sightings and staff reading

made between back-sight and foresight within each station.

Leveling Screws: Used for setting instrument

Leveling: Is defined as a means by which a comparison of the heights of points on

the earth surface is made.

Northing (N): Is the distance northward for a given meridian.

Plane Bubble: Used to set horizontal axis of the instrument on the horizontal

plane.

Reconnaissance: Is the visitation to the proposed site in order to be familiar with

the site.

Reduced Level: Reduced level of a point is its height or depth above or below the

datum.

Route Survey: this is the method of survey of determining parts of a proposed

road in order to portray the relief of the path and is the type or method of survey

used in road construction.

7
Surveying: Can be defined as the science of determining the position in three

dimensions of natural and man-made features on or beneath the earth surface.

Theodolite: Is an instrument used in measuring horizontal and vertical angles

Traversing: Is a method of surveying that involves fixing of points by sequences

of distance and angular measurement.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Route survey consists of determining ground configuration and the location of

object with and along a proposed route, establishing linear alignment of the route

and determining volumes of earthwork required for construction [OJIGI 2008].

This chapter deals mainly on the review of works carried out on these areas and

equally some scholar’s research on some project and definitions of some relevant

terms.

According to Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R. Wolf, (year) when and where? An

accurate topographic survey and site map are the first requirement in design streets,

sewer and water lines and structure. Survey then layout positions these facilities

according to the design plan. A final “as built” map incorporating any modification

made to the design plans, is prepared during and after construction and field. Such

maps are extremely important, especially where underground utilities are involved,

to assure that they can be located quickly if double developed and that they later

will not be disturb by later improvements.

N.N. Basak (2006) carried a primary investigation to examine whether road is

necessary? Total population benefited by the project and number of roads,

complexes, etc. to be connected. Any other information related to the project

should be noted after primary investigation regarding the justification of

constructing a new road the tentative alignments are marked on the map of the area

9
through which it is expected to pass. The proposed road should connect a sufficient

number of villages, town, industrial places and places of religious importance.

Route surveying is needed for the purpose of selecting the best route between 2

termini or end stations, and to find the most suitable combination of alignment,

gradient and other details of the selected route.

According to Ramsey, Y.R Wilson (1977) believed that when there is need for

design of route to be carried out different types of plan must be acquired to enable

such design to be approximately done, such plan is cadastral and topographical

map.

Ground level route survey has been extensively used for centuries in mapping

inaccessible areas. In the 20th century aerial route surveying (instrumental and less

frequently, exploratory surveying from the air, particularly during aero visual

observations) has come to be used in addition to ground level route surveying.

Route surveys made from aircraft are done principally as sets of survey jobs to

supplement a comprehensive aerial survey; this is done on a larger scale and under

different surveying conditions (for purpose of singling out particular objects).

Aerial route surveying is also done for such specific purposes as regarding the ice

conditions at the sea, the boundaries of river flooding, and the centers of forest

fires. L.M.Gol’Dman(1979).

10
2.1 EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK

The ambition nature gas pipeline project entered its practical phrase in Pakistan

after the process of initiating front – end – engineering and design (FEED) route

survey was formally inaugurated last year.

PM attends first leg of TAPI’s link up groundbreaking ceremony in Shahabad

Pioneer Consulting oceanographic expert have recently completed the management

of the marine route survey of the lake Ontario which has collected bathymetric data

and soil samples that will help establish the most reliable route for cable.

Pioneer Consulting directs Crosslake Fiber’s lake Ontario subsea cable system

project services based on the route survey performed by the Italian flag R/V Odin

finder; a feasible corridor has been designed that allows the 1,000MW cable to be

laid at deaths of up to 3,000 meters.

Construction of the Euro Asia Interconnector to begin in 2017. But we have not

finished the deep route survey yet,” the source said, stressing the project was not

shelved because of the changes.

Gas pipeline to Oman grows in cost as UAE vetoes route informing the house

about progress made so far on the project, he said that Bankable Feasibility Study,

Front End Engineering Design (FEED), route Reconnaissance and Detailed Route

survey (DRS), social Environmental impact Assessment (SEIA), and work on

installation of concrete markers on right of way has been completed.

