EXPERIMENT 01

POST LAB
DISCUSSION
EXAMINATION OF THE DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS USED
By: IN PHYSICAL PHARMACY AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Mariabe P. Quinco, RPh, MS Pharm

 PHYSICAL PHARMACY LABORATORY - explores the
fundamental physicochemical attributes and processes
important for understanding how a drug, usually in the
form of a crystal, is transformed into a usable product
that is administered to a patient to reach its
INTRODUCTION
pharmacological target, and then leaves the body.

Physical pharmacy—the study of the physical and

chemical properties of drugs and their dosage forms.

• - It provides the physicochemical basis for rational formulation,

manufacturing, compounding, drug delivery, product selection,
and product usage.
 • To examine the different instruments
used in physical pharmacy and
OBJECTIVE determine its functions.
MATERIALS

• All 20
instruments and
apparatuses
PROCEDURES
DATA AND
RESULTS
DATA AND
RESULTS
11. pH meter ( with paper sticks)
15. Ubbelohde
Viscometer
• 16. Sieves
• 17. Mechanical
Shaker
• 18. Melting Point Apparatus
21. Centrifuge
22. Stalagmometer
23. Colorimeter
24. Digital
Balance
25. Mettler
Balance
CONCLUSION

• Therefore, Physical pharmacy is an area of pharmacy that deals with the

quantitative and theoretical principles of physicochemical science, and
that should be applied to the practice of pharmacy. It is very important
to be familiarized with these different instruments used in Physical
Pharmacy so as to perform well and properly the different activities
comprise this area. And soon be very useful enough in the actual
practice of Pharmacy especially in manufacturing pharmacy.
 Define the following:

Specific gravity

Distillation

Refractive Index
QUESTIONS pH

Viscosity

Particle Size

Melting Point
d. Viscosity

− Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

− It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its
molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its
molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.

e. Particle Size

− Simply speaking, it is the particle diameter.

− Particle size is defined by the diameter of an equivalent sphere having the same property as the actual
particle such as volume or mass for example.

f. Melting Point

− The temperature at which a given solid will melt.

− The melting point (a.k.a. liquefaction point) of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from
solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium
Any Questions?
Laboratory Activity 2

DETERMINATION
OF SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF SOLIDS
POST LAB REPORT
DATA AND RESULTS
Sample Used Sand (soil)
Standard Liquid Used Water
Room Temperature 31 °C
W1 (g) 16.5053 g
W2 (g) 16.6319 g
W3 (g) 42.1309 g
W4 (g) 42.0495 g
Formula and Computation
[ W2 (g) - W1 (g) ]
G=
[ {W2 (g) - W1 (g)] - [W3 (g) - W4 (g)] }

G = Specific gravity of soil sample

W1 (g) = Weight of empty pycnometer
W2 (g) = Weight of pycnometer + soil sample
W3 (g) = Weight of pycnometer + soil sample + standard liquid
W4 (g) = Weight of pycnometer + standard liquid
 Formula and Computation

[ W2 (g) - W1 (g) ] 16.6319 g - 16.5053 g = 0.1266 g

[ W3 (g) - W4 (g) ] 42.1309 g - 42.0495 g = 0.0814 g

Calculated G using formula 2.80

Formula and Computation
[ W2 (g) - W1 (g) ]
G=
[ {W2 (g) - W1 (g)] - [W3 (g) - W4 (g)] }
[ 16.6319 g - 16.5053 g ]
G=
[ 16.6319 g - 16.5053 g ] - 42.1309 g - 42.0495 g }
0.1266 g
G=
0.1266 g - 0.0814 g
Formula and Computation
0.1266 g
G=
0.0452 g

