Class Notes

Class: XII Topic:

EXPERIMENT NO.8
 AIM OR OBJECTIVE: To find the value of 𝑣 for different values of 𝑢 in case of a convex lens and to find the
focal length of the lens by plotting graph between 𝑢 and 𝑣.

 APPARATUS USED: An optical bench with three uprights (central fixed uprights, two Outer uprights with
lateral movement), a convex lens holder, 2 optical needles and a half metre scale.

 THEORY OR FORMULA USED : The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is
1 1 1 1 𝑢−𝑣 𝑢𝑣
= - = = => 𝑓 =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
Where,
 f = focal length of convex lens
 u= distance of object needle from optical centre of lens
 V = distance of image needle from optical centre of lens
 RAY DIAGRAM

 PROCEDURE :
o To determine rough focal length
 The convex lens is mounted in the lens holder.
 Image of the tree or the building is obtained on a white painted wall to get a sharp image with the
help of convex lens.
 The distance between the lens and the wall is measured which gives the Rough focal length of lens.
o To determine the value of 𝒗 for different values of 𝒖
 The holder with lens is clamped in a fixed upright and kept at 50 cm mark.
 The lens is so adjusted that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the optical
bench
  Object needle and image needle is mounted in laterally movable uprights.
 The object needle distance is kept nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough focal length of the lens.
 Height of object needle is adjusted so that its tip lies on a horizontal line through the optical centre
of the lens.
 Now adjust the height of image needle so that its tip is seen in the line with the tip of image when
seen with right open eye.
 The position of image needle is adjusted and tip to tip parallax is removed.
 The position of the index mark on the base of the image needle upright is noted.
 Similarly the position of the index mark on the best of object and lens upright is also noted.
 The observations are recorded.
 Object needle upright is moved 1 cm towards the lens to get second observation.
 Similarly by changing the position of object needle total six observations are taken and recorded in
observation table.
 OBSERVATION :
Rough focal length of the given convex lens =………………………..cm
S.No. Position of OA= 𝑂𝐶 𝑢𝑣
𝑓= (𝑐𝑚)
Object A Lens O Image C 𝑢 (𝑐𝑚) = 𝑣 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑢+𝑣
(cm) (cm) (cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

 GRAPH :
(To be drawn and pasted on the left side of observation table)
 CALCULATIONS :
(Show the calculation for focal length for each observation and mean focal length)
(leave some space)

 RESULT :
 Focal length of a given convex lens from calculation f =…………………………cm
 Focal length of a given convex lens from (u-v) graph f = …………………………cm

 PRECAUTIONS :
 Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the centre of the lens
 Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm away from
the needle
 The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only e real inverted image is formed.

 SOURCES OF ERROR :
 The uprights may not be vertical.
 Parallax removal may not be perfect
 EXPERIMENT NO.9
 AIM OR OBJECTIVE: To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
 APPARATUS USED: An optical bench with four uprights (two fixed uprights in middle, two outer uprights
with lateral movement), a convex lens(less focal length), a concave lens ( more focal length), two lens
holder, 2 optical needles and a half metre scale.
 THEORY OR FORMULA USED : The relation between u, v and f for a concave lens is
1 1 1 1 𝑢−𝑣 𝑢𝑣
= - = = => 𝑓 =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
Where,
 f = focal length of concave lens L2
 u= distance of 𝐼 from optical centre of lens L2
 V = distance of 𝐼′ from optical centre of lens L2
 RAY DIAGRAM

 PROCEDURE :
o To determine rough focal length
 The convex lens is mounted in the lens holder.
 Image of the tree or the building is obtained on a white painted wall to get a sharp image with the
help of convex lens.
 The distance between the lens and the wall is measured which gives the Rough focal length of lens.
o To determine the value of 𝒗 for different values of 𝒖
 The two holders with two given lenses are clamped in fixed uprights and kept in the middle at some
distance.
 Both lenses are so adjusted that there surfaces are vertical and perpendicular to the length of the
optical bench.
 Heights of both lenses are adjusted so that its optical centre’s lie on a same horizontal line.
  Object needle and image needle is mounted in laterally movable uprights and kept on either side of
the two lenses.
 Height of object needle is adjusted so that its tip lies on a horizontal line through the optical centre of
the lenses.
 The object needle (near the convex lens) is kept at a distance nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough
focal length of the lens.
 Now adjust the height of image needle (near the concave lens) so that its tip is seen in the line with
the tip of image when seen with right open eye.
 The position of image needle is adjusted and tip to tip parallax is removed.
 The position of the index mark on the base of the image needle 𝐼′ upright is noted.
 Now concave lens is removed keeping the position of object needle and convex lens fixed.
 Again the position of image needle is adjusted and tip to tip parallax is removed.
 The position of the index mark on the base of image 𝐼 and concave lens L2 upright is also noted.
 The observations are recorded.
 Object needle upright is moved 1 cm towards the lens to get second observation.
 Similarly by changing the position of object needle total three observations are taken and recorded in
observation table.
 OBSERVATION :
Rough focal length of the given convex lens =………………………..cm
S.No. Position of 𝐼𝐿2 = 𝐼 ′ 𝐿2 𝑢𝑣
𝑓=
Object O Lens L1 Image 𝐼 Lens L2 Image 𝑢 (𝑐𝑚) = 𝑣 (𝑐𝑚) 𝑢−𝑣
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 𝐼 ′ (𝑐𝑚)
(cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.

 CALCULATIONS :
(Show the calculation for focal length for each observation and mean focal length)
(Leave some space)
 RESULT : Focal length of a given concave lens from calculation f =…………………………cm
 PRECAUTIONS :
 Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the centre of the lens
 Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm away from the
needle
 The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only e real inverted image is formed
 SOURCES OF ERROR :
 The uprights the may not be the vertical.
 Parallax removal may not be perfect.

(This sheet is prepared from home) PNS