DFluid Statics

CHAPTER 2

2.1 For the dam shown in Fig. 2-1, find the horizontal pressure acting at the face of the dam at 20-ft depth.
I p = yh = (62.4)(20) = 1248 lb/ft2

- --
-------- - -- -· 1- --
V
- -- -·-- ----·-- .- ------ -
- - -- -- -------

20ft

40ft

Fig. 2-1. Dam.

2.2 For the vessel containing glycerin under pressure as shown in Fig. 2-2, find the pressure at the bottom of the
tank.
I p = 50 + yh = 50 + (12.34)(2.0) = 74.68 kN/m2 or 74.68 kPa

SOkPa

---- -- --- ----- ---

-- --
-- -- --

Glycerin 2m

Fig.2-2

2.3 If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of (a) water, (b) mercury, and (c) heavy
fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92. ·
I h =plr.
(a) h = ((50)(144)]/62.4 = 115.38 ft
(b) h = ((50)(144)]/847.3 = 8.50 ft
(c) h = ((50)(144)]/((0.92)(62.4)] = 125.42 ft
25
26 D CHAPTER 2

2.4 A weather rePQrt indicates the barometric pressure is 29.75 in of mercury. What is the atmospheric pressure in
pounds per square inch?
I p = yh = [(13.6)(62.4)][(29, 75/12)]/144 = 14.61 lb/in2 or 14.61 psi

2.S Find the atmospheric pressure in kilopascals if a mercury barometer reads 742 mm.
I p = yh = (133. l)(i7~) = 98.8 kN/m2 or 98.8 kPa

2.6 A pressure gage 7 .0 m above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 64. 94 kPa; another gage at height
4.Om reads 87.53 kPa. Compute the specific weight and mass density of the fluid.
I y = ap/ ah = (87.53 - 64.94)/(7.0 - 4.0) = 7.53 kN/m 3 or 7530 N/m3
p = y/g = 7530/9.81 = 786 kg/m 3

2.7 A pressure gage 19.0 ft above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 13.19 psi; another gage at height
14.0 ft reads 15.12 psi. Compute the specific weight, mass density, and specific gravity of the liquid.
I ap = y(ah) (15.12-13.19)(144) = (y)(l9.0-14.0) y = 55.6 lb/ft 3
p =rig= 55.6/32.2 = 1. 73 slug/ft3 s.g. = 55.6/62.4 = 0.891

2.8 An open tank contains 5. 7 m of water covered with 2.8 m of kerosene ( y = 8.0 kN/m 3). Find the pressure at the
interface and at the bottom of the tank.
I Pint= yh = (8.0)(2.8) = 22.4 kPa
Pbot = 22.4 + (9.79)(5.7) = 78.2 kPa

2.9 An open tank contains 9.4 ft of water beneath 1.8 ft of oil (s.g. = 0.85). Find the pressure at the interface and at
the bottom of the tank.
I Pint= yh = [(0.85)(62.4))(1.8)/144 = 0.663 psi
Pbot = 0.663 + (62.4)(9.4)/144 = 4. 74 psi

2.10 If air had a constant specific weight of 0.076 lb/ft3 and were incompressible, what would be the height of the
atmosphere if sea-level pressure were 14.92 psia?
I h = p/y = (14.92)(144)/0.076 = 28 270 ft

2.11 If the weight-density of mud is given by y = 65.0 + 0.2h, where y is in lb/ft3 and depth his in ft, determine the
pressure, in psi, at a depth of 17 ft.
I dp = ydh = (65.0+0.2h)dh. Integrating both sides: p = 65.0h +0.lh 2 • For h = 17ft:
p = (65.0)(17)/144 + (0.1)(17)2 /144 = 7.87 psi.