A route survey project from the federal polytechnic Nasarawa Medical Centre

down to the federal polytechnic staff quarters was carried out by the National
11
Diploma final year students of Surveying and Geo-informatics department of the

federal polytechnic Nasarawa school of Environmental Studies. The project was

carried out according to the departmental specifications using Theodolite, leveling

machine/leveling staff, measuring tape (100m), to determine the horizontal and

vertical distances and angles and to also determine or establish the centre line for

alignment and for profile and cross sectioning obtaining the heights of each

chainage points both right and left angle of the centre line finally, AutoCAD

software was used for plotting and presentation of data as an end product (plan) for

the project work.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the personnel’s, instrument used, instrument test,

reconnaissance, traversing, detailing, and also data acquisition for road alignment

and existing ground level.

13
14
3.2 STUDY AREA

The area is located within the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa State. The

project site is situated between Medical Centre to Polytechnic Staff Quarter of

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa State.

Geographically it is located approximately between latitude 08° 32' 47.18'' N and

08° 32' 57'' N and longitude 07° 43' 50.55'' E and 07° 43' 36'' E. Nasarawa State is

centrally located in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The state lies between

latitude 7° 45' and 9° 25' N of the equator and between longitude 7° and 9° 37' E of

the Greenwich Meridian.

3.3 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

The following instruments were used in the execution of this project.

a. Tripod Stand

b. Ranging Poles

c. Theodolite

d. Spirit Level

e. Linear Tape (100m)

f. Field book

g. Pen and Pencil.

15
3.4 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

Pragmatically, for any Theodolite to be in good working condition five tests and

possibly adjustment is required. Such as: index error, Diaphragm, Collimation,

Trunion axis and plate bubble text and adjustment.

TYPES OF THEODOLITE ADJUSTMENT

There are two types of adjustment of a Theodolite namely:

i. Temporary Adjustment

ii. Permanent Adjustment

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT: These are adjustment carried out to a

Theodolite either at every new station before observation start or on every pointing

to a new target. They are adjustment like the centering of a Theodolite over a

station mark, the leveling of the Theodolite using the plate and the elimination of

parallax using the focusing knob at the time of sighting an object before readings

are taken

CENTERING: The following steps are observed in centering:

i. Suspend the plumb bob by attaching it to the hook fitted to the button of the

instrument vertical axis.

ii. Place the Theodolite over the station mark ensuring that the height of instrument

is convenient to the observer.

iii. Using the tripod legs set the plumb bob to rest over the station mark, by moving

them gently.

16
iv. To ensure proper centering of the plumb bob over the station mark the

instrument is unclamped and rotated till the plumb bob is over the station mark.

LEVELLING A THEODOLITE: The requirement in the Theodolite geometry

that the vertical axis should be truly vertical, and should pass through the station

mark, made it necessary to level the instrument, the following steps are used in

leveling the instrument.

i. Make the longitudinal axis of the plate level to be parallel to any two-foot screw.

Ii Bring the plate bubble to the center of its run by turning the two-foot screw

simultaneously.

iii. Then turn the instrument through 90° so that the plate bubble is perpendicular

to its previous position.

iv. Using the third foot screw only bring back the bubble to the center of its run.

v. Again, turn back the instrument to its previous position and use the two-foot

screw to set.

FOCUSING: These were achieved by the use of Theodolite gun sight and the

slow-motion screw both for horizontal and vertical movement of the cross hair to

bisect perfectly.

PERMANENT ADJUSTMENT

This kind of Theodolite adjustment is constructed using utmost precision and care,

it is made to stand the rigors of harsh conditions, however, as a result of the use the

Theodolite is put to some of its permanent features are affected. Since the

geometry of the Theodolite is disrupted, hence adjustment has to be carried out.

The aim of this test is to see whether the line of sight is truly horizontal when the

circular bubble is centered. In other to achieve this, the instrument was centered

and leveled at a point which is in between two points at equal interval. The

readings were then taken then at a variable distance from the instrument, reading

was equally taken and compares’ is made from the data collected.

