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52 views28 pages

Lec Me231 M4

Uploaded by

Josh Parame
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME 231

THERMODYNAMICS 1
Engr. Marlowe Jay V. Dignos
Instructor
Thermodynamic Process
Reversible Process
- which both the system and surroundings are returned to their
original states, otherwise it is irreversible process

Cyclic Process
- which gives the same states/conditions after the system undergoes a
series of processes.

Quasi-static Process
- which system departs from equilibrium states only infinitesimally at
every instant
Thermodynamic Curves
General Equation
𝑝𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
Isobaric Process
- is and internally reversible constant pressure process
PVT relation (P=C)

PV & TS Diagram
Isobaric Process
Non-Flow Work

2
𝑊𝑛 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 Wn = P(V2-V1)

Steady Flow Work

2 Ws = 0
𝑊𝑠 = − ‫׬‬1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 dP = 0 @ P=C
Isobaric Process
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

Change in Enthalpy Heat Transfer


∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇

Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1
1. A piston cylinder system contains a gas which expands under
a constant pressure of 1,200 lbf/ft2. If the piston is displaced
12” during the process, and the piston diameter is 24”, what
is the work done by the gas on the piston?
Ans: 3769.9 ft-lbf
2. Ammonia weighing 22 kg is confined inside a cylinder
equipped with a piston and has an initial pressure of 413 kPa
at 38°C. If 2,900 kJ of heat is added to the ammonia (𝑁𝐻3 )
until its pressure and temperature are 413 kPa and 100°C
respectively. What is the amount of work done by the fluid in
kJ? Ans: 669.06 kJ

3. Determine the change in enthalpy per lbm of Nitrogen gas as


its temperature changes from 500°F to 200°F. Take Cp =
194.5 ft-lb/lb-R Ans: -58350 (ft-lbf)/lbm
4. Calculate the change in enthalpy as 1 kg of nitrogen is
heated from 1,000K to 1,500K, assuming the nitrogen is
an ideal gas at a constant pressure. Cp=1.04 kJ/kgmol-K.
Ans: 520 kj/kg
Isometric Process (Isochoric/Isovolumetric)
- is and internally reversible constant volume process
PVT relation (V=C)
𝑃 1 𝑇1
=
𝑃 2 𝑇2

PV & TS Diagram
Isometric Process
Non-Flow Work

2
𝑊𝑛 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 dV = 0 @ V=C Wn = 0

Steady Flow Work

2
𝑊𝑠 = − ‫׬‬1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 Ws = V(P1-P2)
Isometric Process
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

Change in Enthalpy Heat Transfer


∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1
1. An amount of 1.63 lb of gas is contained in a tank, the
volume of which is 2 ft3. If the internal energy is decreases
by 27.4 Btu as temperature changes from 200°F to 100°F,
compute the specific heat at constant volume conditions.
Ans: .1681 Btu/(lbm-R)

2. Two lb of air at 50 psia and occupying 10 ft3 undergo a


process at constant volume until the temperature has risen
500R. Calculate the initial and final pressures and
temperatures, the heat added, and the heat gain of internal
energy and enthalpy.

Ans: 50 psia; 87 psia; 675 R; 1,175 R;


171.4 Btu; 171.4 Btu; 240 Btu
3. In the 𝑝-𝑣 diagram shown, heat addition occurs
between points 1 and 2. Given that 𝑐𝑣=0.336 Btu/lbm-R,
what is the entropy produced during this step?

Ans: .3152 Btu/(lbm-R)

4. There are 1.36 kg of gas for which R = 0.377 and k =


1.25 that undergo a non-flow constant volume process
from 551.6 kPa and 60°C to 1,655 kPa. Determine the
change of entropy.
Ans: 2.2534 kJ/K
Isothermal Process
- is and internally reversible constant temperature process
PVT relation (T=C)
𝑃 1 𝑉2
=
𝑃2 𝑉1

PV & TS Diagram
Isothermal Process
Non-Flow Work

𝑉2
2 𝐶 Wn = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln
𝑊𝑛 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 p = @ T=C 𝑉1
𝑉

Steady Flow Work

2 𝐶 𝑝1
𝑊𝑠 = − ‫׬‬1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 V = @ T=C
𝑝
Ws = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln 𝑝2

