ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)

BSN – 1 | Immaculate Conception College - Albay

Skeletal System  include the femur (thigh), tibia (larger shin),
 the framework that provides structure to the rest of fibula (smaller shin bone), humerus (upper arm),
the body and facilitates movement radius (larger forearm), and ulna (smaller
 composed of 206 bones along with cartilage, forearm)
tendons, and ligaments

Functions of the Skeletal System 2. Short Bones

1. provides shape, support, and the framework of the  smaller in size;
body length nearly
2. protects internal organs. equal width
3. serves as a storage place for minerals (salts, calcium,  limited motion,
and phosphorus) gliding if any
4. plays an important role in hematopoiesis (the  include the carpals
formation of blood cells that takes place in bone of the wrist and
marrow) tarsals of the ankle
5. provides a place to attach muscles
6. makes the movement possible through articulation
(way the parts come together at a joint)

Two Mains Parts of Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton
 consists of 80 bones
 protect internal
organs
 primary bones of
the axial skeleton 3. Flat Bones
are the skull, spine,  thin and flat in nature and not all of them are
ribs, and sternum completely flat; enclose and protect organs
(thorax)  broad surfaces for muscle attachments
 provide surface area for muscle attachment
 include the skull, sternum (breastbone), ribs, and
scapulae (shoulder bone)

Appendicular Skeleton

consists of 126 bones
(64 in the upper
appendicular while
62 in the lower
appendicular
skeleton)
 facilitate
movements
 primary bones of
this skeleton are the
shoulders (pectoral
girdle), arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs, and feet
Five Classification of Bones According to Shapes
1. Long Bones
 long and slender bones found generally in the
limbs
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)
BSN – 1 | Immaculate Conception College - Albay
4. Irregular Bones Spongy Bone – softer and more porous is found towards
 do not have the center; composed of long, needle-like pieces of bone
specific and lots of open space
shapes;
cannot be Structure of a Bone
put into any Epiphyses – large
other group surface area for muscle
 often have a attachment and pivot;
complex growing end
shape that
helps to protect internal organs Diaphysis – shaft
 include the vertebrae (spine), and sacrum (middle); composed of
compact bone; houses
5. Sesamoid Bones the marrow cavity which
 bones embedded in tendons is majorly composed of
 small, round bones are commonly found in the loose connective tissue
tendons of the hands, knees, and feet and is responsible for
 protect tendons from stress and wear producing blood cells
 patella (kneecap) is an example of a sesamoid
bone Periosteum – outside
covering; white fibrous
connective tissue continuous with tendons
penetrates bone (welds blood vessels to bone)

Medullary – cavity of the shaft; contains yellow

marrow (mostly fat) in adults; also contains red marrow
(for blood cell formation) in infants

Endosteum – lining of medullary cavity

Three Types of Bone Cells

Bones Osteocytes – mature bone cells
 composed of about 50% water and 50% solid,
calcified, rigid substance known as osseous tissue Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
 adult skeleton has 206 bones while infant has almost
306 bones making an infant skeletal has almost 100 Osteoclasts – bone-destroying cells; break down bone
more bones than the skeleton of an adult matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
 at first, it is all flexible but strong cartilage
 bone formation begins at about three months Axial Skeleton
gestation and continues after birth into adulthood Bones of the Skull - protect the brain and form an
entrance to the body
Two Basic Types of Bone Tissues
Compact Bone – hard and compact in nature and always Skull – consists of the cranial bones and the facial
found towards the outside of the bone; dense and looks skeleton
smooth and homogeneous
Cranial Bones – compose the top and back of the skull
and enclose the brain
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)
BSN – 1 | Immaculate Conception College - Albay
Facial Skeleton – as its name suggests, makes up the
face of the skull
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)
BSN – 1 | Immaculate Conception College - Albay
2. Cartilaginous Joints – joints that unite bones with
Joints cartilage
 a place where two or more bones connect; the way
they connect determines the type of movement Two Types of Cartilaginous Joints
allowed at that joint 1) Synchrondosis – an immovable cartilaginous joint
(ex.: joint between the first pair of ribs and the
Three Types of Joint Functions
Synarthrosis – a joint that allows no movement or
immovable joints (ex.: cranial suture)

Amphiarthrosis – a joint that allows slight movement

(ex.: vertebra)

Diarthrosis – a joint that allows free movement in a

variety of directions (ex.: knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and,
foot)

Three Structural Classifications of Joints

sternum)
1. Fibrous Joints – most of these have thick
2) Symphysis – consists of a compressible fibro-
connective tissue between them which is why most
cartilaginous pad that connects two bones (ex.: the
are immovable
hip bones and the vertebrae)
Three Types of Fibrous Joints
3. Synovial Joints – characterized by the presence of a
1) Sutures – non-moving joints that connect bones of
capsule between the two joined bones; bone surfaces
the skull
at this joint are protected by a coating of articular
2) Fibrous Articulations – between the teeth and the
cartilage; often supported and reinforced by
mandible or maxilla
surrounding ligaments, which limit movement to
3) Asyndesmosis – a joint in which a ligament
prevent injury; there are around 230 synovial joints
connects two bones, allowing for a little movement
in the body

Six Types of Synovial Joints

1) Gliding Joints – move against each other on a
single plane
2) Hinge Joints – move on just one axis; allow for
flexion and extension
3) Pivot Joint – provides rotation
4) Condyloid Joint – allows for circular motion,
flexion, and extension
5) Saddle Joint – allows for flexion, extension, and
other movements, but no rotation
6) Ball-and-Socket Joint – a freely moving joint that
can rotate on any axis

Synovial Joints
Joint Capsule – synovial joints are enclosed by this
protective outer covering

Synovial Membrane – a capsule’s inner lining produces

slippery, oil-like synovial fluid that keeps the joint well
lubricated so that the joint surfaces in contact slide with
minimal friction and wear
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)
BSN – 1 | Immaculate Conception College - Albay