2.12 If the absolute pressure in a gas is 40.0 psia and the atmospheric pressure is 846 mbar abs, find the gage p[essure
in (a) lb/in2 ; (b) kPa; (c) bar.
I (a) Patm = (846)(0.0145) = 12.3 lb/in 2 Psage = 40.0 - 12.3 = 27.7 lb/in 2
(b) Pabs = (40.0)(6.894) = 276 kPa Patm = (846)(0.100) = 85 kPa pg•s• = 276 - 85 = 191 kPa
(c) Pabs = 40.0/14.5 = 2. 759 bar Ps•s• = 2.759 - 0.846 = 1.913 bar

2.13 If the atmospheric pressure is 0.900 bar abs and a gage attached to a tank reads 390 mmHg vacuum, what is the
absolute pressure within the tank?
I p = yh Patm = 0.900 x 100 = 90.0 kPa
Psase = [(13.6)(9.79)](?C:,) = 51.9 kPa vacuum or -51.9 kPa
Pabs = 90.0 + (-51.9) = 38.1 kPa
 FLUID STATICS D 27

2.14 If atmospheric pressure is 13.99 psia and a gage attached to a tank reads 7.4 inHg vacuum, find the absolute
pressure within the tank.
I p=yh Pgaae = [(13.6)(62.4)][(7.4/12)/144] = 3.63 psi vacuum or -3.63 psi
Pabs = 13.99 + (-3.63) = 10.36 psia

2.15 The closed tank in Fig. 2-3 is at 20 °C. If the pressure at point A is 98 kPa abs, what is the absolute pressure at
point B? What percent error results from neglecting the specific weight of the air?
I PA+ Yai.hAc - YH2ohoc - Ya;.hoB = PB, 98 + (0.0118)(5) - (9. 790)(5 - 3) - (0.0118)(3) =PB= 18.444 kPa.
Neglecting air, PB= 98 - (9. 790)(5 - 3) = 78.420 kPa; error= (78.444 - 78.420)/78.444 = 0.00031, or 0.031 %.

A B T
T 3m

t
Du Air
Sm Air
-=-

f
3m
l
u
-=-
C.

Water
Sm

1 Fig. 2-3
2.16 The system in Fig. 2-4 is at 70 °F. If the pressure at point A is 2900 lb/ft', determine the pressures at points B,
C, andD.
I PB= 2900- (62.4)(4- 3) = 2838 lb/ft' p 0 = 2900 + (62.4)(6) = 3274 lb/ft2
Pc= 2900 + (62.4)(6 - 2) - (0.075)(5 + 3) = 3149 lb/ft'

C•
Air Air
3ft
4ft B
A -
Air
- 5ft

6ft
..
Water 2 ft
D
• Fig. 2-4

2.17 The system in Fig. 2-5 is at 20 °C. If atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom
of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?
I 101.03 + (0.89)(9. 79)(1.5) + (9. 79)(2.5) + (s.g.)(9.79)(2.9) + (13.6)(9.79)(0.4) = 231.3 s.g. = 1.39

u
- 1·5m
SAE 30oil

Water 2·5m

Olive.oil 2·9m

Mercury 0·4m
F1g. 2-5
TT
f ,~: 28 D CHAPTER 2

2.18 Find the pressures at A, B, C, and D in Fig. 2-6.

I PA= (62.4)(4+2) = 374lb/ft2.ps = -(62.4)(2) = -125 lb/ft2. Neglecting air,pc =p 8 = -125lb/ft2;
Po= -125 - (62.4)(4 + 2 + 2) = -624 lb/ft2.

Air -D--T
.:-_-____ 4ft

Air B ~i~i~~ --t--

---- -:-:-:.:: 2ft
2ft

4ft
_j_
Fig. 2-6

2.19 The tube shown in Fig. 2-7 is filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at A and B in meters of water.
f (hu2o)(Yu2o) = (hon)(Yoi1) = (hou)[(s.g.on)(Yu2o)]; therefore, hu20 = (hoi1)(s.g.oi1)- Thus, hA =
-(2.2 + 0.6)(0.85) = -2.38 m H 2 0 and h 8 = (-0.6)(0.85) = -0.51 m H 20.

Fig. 2-7

2.20 Calculate the pressure, in kPa, at A, B, C, and Din Fig. 2-8.

I PA= -(0.4 + 0.4)(9.790) = -7.832 kPa;p 8 = (0.5)(9.790) = 4.895 kPa. Neglecting air,pc = p 8 = 4.895 kPa;
Po= 4.895 + (0.9)(9.790)(1 + 0.5 + 0.4) = 21.636 kPa.

