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Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the basic units of life and come in many specialized types. They contain organelles that carry out specific functions like the nucleus which houses genetic material or mitochondria which produce energy. The cell membrane encloses the cell and its internal structures, including the cytoplasm. Organelles are surrounded by membranes and carry out functions like protein synthesis (rough endoplasmic reticulum), lipid synthesis (smooth endoplasmic reticulum), waste breakdown (lysosomes) and energy production (mitochondria).

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70 views2 pages

Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the basic units of life and come in many specialized types. They contain organelles that carry out specific functions like the nucleus which houses genetic material or mitochondria which produce energy. The cell membrane encloses the cell and its internal structures, including the cytoplasm. Organelles are surrounded by membranes and carry out functions like protein synthesis (rough endoplasmic reticulum), lipid synthesis (smooth endoplasmic reticulum), waste breakdown (lysosomes) and energy production (mitochondria).

Uploaded by

Lee Shane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Structure and Function

 Cells are highly organized units composed of living materials


 Simplest organism: single cell
 Human: trillion cells
 Most cells are specialized to perform specific function
Function of Cells
1. Basic unit of life
2. Protection and support
3. Movement
4. Communication
5. Cell metabolism and energy release
6. Inheritance
Cell Structure
 Highly organized unit
 Organelles: highly organized units that performs specific functions
 Nucleus: organelles that contains genetic materials
 Cytoplasm: living materials surrounding nucleus
Cell Membrane
 Outermost part of the cell
 Encloses the cytoplasm
 Encloses the cell
 Supports the cell contents
 Made up of phospholipids and proteins
 Other contents: cholesterol, carbohydrates, water, and ions
Nucleus
 Located near the center of the cell
 RBC lose nuclei as they mature
 Osteoclast and skeletal muscle cells: contain more than one cell
 Nucleus are bounded by a nuclear envelope
 Contains loosely coiled fibers called chromatin consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and protein
Nucleoli and Ribosomes
 Nucleoli: from one to four per nucleus
 No surrounding membrane
 Nucleolus forms subunits of ribosomes
 Nucleoli consist of RNA and proteins and are the sites of ribosomal subunit assembly
 Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough ER is ER with ribosomes attached: it is a major site of protein synthesis
 Smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached and is a major site of lipid synthesis
Secretory Vesicles
 Secretory vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that carry substances from the Golgi apparatus
to the cell membrane, where the vesicle contents are released.
Lysosomes
 Membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes
 Within the cell the lysosomes break down phagocytized material.
Mitochondria
 Mitochondria are the major sites of ATP production
 Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration (requires oxygen).
 Cytoskeleton
 The cytoskeleton supports the cytoplasm and organelles and is
 Involved with cell movements.
 Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Cilia, Flagella, and Microvilli
 Cilia move substances over the surface of cells.
 Flagella are much longer than cilia and propel sperm cells.
 Microvilli increase the surface area of cells and aid in absorption.

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