G= 2.80 , answer
Guide Questions
 Differentiate specific gravity
and density
Density is a property of matter and can be defined as the ratio of mass to a unit
volume of matter. Typically, it is measured in grams per cubic centimeter. It is
described in terms of absolutes. Specific gravity, on the other hand, measures
density concerning the density of a standard substance. It lacks a SI unit and is
expressed in relative terms. Moreover, although specific gravity is employed in
businesses to quantify the concentration of solutions, density is utilized in numerous
household and commercial applications.
An insoluble powder weighs 12.00 grams. A pycnometer, weighing 21.00
grams when empty, weigh 121.00 grams when filled with water. When
the powder is introduced into the emptied pycnometer, and the
pycnometer is filled with water, the three together weighs 130.00 grams.
What is the specific gravity of the powder? Show your complete solution
[ W2 (g) - W1 (g) ]
Given: G=
Mass of powder = 12 g [ {W2 (g) - W1 (g)] - [W3 (g) - W4 (g)] }
Mass of pycnometer = 21 g [ 33 g - 21 g ]
G=
Mass of pycnometer + water = 121 g { [ 33 g - 21 g] - [ 130 g - 121 g] }
Mass of pycnometer + water 12 g
+ powder = 130 g G=
12 g - 9 g
An insoluble powder weighs 12.00 grams. A pycnometer, weighing 21.00
grams when empty, weigh 121.00 grams when filled with water. When
the powder is introduced into the emptied pycnometer, and the
pycnometer is filled with water, the three together weighs 130.00 grams.
What is the specific gravity of the powder? Show your complete solution

Given: 12 g
G=
Mass of powder = 12 g 3g
Mass of pycnometer = 21 g
G= 4 , answer
Mass of pycnometer + water = 121 g
Mass of pycnometer + water
+ powder = 130 g
 An experiment with pycnometer resulted in the following data:

I. Mass of Pycnometer 25.428 g

II. Mass of Pycnometer filled with water 45.021 g
III. Mass of Pycnometer filled with solid X 42.874 g
IV. What is the specific gravity of solid X? _______

[ W2 (g) - W1 (g) ] 17.446 g

G= G=
[ {W2 (g) - W1 (g)] - [W3 (g) - W4 (g)] } 0g
[ 25.428 g - 42.874 g ]
G= G= 0 , answer
{ [ 25.428 g - 42.874 g] - [ 62.467 g - 45.021 g] }
17.446 g
G=
17.446 g - 17.446 g
 If methanol, with SP GRAV of 0.810, was used
rather than water in measuring density of the
irregular objects, how would that reflect on the
result? Explain.
Before calculating the irregular object's density, we must be able to determine its
mass and volume. The volume of this is calculated using the fluid displacement
method. This adheres to the Archimedes principle, which states that the weight of
the fluid that is displaced by the object equals the upward buoyant force applied to
an object submerged in a liquid, whether completely or in part. This means that
regardless of the liquid used—water, methanol, or another—the results won't be
impacted in any way.
 When you were measuring the volume of the
irregular solid with pycnometer, bubbles should be
eliminated. If the bubbles were not eliminated,
how would that affect the specific gravity? Explain.
When air bubbles are trapped inside a solid, they take up space, which reduces the
solid's density and somewhat inflates the volume measurement. If the bubbles were
not removed, the specific gravity would result in a higher volume and a lower
density. A substance is less dense than water if its specific gravity is less than one.
Similar to that, if the number is greater than 1, it is denser than water. If the object
has a lower density than the fluid, it will float. If it is less, it will sink.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we have accomplished the learning
objectives of this laboratory activity. We have observed
and applied the learnings of specific gravity in real-life
situation. Moreover, we have determined the specific
gravity of the given materials in the activity and the
completely dried soil sample. Through this activity,
we have rediscovered the concepts into actual
laboratory experiment.
 Thank you!
Kayugan. Lan. Poliquit. Sampilo. Solis. Vallescas.
 INTRODUCTION
Solids are characterized by an extended three- dimensional
arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in which the components are
generally locked into their positions. The components can be arranged in
a regular repeating three-dimensional array (a crystal lattice), which
results in a crystalline solid, or more or less randomly to produce an
amorphous solid. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces,
diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp melting points. In contrast,
amorphous solids have irregular or curved surfaces, do not give well-
resolved x-ray diffraction patterns, and melt over a wide range of
temperatures.
TYPE OF HABITS DESCRIPTION

Cubic Cube shape

Octahedral Shape like octahedrons of faces
Tabular Rectangular shape
Equant Equal length
Fibrous Elongated clusters of fibers
Acicular Long, slender crystals
Prismatic Abundance of prism faces
Bladed Like a wedge or knife blade
Dendritic Tree-like growth
Botryoidal Smooth bulbous shape
Globular Formation of globules
Stalactitic Stalactite like formation
Type of Habit: Acicular
Use: milk sugar as filler
TYPE OF HABIT: ACICULAR
Use: Antifungal agent
C7H6O2
Type of habit: Tabular
Use: for Mg toxication
CaCl2
Type of habit: Dendritic
Use: Newborn eye drop
AgNO3
Type of Habit: Acicular
Use: Antiseptic;Keratolytic
C7H603
Type of habit: Prismatic
Use: Sunscreen
C7H2NO2
Type of habit: Acicular
Use: Antacid
NaHCO3
Type of habit: Columnar Bladed
Use: Emetic; Astringent
ZnSO4
Type of habit: Hexagonal Prism
Use: Astringent; Antiperspirant
AL2(SO4)3
Zinc oxide