𝑊𝑛 = 𝑊𝑠
Isothermal Process
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇 @T=C ∆𝑈 = 0

Change in Enthalpy
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 @T=C ∆𝐻 = 0

Change in Entropy Heat Transfer


𝑉2 𝑄 = 𝑊𝑛 = 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑉1 𝑄 = 𝑇∆𝑆
1. Determine the theoretical horsepower required for the
isothermal compression of 800 ft3/min of air from 14.7 psia
to 120 psia.
Ans: -107.75 hp
2. Helium (R = 0.4968 Btu/lbm-R) is compressed isothermally
from 14.7 psia and 68oF. The compressed ratio is 4.
Calculate the work done by the gas.
Ans: -363.64 Btu/lb
3. Work done by a substance in reversible non-flow manner in
accordance with 𝑉=100/𝑝 ft3, where 𝑝 is in psia. Evaluate the
work done on or by the substance as the pressure increases
from 10 psia to 100 psia.
Ans: -33,157.22 ft-lbf
Isentropic Process(reversible adiabatic)
- is and internally reversible constant entropy process
PVT relation (s = C or PVk = C)
1−𝑘 𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑘 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = =
𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑃2
PV & TS Diagram
Isentropic Process(reversible adiabatic)
Non-Flow Work

2 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑛 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 𝑊𝑛 =
1−𝑘

Steady Flow Work

2 𝑘(𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 )
𝑊𝑠 = − ‫׬‬1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑊𝑠 =
1−𝑘
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑘𝑊𝑛
Isentropic Process(reversible adiabatic)
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇

Change in Enthalpy
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇

Change in Entropy Heat Transfer


∆𝑆 = 0 𝑄=0
1. Nitrogen is expanded isentropically. Its temperature changes
from 620°F to 60°F. Find the pressure ratio (𝑝1/𝑝2).
Ans: 12.91
2. Nitrogen is expanded isentropically. Its temperature changes
from 600°F to 60°F. The volumetric ratio is V2/V1 = 6.22, and
the value of R for nitrogen is 0.07087 Btu/lbm-R. What is the
work done by the gas?
Ans: 95.67 Btu/lb
3. How much work is necessary to compress air in an insulated
cylinder from 0.20 m3 to 0.01 m3. Use 𝑡1=20°C and 𝑝1=100
kPa.
Ans: -115.72 kJ
4. Air undergoes an isentropic compression from 14.7 psia to
180.6 psia. If the initial temperature is 68oF and the final
temperature is 621.5oF, calculate the work done by the gas.
Ans: Wn = -73,809.22 (ft-lbf)/lbm
5. Air having an initial pressure of 6,516 kPa and an initial
volume of 0.113 m3 is compressed adiabatically to a final
volume of 0.057 m3. Calculate the pressure at the end of
compression.
Ans: P2 = 16,985.02 kPa
6. During an isentropic non-flow process with air, the pressure
drops from 60 psia to 20 psia. The air has mass of 0.10 lb and
the initial temperature was 280oF. Find the final temperature, ℉.

Ans: 80.64oF
Polytropic Process
- is and internally reversible process during which PVn = C
PVT relation (PVn = C)
1−𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑛
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = =
𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑃2
PV & TS Diagram
Polytropic Process
Non-Flow Work

2 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑛 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 𝑊𝑛 =
1−𝑛

Steady Flow Work

2 𝑘(𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 )
𝑊𝑠 = − ‫׬‬1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑊𝑠 =
1−𝑛
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑛𝑊𝑛
Polytropic Process
Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇
𝑘−𝑛
𝑐𝑛 = 𝑐𝑣
Change in Enthalpy 1−𝑛
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇

Change in Entropy Heat Transfer


𝑇2 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑛 ∆𝑇
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐𝑛 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1
1. Air is compressed in a cylinder during a non-flow reversible
polytropic process from an initial temperature and pressure
of 80oF and 15 psia to a final temperature of 285oF and 75
psia. The cylinder contains 0.01 lb of air, and the area of the
piston is 0.20 ft2. Find
i. The value of the polytropic exponent, 𝑛
ii. The work done
iii. The change of internal energy
iv. The heat transferred
v. The distance the piston moves during the process
Ans: i. n=1.25
ii. Wn = -437.39 ft-lbf
iii. ΔU = 0.3514 Btu
iv. Q = -.2108 Btu
v. ΔL = 0.4828 ft

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