ADJUSTING THE OPTICAL PLUMMET: Accurately center the theodolite

over a ground point by means of a plumb line inserted in the center fixing screw.

Make the vertical axis truly vertical by use of the horizontal axis.

Carefully remove the plumb line and determine whether the ground point appears

exactly in the center of the small circle. If not, this can be corrected by means of

the capstan head adjusting pen. This pen is inserted in the screw heads, and the

screws are adjusted by first loosening the screw away from the direction in which

the hole is to be moved and then tightening the screw on the same side as the

desired direction of movement.

TESTING AND ADJUSTING THE TRIPOD: Set up and level the instrument.

Point to a well defined object. Twist the tripod head gently both ways and sight the

object again. If the horizontal angle changes after setting, the tripod has developed

looseness and the tripod must be adjusted, repaired or replaced.

See that no play exists at the junction of the wood and metal parts. If play exists, it

should be eliminated by tightening the hexagonal nuts found on the foot plates and

exteriors of the tripod head.

the head of the tripod. When released from a horizontal position, the legs should

fall to an angle of about 45° and remain there.

DIAPHRAGM (CROSS HAIR)

To provide positive and visible horizontal and vertical reference lines in the

telescope, a diaphragm is inserted in front of the eyepiece in a plane at right angle

to the optical axis; there are many ways of providing diaphragm in a telescope of

an instrument, as shown in the diagram below. They are referred to by such names

as cross hair.

DIAPHRAGM ADJUSTMENT: The diaphragm adjustment of an instrument has

horizontal and vertical cross hairs engraved in it, which are truly at right angle.

VERTICAL GRATICULE (CROSS HAIR)

Having set up and level the instrument.

i. Mark a well-defined object some distance apart, then sight the point with one end

of the vertical cross hair.

ii. Elevate the telescope until the marked object is at the other end of the vertical

cross hair.

iii. If the object is not on the other ends of the vertical cross hair then it needs

turning by half the error.

iv. To adjust the graticule, slacken the four graticule adjustment screws and then

tap each of the four screws in turn in the direction in which the graticule needs

turning.
19
v. Tighten the screw and repeat i, ii and iii

vi. Check by transiting the telescope and repeating i, ii and iii

NOTE: The horizontal cross hair is at right angle to the vertical cross hairs; hence

an adjustment on one takes care of the other.

Diagram of different diaphragm

VERTICAL INDEX ERROR

These error will be present when there is a slope angle while the telescope is

horizontal.

TEST

I. Sight and bisect a target on face left.

II. Record the vertical circle reading and deduce vertical angle.

III. Transit and bisect the same target on face right.

IV. Again, record the vertical circle reading and deduce the vertical angle.

V. Angle deduce in ii and iv should be equal.

VI. If the difference is not equal, then there exist, vertical index error which is

equal to half the diffefence of the two reading.

I. While on the face right set the vertical reading such that the vertical angle

is the reading on the face left plus reading on face right divided by two,

with the use of altitude bubble levelling screw.

II. The bubble is re-levelled using adjustment screw.

III. Repeat the test and adjust,ment till there is no error.

TRUNION AXIS ERROR

This error occurs when the transit axis is not at right angle to the vertical axis of

rotation (mostly carried out to instrument with trunion axis adjustment screw).

TEST

I. Set up and level the instrument carefully firm on the ground.

II. Observe an angle at a steep angle of elevation (preferably over 45*) such

as a small mark on a nearbuilding and bring the cross hair exactly upon

it.

III. Depress the telescope and place on the ground at right angle to the

telescope scale which can be easilt read.

IV. Take the reading of the scale at the point where the vertical hair crosses

it.

V. Turn uthe instrument 180* horizontal and transit the telescope.

VI. Again, sight the elevated object.

21
 VII. Depress the telescope and again read the scale, if the two reading are not

the same there iis an error in the transit axis.

ADJUSTMENT

I. Loosen the clamping screw of the axis bearing and turn the adjustment

screw under the bearing of a small fraction of revolution in an anti-

clockwise direction, so as to halve the apparent error.