·CRYSTALLINE
TYPE OF HABIT: DENDRITIC
zinc oxide is a yellow-gray granular solid with no odor. It is
insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat posed to
the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit
its spread to the environment. Prolonged inhalation of the
dust may result in metal fume fever with symptoms of chills,
fever, muscular pain, nausea and vomiting. It is a Crystalline
solid
·used to treat and prevent various skin conditions.crystallizes
in two main forms, hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zincblende.
Use: Diaper rash
ZnO
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Type of habit: Dendritic

Use: Systemic and urinary acidifying salt; cough expectorant
NH4Cl
Type of habit: Cubic
Use: Alkalinizer
KOH
KCl
Use: Inert extender
CaSO4
 Sulfur
·CRYSTALLINE
PRISMATIC

sulfur Sulphur is a multivalent non-metal, abundant,

tasteless and and odorless. In its native form sulphur is
a yellow crystalline solid. In nature it occurs as the pure
element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is a yellow
crystalline solid mostly massive or powdery forms but
well shaped blocky crystals are common. Prisms in
various combinations.
·Sulfur is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for
the treatment of acne and other conditions. it acts as a
keratolytic agent and also kills bacteria, fungi, scabies
mites and other parasites.
Use: Saline Laxative
H2Mg3(SiO3)4
AMORPHOUS
- IRREGULAR PATTERN OF IONS, MOLECULES OR ATOMS IN A SOLID, MELT OVER A RANGE OF A TEMPERATURE
- THEY DO NOT HAVE EDGES LIKE CRYSTALS DO. THE MOST COMMON EXAMPLE OF AN AMORPHOUS SOLID IS GLASS.
GELS, PLASTICS, VARIOUS POLYMERS, WAX, THIN FILMS ARE ALSO GOOD EXAMPLES OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS.

CRYSTALLINE
- REGULAR AND REPEATING ARRANGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN A SOLID
- THEY ARE FIRM, HOLD A DEFINITE AND FIXED SHAPE, ARE RIGID AND INCOMPRESSIBLE. THEY GENERALLY HAVE
GEOMETRIC SHAPES AND FLAT FACES. AND EXAMPLES INCLUDE DIAMONDS, METALS, SALTS ETC.

1) Differentiate amorphous from crystalline powder.

THE MAJORITY OF DRUGS ARE MARKETED AS SOLID DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING DRUG IN A CRYSTALLINE STATE.
THE FORMATION OF THIS CRYSTALLINE STATE IS SUBJECT TO A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS POLYMORPHISM WHEREBY
DIFFERENT CRYSTAL FORMS ARE PRODUCED DEPENDING ON SOLVENT, TEMPERATURE AND CRYSTALLIZATION
CONDITIONS. THUS, THE CRYSTAL HABIT OF A DRUG IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL
MANUFACTURING. A NUMBER OF BASIC PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS SOLUBILITY, DISSOLUTION RATE
AND MELTING BEHAVIOR, AND CERTAIN MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES OR PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS
TABLET COMPRESSIBILITY, MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND POWDER FLOW DEPEND ON THE CRYSTAL HABIT OF A
PARTICULAR DRUG. THE SEARCH FOR THE CRYSTAL FORM WITH THE BEST COMBINATION OF SOLUBILITY AND
STABILITY WITH ALL ITS ASSOCIATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES IS THEREFORE OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY AND ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE AREAS OF PHARMACEUTICAL
RESEARCH.

3) Give the pharmaceutical significance of crystal habits.

- RECRYSTALLIZATION
PURIFICATION

4) Explain the ways of modifying habits.

Other common examples: (board exam questions)

• Cubic – NaCl
• Tetragonal – Urea
• Hexagonal – Iodoform
• Rhumbic – Iodine
• Monoclinic – Sucrose
• Triclinic- Boric Acid