Fig. 2-8
I

~ 2.21 Convert 9 psi to (a) inches of mercury, (b) feet of water, (c) feet of ichor (s.g. = 2.94).
I (a) h = p/y = [(9)(144)]/[(13.6)(62.4)] = 1.527 ft, or 18.33 inHg
I (b) h = [(9)(144)]/62.4 = 20. 77 ft of water
~-r
I
(c) h = [(9)(144)]/[(2.94)(62.4)] = 7.06 ft ichor
I
I

2.22 Express an absolute pressure of 5 atm in meters of water gage when the barometer reads 760 mmHg.
I Pabs = (5)(101.3)/9.79 = 51.74 m of water Patm = (0.760)(13.6) = 10.34 m of water
Psase = 51.74- 10.34 = 41.40 m of water
 FLUID STATICS D 29
Figure 2-9 shows one pressurized tank inside another. If the sum of the readings of Bourdan gages A and B is
34.1 psi, and an aneroid barometer reads 29.90inHg, what is the absolute pressure at A, in inHg?
I h=p/y hA + h 8 = 34.1/[(13.6)(62.4)/(12)3] = 69.44inHg
(hA)abs = 29.90 + 69.44 = 99.34 inHg

Fig.2-9
1,

l
l 2.24 Determine the heights of columns of water, kerosene (ker), and nectar (s.g. = 2.94) equivalent to 277 mmHg.
.f
I (httJ(YttJ = (HH2o)(Ytt:z0) = (hker)(Yker) = (hn_,.)(Yneccar)
0.277[(13.6)(9.79)] = (htt:z0)(9.79) h 820 = 3.77 m
0.277[(13.6)(9. 79)] = (hker)[(0.82)(9.79)] hker = 4.59 m
0.277[(13.6)(9. 79)] = (h-)[(2.94)(9.79)] hnectar = 1.28 m

2.25 In Fig. 2-10, if h = 25.5 in, determine the pressure at A. The liquid has a specific gravity of 1.85.
I p = yh = [(1.85)(62.4)][25.5/12] = 245.3 lb/ft2 or 1.70 psi

Fig. 2-10

2.26 For the pressure vessel containing glycerin, with piezometer attached, as shown in Fig. 2-11, what is the
pressure at point A?
I p = yh = [(1.26)(62.4)](40.8/12} = 267 lb/ft2

Open to atmosphere

I
40.Sia.

1 Fig. 2-11
30 D CHAPTER 2

2.27 For the open tank, with piezometers attached on the side, containing two different immiscible liquids, as shown
in Fig. 2-12, find the (a) elevation of the liquid surface in piezometer A, (b) elevation of the liquid surface in
piezometer B, and (c) total pressure at the bottom of the tank.
I (a) Liquid A will simply rise in piezometer A to the same elevation as liquid A in the tank (i.e., to elevation
2 m). (b) Liquid B will rise in piezometer B to elevation 0.3 m (as a result of the pressure exerted by liquid B)
plus an additional amount as a result of the overlying pressure of liquid A. The overlying pressure can be
determined by p = yh = [(0. 72)(9. 79) ](2 - 0. 3) = 11. 98 kN /m2 • The height liquid B will rise in piezometer B as a
result of the overlying pressure of liquid A can be determined by h = p/y = 11.98/[(2.36)(9. 79)] = 0.519 m.
Hence, liquid B will rise in piezometer B to an elevation of 0.3 m + 0.519 m, or 0.819 m.
(c) Poottom = [(0.72)(9.79)](2 - 0.3) + [(2.36)(9.79)](0.3) = 18.9 kPa.

A B

El 2 m 1--------'"'"-----------,

Liquid A
(s.g. = 0.72)

-
El 0.3 m
Liquid B
(s.g. = 2.36) I
El .Om Fig. 2-12

2.28 The air-oil-water system shown in Fig. 2-13 is at 70°F. If gage A reads 16.1 lb/in2 abs and gage Breads
2.00 lb/in2 less than gage C, compute (a) the specific weight of the oil and (b) the reading of gage C.
I (a) (16.1)(144) + (0.0750)(3) + (Yon)(2) = PB, PB+ (y ;1)(2) + (62.4)(3) = Pc· Since Pc - PB= 2.00,
0

(y ;1)(2) + (62.4)(3) = (2.00)(144), Yon= 50.4 lb/ft3. (b) (16.1)(144) + (0.0750)(3) + (50.4)(2) = PB,
0