II. Check by repeating steps ii, iii, iv, vi and vii above, with circle left and

circle right and repeat adjustment if necessary.

PLATE BUBBLE TEST

Plate bubble error is an error of adjustment that affect the horizontal angleoved to

elevated target, these errors occurs when the theodolite is not levelled properly.

ADJUSTMENT

This adjustment is to set the vertical axis of the instrument truly vertical. The

bubble on the upper plate must be in the center of its run when the upper plate is

horizontal .

Since the upper plate and vertical axis are always truly at right angle , then the

vertical axis will be truly vertical when the upper plate has been made truly

horizontal, the following steps were observed.

22
 I. The following is set up firm on the ground with its legs well apart firmly

on the ground.

II. The plate bubble is made paralell to any pair of foot screw, and the

bubble is brought to the centre of its run.

III. the bubble is then turned to 900 and brought to the centre by turning the

third foot screw.

IV. Repeat ii and iii several times until the bubble is perfetly centered in the

two positions.

V. Then turn the bubble through 180 about the vertical axis.

VI. If the bubble does not remain in the center position aften step v and

amout of deviation is noted say it is 2n division left or right.

VII. Adjust by half the total deviation.

VIII. Adjust the remaining half using the appropriate screw.

IX. Repeat test and adjustment till there is no error.

HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION: These are the requirement that the line of

sight of a Theodolite should be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

TEST

I. Sight and bisect a target on face left.

II. Record the horizontal circle reading.

III. Transit and bisect the same target on face right.

IV. Again, record the horizontal circle reading.

VI. If the difference is not 180, then there exists horizontal collimation error.

ADJUSTMENT

I. While on face right set the horizontal circle reading to the last reading face

right plus or minus the error calculated, using the horizontal slow-motion

screw.

II. Re-bisect the target using the diaphragm adjustment screw.

III. Repeat test and adjustment till there is no error.

3.5 RELIABILY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument put use was tested and found to be in good order hence, it is

adjudged to be reliable. In testing the reliability of the Theodolite, it was mounted

on a known station point and observation was made to another known point (it

must however be noted that, the basic setting were carried out on the Theodolite

i.e., setting of the orientation), the values gotten was very okay. Although, there are

little discrepancies to the readings in both Face Left(FL) and Face Right(FR0, this

could be as a result of bisection or the person holding the Ranging Pole or the point

at which the Ranging Pole is placed on the monumented point. Basically, the

difference is relatively insignificant judging from the other which is the third order.

24
 III.6 PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION

In collecting the field data, the field operation was carried out in phases, the first

phase involves the extension of controls and the perimeter boundary of the project

site. In doing this, the instrument was set on SUR 1 which is one of the control

points, at this instrument station, all necessary temporary adjustment was carried

out on the instrument (this is to allow both the vertical and horizontal axis of the

instrument to be at right angle to each other). After the setup, the Theodolite was

put in the whereby, the observation can be observed on both face of the instrument.

The ranging pole on Control Point SUR 2 was bisected on face left, turning

clockwise, the ranging pole on Peg 1 was bisected on the same face left, transiting

the telescope of the Theodolite to face right, the ranging pole at Peg 1 was bisected

again and turning the instrument clock-wisely, the ranging pole at Control Point

SUR 2 was the bisected, this complete the set of observation on that particular

instrument station (it must however be noted that at each instrument station, the

horizontal circle reading was recorded for both the back and forward station, while

the horizontal distance to the forward station was measured and recorded. The

instrument was then moved to the forward station, in this case at Peg 1, the

instrument was properly leveled and centered on station Peg 1, the observation

were carried out on both faces of the Theodolite and recorded. This process was

repeated at every instrument station until the entire boundary points were occupied

and the traverse closed on the control point on SUR 1.

