Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Schools Division Office I Pangasinan
Pangasinan National High School
Lingayen, Pangasinan

GENERAL PHYSICS I:
1ST Semester, 2ND Quarter
Module 5: Fluid Mechanics

Most Essential Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Relate specific gravity, density, mass, and volume to each other (STEM_GP12FM-llf-40).
2. Relate pressure to area and force (STEM_GP12FM-llf-41)
3. Relate pressure to fluid density and depth (STEM_GP12FM-llf-42).
4. Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems (STEM_GP12FM-llf-43).
5. Apply the concepts of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle (STEM_GP12FM-If-44).
6. Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever appropriate, to infer
relations involving pressure, elevation, and speed (STEM_GP12FM-Ilf-46).
 Fluid Mechanics 1

SPECIFIC GRAVITY, DENSITY, MASS AND VOLUME Sample Problems

Mass Q1. If the water at 4o degree Celsius has a mass of

how much an object resists acceleration when a force is 1000kg in a one cubic meter, what is the water
applied to it and generally means how much of an object or density?
substance there is
Q2. The density of Gold is 19300 kg/m^3. Solve for the
Volume specific gravity of Gold.
how much space an object takes up
Q3. Solve for the specific gravity of the following
Density objects:
▪ the ratio of mass to volume of an object a. Coconut oil has density of 930kg/m3
▪ Density = mass÷volume Sp ___________
▪ an intensive property of the material or substance b. Gasoline vehicle has density of 737 kg/m3
and depends upon the relationship between the Sp ___________
mass and volume. c. Kerosene has density of 820 kg/m3
Sp ___________
Specific Gravity d. Mercury has density of 13590 kg/m3
▪ the density of a substance divided by the density of Sp ___________
water. e. Sea water has a density of 1025 kg/m3
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 Sp ___________
▪ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
▪ There is no specific unit of specific gravity because Solutions:
it is a ratio of one density to another density so the
unit cancel each other.
 Fluid Mechanics 2

PRESSURE Q4. If a weight of fluid of 200N acts on a surface of 5

m2, calculate the pressure created.
Pressure is defined as the force exerted on a surface
divided by the area over which that force acts. It is Q5. What force must be applied to a surface area of
measured in units of Pascals 0.0025 m2, to create a pressure of 200,000 Pa?
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴 Q6. In a hydraulic lift system, what must the surface
Where area of a piston be in cm2 if a pressure of 300 kPa
P= pressure in Pascals is used to give a desired upward force of 2000 N?
F= Contact force in Newtons
A= Area on which force acts in square meters Q7. Divers have to be careful when working at depth in
water and need to carefully control the dissolving
Pressure at a given Depth created by the Weight of of gases in their blood stream. Calculate the
liquid in the earth's Gravitation Field pressure created by a 30 m depth of water given
the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity 9.8
pressure in a liquid = depth of liquid x density of liquid x N/kg.
gravitational field strength
Q8. The density of sea water is ~1025 kg/m3, the
or maximum depth of the Atlantic ocean is ~8500 m
(8.5 km).
𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 a. Calculate the water pressure at this depth.
Where: b. By what factor is the pressure greater at
P = pressure in Pascals these depths compared to the ocean
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = density in 3 surface?
𝑚
h = depth in meters
Q9. At what depth in water is the increased pressure
five times greater than atmospheric pressure (101
kPa)?

Q10. At a depth of 12.5 m of a chemical solvent the

pressure at the bottom of the storage tank due to
the solvent was 306 kPa. Calculate density of the
solvent.

Solutions:
 Fluid Mechanics 3

Pascal’s Principle Q11. If the area of A1 = 0.001 m2 and the area of A2 =

Pascal's law states that a pressure applied to a fluid in a 0.1 m2 , external input force F1 = 100 N, then the
closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the external output force F2?
fluid and the walls of the container. This pressure is
transmitted equally in all directions and at right angles, and Q12. Area of A is 60 cm2 and area of B is 4,200 cm2,
a change in pressure disperses equally throughout the fluid. determine the external input force of F.
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴 Solutions:
Where
P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the area
Archimedes’ Principle
 Fluid Mechanics 4

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE Q13. A steel ball of 5cm radius is immersed in water. It

calculates the thrust and the resulting force (lead
Archimedes' principle, named after an inventor and a density = 7900kg/m3).
mathematician who lived in ancient Greece, states that the
buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight Q14. Weigh a cube of 10cm edge into the air resulting
of the fluid that is displaced by the object. Buoyancy is the in 19 N and then weighed immersed in water giving
ability of an object to float in water or air. a value of 17 N. Calculate the apparent weight and
the push.
push = density of fluid * gravity acceleration * volume of
object. Solutions:

Or

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑉
Where
p = push
𝜌𝑓 = density of fluid
g = gravity acceleration
V = volume of object
 Fluid Mechanics 5

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Q15. A dam holds back the water in a lake. If the dam
has a small hole 1.4 meters below the surface of
Bernoulli’s Principle the lake, at what speed does water exit the hole?
as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases
Q16. A hose lying on the ground has water coming out
Bernoulli’s Equation applies to a fluid flowing through a full of it at a speed of 5.4 meters per second. You lift
pipe. The degree to which Bernoulli’s Equation is accurate the nozzle of the hose to a height of 1.3 meters
depends on the degree to which the following conditions are above the ground. At what speed does the water
met: now come out of the hose?
1. The fluid must be experiencing steady state flow.
This means that the flow rate at all positions in the Q17. Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of
pipe is not changing with time. 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000 Pa. At the nozzle
2. The fluid must be experiencing streamline flow. the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
Pick any point in the fluid. The infinitesimal fluid (101300 Pa), there is no change in height. Use the
element at that point, at an instant in time, travelled Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of the
along a certain path to arrive at that point in the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint: The density of water
fluid. In the case of streamline flow, every is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. Pay
infinitesimal element of fluid that ever finds itself at attention to units!)]
that same point travelled the same path.
(Streamline flow is the opposite of turbulent flow.)
3. The fluid must be non-viscous. This means that the Solutions:
fluid has no tendency to “stick to” either the sides of
the pipe or to itself. (Molasses has high viscosity.
Alcohol has low viscosity.)

Bernoulli’s Equation
the sum of mechanical energy, potential energy and kinetic
energy, along a streamline is constant.

1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2
Where
P1 is the pressure at point 1
ρ is the density of the fluid
v1 is the velocity of the fluid at point 1
g is the acceleration due to gravity
h1 is the elevation of point 1
P2 is the pressure at point 2
v2 is the velocity of the fluid at point 2, and
h2 is the elevation of point 2.