PB= 2419 lb/ft2; Pc= 2419 + (2.00)(144) = 2707 lb/ft2, or 18.80 lb/in2 •

16.1 lb /in 2 abs

Air 3ft

2ft
Oil
2ft

Water 3ft

C Fig. 2-13

2.29 For a gage reading at A of -2.50 psi, determine the (a) elevations of the liquids in the open piezometer
columns E, F, and G and (b) deflection of the mercury in the U-tube gage in Fig. 2-14. Neglect the weight of
the air.
I (a) The liquid between the air and the water would rise to elevation 49.00 ft in piezometer column E as a
result of its weight. The actual liquid level in the piezometer will be lower, however, because of the vacuum in
the air above the liquid. The amount the liquid level will be lowered (h in Fig. 2-14) can be determined by
 FLUID STATICS D 31
(-2.50)(144) + [(0.700)(62.4)](h) = 0, h = 8.24 ft. Elevation at L = 49.00- 8.24 = 40. 76 ft; (-2.50)(144) +
[(0.700)(62.4)][49.00 - 38.00) = PM, PM= 120.5 lb/ft2. Hence, pressure head at M = 120.5/62.4 = 1.93 ft of
water. Elevation at N = 38.00 + 1. 93 = 39. 93 ft; 120.5 + (62.4)(38.00- 26.00) = p 0 , p 0 = 869.3 lb/ft2 • Hence,
pressure head at 0= 869.3/((1.600)(62.4)] = 8. 71 ft (of the liquid with s.g. = 1.600). Elevation at Q =
=
26.00 + 8. 71 = 34. 71 ft. (b) 869.3 + (62.4)(26.00 -14.00) - [(13.6)(62.4)](h 1) = 0, h 1 1.91 ft.

E F G

Air

El. 49.001-t H

_j_
C- Dt El. 14.00 f-t
Fig. 2-14

2.30 A vessel containing oil under pressure is shown in Fig. 2-15. Find the elevation of the oil surface in the attached
piezometer.
I Elevation of oil surface in piezometer = 2 + 35/[(0.83)(9.79)] = 6.31 m

Air pressure = 35 kPa

Elev. 2 m

Oil
(s.g. = 0.83)

Elev. 0 m
Fig. 2-15

2.31 The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the 'gage pressure at the bottom of the tank
(Fig. 2-16). If the tank is 32 cm deep and is contaminated with 3 cm of water, how many centimeters of air
remains at the top when the gage indicates "full"? Use Ysasoline = 6670 N/m3 and Yair = 11.8 N/m3 •
I When full of gasoline, Psase = (6670)(0.32) = 2134 Pa. With water added, 2134 = (9790)(0.03) +
(6670)[(0.32 - 0.03) - h] + (11.8)(h ), h = 0,0141 m, or 1.41 cm;
32 D CHAPTER 2 ·

Vent

Air h?

32cm Gasoline

Water 3cm

Fig. 2-16

2.32 The hydraulic jack shown in Fig. 2-17 is filled with oil at 55 lb/ft'. Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what
force Fon the handle is required to support the 2200-lb weight?
I The pressure against the large and the small piston is the same. p = W /A 1.,8e = 2200/(.tr(-h)2/4] =
44 818 lb/ft2. Let P be the force from the small piston onto the handle. P = pA,ma11=(448l8)[.1r(/i}2 /4] = 244 lb.
For the handle, l:MA = 0 = (16 + l)(F) - (1)(244), F = 14.4 lb.

3-in diameter

I -in diameter

Fig. 2-17

2.33 Figure 2-18 shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder. What force Fis required to balance
the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is negligible?
I 10 000/500 - ((0.78)(62.4)](15)/144 = F /5 F = 74.6 lb

F=?

Plunger area= 5 in2

15 ft

Oil (s.g. = 0. 78) Fig. 2-18

2.34 For the vertical pipe with manometer attached, as shown in Fig. 2-19, find the pressure in the oil at point A.
I PA+ [(0.91)(62.4)1(7.22)- [(13.6)(62.4)](1.00) = 0 PA= 438.7 lb/ft2 or 3.05 lb/in2
 FLUID STATICS D 33

Oil
(s.g. = 0.91)

A
•

7:22ft

B- 1
-...,..,.,....___ Mercury
(s.g. = 13.6) F11• 2-19

2.35 A manometer is attached to a tank containing three different fluids, as shown in Fig. 2-20. What will be the
·difference in elevation of the mercury column in the manometer (i.e., y in Fig. 2-20)?