25
3.2 Procedure for Profile and Cross Sectional Leveling

a. Setting up a Dumpy Level:

i. Setting up the tripod involves standing it upright, releasing

the screws clamps on the legs and extending the top of the

tripod to about the forehead level of the user.

ii. The screw clamps are tightened; the legs are spread and

pushed firmly into the ground.

iii. Selected clamps may now be loosened to allow rough

leveling of the top of the tripod and these are of course re-

tightened prior to fixing the instrument. The tripod plate

should be reasonably level at this point.

iv. The level is attached to the tripod using a brass screw thread

and handle, which is part of the tripod assembly. The screw

housing on the base of the instrument ensures that the

instrument is securely fixed, but should never be over

tightened.

Procedure for carry out leveling

The level set up at a convenient point close to the benchmark (SUR4) whose height

was known. The back sight reading was made on the benchmark and recorded.

Staff was held at the centre line of the road at zero chainage and the reading taken.

The staff man on the left hand side of the centre line moved to the identified points
26
and the observations were made and recorded. The staff man at the right hand side

of the centre line was directed to hold the staff at the marked points for the cross

section and the staff readings on the points were taken. The staff men moved to

chainage 30m and one held the staff at the points and the reading on the centre line

was taken. The reading at the right and left side were taken for the cross sectioning.

All the above readings except the first reading (backsight) were entered as

intermediate heights. Several intermediate sights were read until it was no longer

possible to continue because the line of sight was grazing on the ground and there

was no visibility of the staff, or that the readings on the staff were not clearly

seen. Then a foresight was taken at a change point (CP), and the staff man

remained at the point until the observer moved the level to a new convenient point,

set the level and read the back sight. The staff man took their next positions as

marked, and readings were taken at the centre line (left and right) for cross

sections. Apart from making observations at regular intervals of 30m, levels were

also read at points where sudden changes in elevations occur, such as curves and

edge of the roads. The leveling continued in this process (as described above) until

the observations on the road work were completed.

The observation (Leveling) closed at another benchmark (SUR2) whose height is

known.

III.7 PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

3.7.1 Reduction of Observations.

forward and back bearing of each line. In this case , the difference between the

eforward and back bearing of some lines remained 180* showing that their

terminal stations are both free of local attraction. At the same time the difference

between the forward and back bearing of some were not exactly by 180*, and such

lines were adjusted .

3.7.2 Reduction of Levels

Two methods are used in reducing levels, which include:

(1.) The rise and fall method and

(2.) The height of collimation method.

In this work, the height of collimation method was used. In this method, the back

sight to the benchmark (SUR2) was added to the reduced level of the benchmark

and a height of collimation was determined. From this height of collimation of

instrument set up, all the intermediate sights and the foresights taken at the

instrument were used to determine the reduced level of each point by subtracting

the first intermediate reading from the height of collimation, the second

intermediate reading, the third, until the foresight is substracted. At the end of this

series, the back sight to reading from a new instrument station was added to the

reduced level of last staff position, and a neew height of collimation was obtained.

This process continued until all the reduced levels were determined.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION RESULT

This chapter explains in detail how levels, liner measurements, angular

measurement, coordinate etc. were analyzed, processed and presented. It also

explain the field work done in the collection of data, organization of these data and

it’s processing into useful information that was used in production of a digital map

depicting the study area.

4.1 Traverse Computation

Traverse computation is the back bone of the surveying computation; these will

help the student in most area of surveying. The computation consists of the

following

i. Checking and reduction of the observed angle

ii. Application of correction to the observed angle

iii. Computation and adjustment of bearing

iv. Computation and adjustment of co – ordinate.

Traverse computation can be achieved by using either transit rule or Bowditch

method.

29
 Table 4.1.1 Example on how the booking was carried out

STN SIGHT FAC HVR HA VCR VA HD

SURV FR 65ºO1′15″

PEG PEG2 FR 194º14′17 129º13′12 91º38′00″ 4º29′45 154.7

1 ″ ″ ″ 2

PEG2 FL 14º12′22″ 129º13′22 269º19′00 4º41′00

″ ″ ″

SURV FL 244º59′00

2 ″

4.2 Computation of un-adjusted Coordinate:

After deducting the angles, we then compute for the forward and backward bearing

of the initial points from the given coordinates and had gotten successfully, it is

this initial bearing we used in computing the other forward bearing of the points.