I 30 + ((0.82)(9. 79)](5 - 2) + (9. 79)(2 - O) + (9. 79)(1.00)- [(13.6)(9.79))y =0 y = 0.627 m

Elev. 6m
----
Elev.Sm Air pressure == JO kPa
----t-=-----------.........
---:: --- =~ :_::.--

Oil
(s.g. = 0.82)

Elev.·2 m
----1-~--------
Water
Elev. 0 m
----
1.00m
~_:}_
7
Mercury
(s.g. = 13.6)

2.36 Oil of specific gravity 0. 750 flows through the nozzle shown in Fig. 2-21 and de._ the mercury in the U-tube
gage. Determine the value of h if the pressure at A is 20.0 psi.

I 20.0 +. [(O. 750)(62.4)](2. 75 +, h)n44 - _((13.6)(62.4))(h )/144 == 0 h = 3. 75 ft

37'
.,.
·•#f'
·~ ..;_-i!~,
'/'
34 D CHAPTER 2

I,,
_j___
B - C
Fig. 2-21

2.37 Determine the reading h in Fig. 2-22 for PA= 39 kPa vacuum if the liquid is kerosene (s.g. = 0.83).

I ..:..39 + [(0.83)(9. 79)]h = 0 h =4.800m

Fig. 2-22

2.38 In Fig. 2-22, the liquid is water. If h = 9 in and the barometer reading is 29 .8 inHg, find p A in feet of water
absolute.

I PA+ Ii-= (13.6)(29.8/12) PA= 33.0 ft of water absolute

2.39 In Fig. 2-23, s.g. 1 = 0.84, s.g. 2 = 1.0, h 2 = 96 mm, and h 1 = 159 mm. Find PA in mmHg gage. If the barometer
reading is 729 mmHg, what is PA in mmH2 0 absolute?

I PA+ (0.84)(96) - (1.0)(159) = 0

PA =78.4mmH2 0 gage =78.4/13.6= 5.76mmHg gage

= 78.4 + (13.6)(729) = 9993 mmH2 0 absolute

Fig. 2-23

2.40 At 20 °C, gage A in Fig. 2-24 reads 290 kPa abs. What is the height h of water? What does gage B read?

I 290- [(13.6)(9.79)]( 1~)-9. 79h = 175 h=2.227m

PB -(9.79)(~ + 2.227) = 175 Ps =204kPa
 FLUID STATICS D 35

Air: 175 kPa abs

T h?
w~ter
J_ - - -
70 cm Mercur~

Fig. 2-24

2.41 The U-tube shown in Fig. 2-25a is 10 mm in diameter and contains mercury. If 12.0 mL of water is poured into
the right-hand leg, what are the ultimate heights in the two legs?
I After the water is poured, the orientation of the liquids will be as shown in Fig. 2-25b; h =
(12.0 x 1()3 mm 3) / .n-(5 mm)2 = 152.8 mm, (13.6)(240 - L) = 13.6L + 152.8, L = 114.4 mm. Left leg height above
bottom of U-tube = 240 - 114.4 = 125.6 mm; right leg height above bottom of U-tube = 114.4 + 152.8 =
267.2mm.

w..t,r
fh
Mercury

T Mercury

+
240-L
120mm 120mm

120 mm Fig. 2-2S(a)

l 120mm
L
...L
Fig. 2-2S(b)

2.42 Assuming sea water to have a constant specific weight of 10.05 kN/m3, what is the absolute pressure at a depth
of lOkm?
I p = l + (10.05)(10 000)/101.3 = 993 atm

2.43 In Fig. 2-26, fluid 2 is carbon tetrachloride and fluid 1 is benzene. If Pa,m is 101.5 kPa, determine the absolute
pressure at point A ·
I 101.5 + (15.57)(0.35)- (8.62)(0.12) = PA PA= 105.9 kPa

Patm

fluid 1

T
35cm

T
12cm
_j_ 1
fluid 2 Fig. 2-26

2.44 In Fig. 2-27a, the manometer reads 4 in when atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. If the absolute pressure at A is
doubled, what is the new manometer reading?
I PA+ (62.4)(3.5)- [(13.6)(62.4)](ti) = (14. 7)(144), PA= 2181 lb/ft2 • If PA is doubled to 4362 lb/ft2 , the
mercury level will fall x inches on the left side of the manometer and will rise by that amount on the right side of
the manometer (see Fig. 2-27b ). Hence, 4362 + (62.4)(3.5 + x/12) - [(13.6)(62.4)][(4 + 2x)/12] = (14. 7)(144),
x = 16.0 in. New manometer reading= 4 + (2)(16.0) = 36.0 in.
'' 36 D CHAPTER 2

r
3.5ft
Water

L
Mercury Fig. 2-27(a) Fig. 2-27(b)

2.45 In Fig. 2-28a, A contains water, and the manometer fluid has density 2900 kg/m 3 • When the left meniscus is at
zero on the scale, PA = 100 mm of water. Find the reading of the right meniscus for PA = 10 kPa with no
adjustment of the U-tube or scale.
I First, determine the reading of the right meniscus for PA= 100 mm of water (see Fig. 2-28b ):
100 + 500 - 2.90h = 0, h = 206.9 mm. When PA= 10 kPa, the mercury level will fall some amount, d, on the left
side of the manometer and will rise by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2-28b ). Hence,
10/9.79 + (500 + d)/1000- [(206.9 + 2d)/1000](2.90) = 0, d = 192.0 mm. Scale reading for PA= 10 kPa is
206.9 + 192.0, or 398.9 mm.

Fig. 2-28(a) Fig. 2-28(b)

2.46 A manometer is attached to a conduit, as shown in Fig. 2-29. Calculate the pressure at point A.
I PA+ (62.4)[(5 + 15)/12] - [(13.6)(62.4)J(H) = 0 PA= 957 lb/ff

Water

--r-

tJ_
15 in ---Mercury
(s.g. = 13,6)

Fig. 2-29

2.47 A manometer is attached to a pipe containing oil, as shown in Fig. 2-30. Calculate the pressure at point A.
I PA+ [(0.85)(9. 79)](0.2)- (9.79)(1.5) = 0 PA= 13.02 kN/m2

I
 FLUID STATICS D 31

T I
1.5m

Oil (s.g. = 0.85)

0.2m J_
I Water Fig. 2-30

2.48 A monometer is attached to a pipe to measure pressure, as shown in Fig. 2-31. Calculate the pressure at
point A.
I p,,. + (62.4)(H)- [(13.6)(62.4)](-&} =0 p,,. =331 lb/ft2

A
Water •

18 in

-r
6 in
_J_ l
Fig. 2-31

2.49 A glass U-tube open to the atmosphere at both ends is shown in Fig. 2-32. ifthe U-tube contains oil and water
as shown, determine the specific gravity of the oil.
I [(s.g,oi))(9.79)](0.35)..:. (9.79)(0.30) = 0 s.g.oil = 0.86

0.3Sm

•+---Water
38 D CHAPTER 2

2.50 A differential manometer is shown in Fig. 2-33. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B.
I PA+ [(0.92)(62.4)][(x + 12)/12] - [(13.6)(62.4)](H)- [(0.92)(62.4)][(x + 24)/12] = p 8
PA -pa=9061b/ft2

T24 in
Oil (s.g. = 0.92)

lt
12 in

J_
Mercury (s.g. = 13.6)
Fig. 2-33

2.51 A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in Fig. 2.34. Calculate the pressure difference between
points A and B.
I PA+ [(0.91)(62.4)](y/12) - [(13.6)(62.4)](-&) - [(0.91){62.4)][(y - 4)/12] = p 8
PA -pa=264Ib/ft2

Oil Oil (s.g. = 0.91)

J __J__

J_ 4- ·,.,
~~Mercury
(s.g. = 13.6) Fig. 2-34

2.52 A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-35. Calculate the pressure difference between
points A and B.
I PA - [(0.91){62.4)](y/12)-[{13.6)(62.4)](-&) + [(0.91){62.4)][(y + 4)/12] =p 8
PA - Ps = 264 lb/ff

T
4 in

_ . 1 _ - - - + + - - Mercury
T (s.g. = 13.6)
!J

Oil A B
(s.g. = o:91) • •
Fig. 2-35
 FLUID STATICS D 39

2.53 For the configuration shown in Fig. 2-36, calculate the weight of the piston if the gage pressure reading is
70.0kPa.
I Let W = weight of the piston. W /[(;r)(1)2/4] - [(0.86)(9. 79)](1) = 70.0, W = 61.6 kN.