The total angular misclosure was checked using the job specification of 30″√n

where (n) is the number of stations. The angular errors were distributed between

each bearing. The adjusted forward bearing in conjunction with the distance was

used to get the difference in nothing and easting use for the provisional coordinates

or what is referred to as the uncorrected coordinate.

Lcosθ=ΔN

Lsinθ=ΔE

Where ΔN= Difference in Northing between two points

ΔE= Difference in Easting between two points and

θ = Forward Bearing

Using the initial coordinate given, we add or subtract the. AAF from it to get the

uncorrected northing coordinates, and we equally do the same thing to get the

uncorrected easting coordinate. The closing easting and northing were compared,

with the difference distributed using arithmetic mean to each uncorrected northing

and easting coordinate to get the final coordinate of each point.

4.3 Back computation

Back computation: Simply means the reduction of changing in northing (ΔN) and

changing in easting (ΔE), bearing and distance from the adjusted coordinates. The

back bearing is computed using the following:

ΔN=N2-N1

ΔE=E2-E1

Tanθ =ΔE/ΔN

31
θ= Tan‾ˡ (ΔE/ΔN)

D = √(ΔE)²+(ΔN)²

Where D = Distance

Table 1.8 Data of controls used

STN NORTHING EATING

SURV1 946811.730 358926.406

SURV2 946819.O7O 358834.089

ΔN=N2-N1

ΔE=E2-E1

Tanθ =ΔE/ΔN

θ= Tan‾ˡ (ΔE/ΔN)

D = √(ΔE)²+(ΔN)²

Where D = Distance

ΔE=358834.089-358926.408

ΔE= -92.319

32
ΔN=946819.070 - 946811.730

ΔN=7.340

Tanθ= -92.319/7.340

Tanθ=(-12.57752044)

θ =Tan‾ˡ(-12.57752044)

θ=94º32′45″.06

D √(-92.319)²+(7.340)²

D=√ (8522.797761+53.8756)

D=√8576.673361, D=92.61m

Linear misclosure= √(∑ΔN)²+(∑ΔE)²

∑Distance

Linear misclosure= 1

√(0.025)²+(0.009)²

1541.829

Linear misclosure= 1

√(0.000706)
33
 1541.829

Linear misclosure = 1

58,000

Linear misclosure = 1:58,000

Angular misclosure (Allowable)

30″√n

Where n = Total number of stations

n=11

00º00″30″√11

00º00′30″×3.31662479

Angular Misclosure = 00º01′39.5’’

4.4 Leveling computation

The leveling computation is done using height of instrument method, the height of

instrument also known as height of collimation. The table below represents the

computation for leveling: the Table 1.9 below represents leveling readings

obtained from the field.

STN B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remark

point

0.991 212.574

0.912 212.653

0.991 212.547

1.618 211.947

1.501 212.064

1.581 211.984

2.199 211.366

2.010 211.555

1.898 211.667

2.751 210.814

2.637 210.928

2.266 211.305

35
B.M 0.739 213.369 C. Point

ARITHMETIC CHECK

Last R.L-First R.L=∑B.S-∑F.S

L.R.L=213.369

F.R.L=213.455

∑B.S=13.381

∑F.S=13.467

231.369-213.455= (-0.O86m)

13.381-13.467= (-0.086m)

After all the computation and reduction of level readings was properly done, there

was an error of (-0.086m) which are still within the acceptable/allowable error.

MISCLOSURE IN LEVELING

24mm√k

Where k is the total distance in kilometer,

k=600m, k=0.6km

24mm√ 0.6

36
24×0.7745966=18.59mm

18.59/1000=(0.01859012m)

Misclosure =(0.019m) Which is acceptable/allowable.

i. Angular misclosure =(00º00′35″.9)

ii. Linear misclosure =(1:58,000)

iii. Misclosure in leveling=(0.019m)

iv. Arithmetic check in leveling=(-0.086m)

v. ∑TeN=0.025

vi. ∑TeE=0.009

4.5 Plotting

In carrying out the plotting of this project work, the AutoCAD 2009 was used. The

AutoCAD software was lunched and all necessary settings were carried out. Some

of the settings done includes: project name, precision decimals, directions, datum,

station marks and the orientation. After these settings, the coordinates were then

keyed in. the points of the details and roads were then joined together using the

polyline line of the AutoCAD.