/ Gage

1-- 1-m diameter ----j

T Im

-
Piston ___,__j
---+-Oil
(s.g. = 0.86)

Fig. 2-36

2.54 A manometer is attached to a horizontal oil pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-37. If the pressure at point A is 10 psi, find
the distance between the two mercury surfaces in the manometer (i.e., determine the distance yin Fig. 2-37).
I (10)(144) + [(0:90)(62.4)](3 + y)- [(13.6)(62.4)]y = 0 y = 2.03 ft or 24.4 in

Oil (s.g. = 0.90)

3ft

__LT
y

_L Mercury (s.g. = 13.6)

Fig. 2-37

A vertical pipe with attached gage and manometer is shown in Fig. 2-38. What will be the gage reading in
pounds per square inch if there is no flow in the pipe?
I Gage reading+ [(0.85)(62.4)](2 + 8)/144 - [(13.6)(62.4)](M}/144 = 0 Gage reading = 5.16 psi

2.56 A monometer is attached to a vertical pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-39. Calculate the pressure difference between
points A and B.
I PA - (62.4)(5 + 1)- [(13.6)(62.4)](2) + (62.4)(2 + 1) = PB
PA-pa=l884lb/ft2 or 13.llb/in2

2.57 A manometer is attached to a water tank, as shown in Fig. 2-40. Find the height of the free water surface above
the bottom of the tank.
I (9.79)(H -0.15)-[(13.6)(9.79)](0.20) = 0 H=2.87m
40 D CHAPTER 2

Gage -----·-1·----1
f
2ft

8ft
Oil
(s.g. = 0.85)

T
18 in
J_

Mercury
(s.g. = 13.6)
Fig. 2-38

Mercury (s.g. = 13.6)

T2ft

T
B•

5ft

Water

Fig. 2-39
 FLUID STATICS D 41

Water
~=i==~T
0.20m
0.15 m

+
0.15 m
l_
_l_

Mercury
(s.g. = 13.6) Fig. 2-40

2.58 A differential manometer is attached to two tanks, as shown in Fig. 2-41. Calculate the pressure difference
between chambers A and B.
I PA+ ((0.89)(9. 79)](1.1) + ((13.6)(9. 79)](0.3) - ((1.59)(9. 79)](0.8) =p 8
PA -ps = -37.1 kN/m2 (i.e., Ps > PA)

Chamber A

SAE 30oil

Chamber B
1.lm

l -,
0.3 m
__J_

Mercury Fig. 2-41

2.59 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-42.
I PA+ (62.4)(66.6/12) - ((13.6)(62.4))(40.3/12) + (62.4)(22.2/12)
- ((13.6)(62.4))(30.0/12) - (62.4)(10.0/12) =Ps
PA - Ps = 4562 lb/ff or 31.7 lb/in2

2.60 Calculate the pressure difference between.A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-43.
I PA - (9.79)x - ((0.8)(9.79)](0.70) + (9.79)(x -0.80) = Ps PA -ps = 13.3 kN/m2

2.61 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-44.
I PA+ (62.4)(x + 4) -((13.6)(62.4)](4) + (62.4)(7 - x) =Ps
PA - Ps =2708 lb/ff or 18.8 lb/in2
42 D CHAPTER 2

+----Water

-~
l JOO;,

40.3 in
IJ
Fig. 2-42

Oil (s.g. = 0.8)

x m + 0.70 m - 1.50 m = (x - 0.80) m

-:- TI
Water 1.50m
xm .. !

C I
Water Hg. 2-43
 FLUID STATICS D 43
Water

l
7ft

1
Fig. 2-44

!,J.62 Vessels A and Bin Fig. 2-45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 psi and 20.0 psi, respectively. What is the
deflection of the mercury in the differential gage?
I (40.0)(144) + (62.4)(x + h) - [(13.6)(62.4)]h + 62.4y = (20.0)(144). Since x + y = 16.00 - 10.00, or 6.00 ft,
h =4.14ft.