The map is drawn to meet the cartographic standard of fair by applying all the

conventional colors and symbols. The plotted map was plotted to scale 1:2000 and

profile leveling was plotted at scale 1:3000.

37
4.6. Data Analysis

The data analysis of the project work points to the fact that the project was a

success and has met the requirement as demanded by the department and survey

rules and regulations.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

This chapter is about the problems encountered, the recommendations, conclusions

and the references made during this course of this report.

5.1 Problems Encountered

It is not expected that an exercise of this nature will be executed without

encountering problems and challenges. Some of the problems encountered during

the project work include.

 Weather condition: at times the weather turns out to be very cloudy or

sunny.

 Lack of cooperation from the group members

 Unnecessary arguments between the group members.

5.2 Conclusion

The route shown by the traverse network and the determined sections will help the

engineers to decide on the optimal way to design the road, bearing in mind that

land transportation is the major form of transportation in the school.

The examination of the determined longitudinal section and cross sections of this

road showed that there are lots of problem to tackle for effective management of

volume of portholes. The problem includes a number of horizontal and vertical

39
curves, which must be designed and set out properly to satisfy the interest of the

road users.

In this study, the purpose of the longitudinal sectioning, which is to determine the

elevation of the ground surface along some definite route, and that of the cross

sectioning which is to extend the width of the road information supplied by the

longitudinal section were realized.

5.3 Recommendations

I wish to recommend to the school authority to collaborate with the department of

surveying and geo-informatics to consider the following:

 All damage instrument in the department’s store should repaired

 New modern equipment should be brought to help the students with the

practical aspect

 The management should create more adequate time for student excursion

and also engage them in surveying jobs to expose them more on what

survey is all about

 The department should put more emphasis on G.I S in order to boost the

student’s knowledge in geo-informatics.

40
 REFERENCES

A. Bannister and Raymond, S (1984). Surveying. The Pitman Press. Great Britain.

Pp 315-317

Agor, R. (2005): Advanced Surveying, Khana Publishers, New Delhi.

Basak N.N (2006); Surveying and Leveling, Seventh Edition, Tata Magraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited.

Charles D. Ghlani And Paul R. Wolf. Elementary Surveying, An Introduction to

Geometric Twelfth Edition, Pearson Educational Limited, New Jersey.

Fedorov, V. I. and Shilov, P. I. (1985). Engineering Surveying. MIR Publishers

Moscow.

Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. & Collins, J. (1997): Global Positioning

System.

Ižvoltová, J (2004): Evaluation of GPS Measurements of Railway Track Geometric

Position

John Musket (2005) “Site Surveying” 2nd Edition, Blackwell Science, Oxford,

Great Britain.

Natamon K. (2004). Rout Surveying, (Ed) Website http://www.T.pup.com

Ragiminal (1968): Rout Surveying 4th Edition. Tata Mcgraw – Hill Publishing

Company Limited. 41 Ramsey, Y.R Wilson (1977); Element of Surveying 3rd

Edition London.

Roy S.K (2009): Fundamental of Surveying; Published by Phi Learning Private

Limited Delhi110055.
41
Surv. Israel Olumide Oyekeye (2016) “Basic Principles of Surveying”. Note.

Surveying, Bratislava, Slovakia, November 11-13.

Uren J. and Prince N. F. (2004) Survey for Engineering Third Edition, Macmillan

Press LTD, London.

Waheed A. (2018) Topographical Surveying Lecture Note NDII Student, Federal

Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nigeria.

42
 APPENDIX

Reconnaisance - - - - - - - - Appendix 1

Traverse computation sheet - - - - - - Appendix 2

Leveling computation sheet - - - - - - Appendix 3

Plotting of route survey survey plan - - - - - Appendix 4

Plotting of longitudinal section - - - - - - Appendix 5

Plotting of cross section - - - - - - - Appendix 6

Plotting of profile - - - - - - - - Appendix 7

43