Water

T _16.00 r~

_J0.00 ft

Flg. 2-45
I,"
~
I
p.e For a gage pressure at A in Fig. 2-46 of -1.58 psi, find the specific gravity of gage liquid B.
I (-1.58)(144) + [(1.60)(62.4)](10.50 - 9.00) - (0.0750)(11.25 - 9.00) + [(s.g.nq.s)(62.4)](11.25 -10.00) = 0 ·
S.g.liq. B = 1.0Q
44 D CHAPTER 2

Air 11.25 fl

10.00 ft
Liquid B
9.00

s•i· =1.Go Fig. 2-46

2.64 In Fig. 2-47, liquid A weighs 53.5 lb/ft' and liquid B weighs 78.8 lb/ft'. Manometer liquid Mis mercury. If the
pressure at B is 30 psi, find the pressure at A.
I PA - (53.5)(6.5 + 1.3) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.3) + (78.8)(6.5 + 10.0) = (30)(144)
PA = 2334 lb/ft2 or 16.2 lb/in2

{I

r-
1.3 ft

6.5 ft

10.0 ft
rld
A

B
Fig. 2-47

2.65 What would be the manometer reading in Fig. 2-47 if PB - PA is 165 kPa?
I Converting to lb/ft2, PB - PA= 3446 lb/ft2. The mercury level will rise some amount, x, on the left side of the
manometer and will fall by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.48). Hence, taking
weight densities from Prob. 2.64, PA - (53.5)(6.5 + 1.3 +x) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.3 + 2x) + (78.8)(6.5 + 10.0-x) =
PB, l644x + 1986 = PB - PA= 3446, x = 0.89 ft; manometer reading= 1.3 + (2)(0.89) = 3.08 ft.

,o.o fr
_j_ _ __ ,. B
Fig. 2-48

2.li6 In Fig. 2-49, water is contained in A and rises in the tube to a level 85 in above A; glycerin is contained in B.
The inverted U-tube is filled with air at 23 psi and 70 °F. Atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia. Determine the

j
 FLUID STATICS D 45

difference in pressure (psi) between A and B if y is 16 in. What is the absolute pressure in B in inches of
mercury and in feet of glycerin?
I PA - (62.4)(ff) = (23)(144) PA= 3754.0 lb/ft 2
PB - [(1.26)(62.4))[(85-16)/12] = (23)(144) PB= 3764.1 lb/ft2
PA - PB= 3754.0- 3764.1 = -10.1 lb/ft2 or -0.070 lb/in2
(p.bs)B = (3764.1/144 + 14.6)/[(13.6)(62.4)/(12)3 ] = 83.0 inHg
(Pabs)B = (3764.1/144 + 14.6)/[(1.26)(62.4)/(12)3 ] = 895.4 in or 74.6 ft of glycerin

·1
L·
Fig. 2-49

2.67 Gas confined in a rigid container exerts a gage pressure of 150 kPa when its temperature is 7 °C. What pressure
would the gas exert at 67 °C? Barometric pressure remains constant at 719 mmHg.
I p.,m = [(13.6)(9.79))(0.719) = 95.7 kPa p.bs = 95.7 + 150 = 245.7 kPa
P1 Yi/Ti= P2 Vi/I;, (245.7)(V)/(273 + 7) = (p 2 )(V)/(273 + 67) [V (volume) is constant)
p 2 = 298.4kPa (absolute)= 298.4-95.7 = 202.7 kPa (gage)

2.68 In Fig. 2-50, atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia, the gage reading at A is 6.1 psi, and the vapor pressure of the
alcohol is 1.7 psia. Compute x and y.
I Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)]/[(0.90)(62.4)] -x =
(1. 7)(144)/[(0.90)(62.4)], X = 48. 72 ft; [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)]/[(0.90)(62.4)] + (y + 4.2) - (4.2)(13.6/0. 90) = 0, y =
6.19ft.

Alcohol vapor only

JC

Alcohol
~ y
s.g.:0.90 _l
z
Fig. 2-50

2.69 In Fig. 2-50, assume the following: atmospheric pressure = 858 mbar abs, vapor pressure of the
alcohol= 160 mbar abs, x = 2. 90 m, y = 2.10 m. Compute the reading on the pressure gage (pA) and on the
manometer (z).
46 D CHAPTER 2

I Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(pA)gage + 8581(0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79))- 2.90 =

(160)(0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79)), (PA)gagc = -442 mbar; [(-442 + 858)(0.100))/[(0.90)(9.79)) + (2.10 + z) -
(z)(13.6/0.90) = 0, z = 0.483 m.

2.70 A pipeline contains an incompressible gas (y = 0.05 lb/ft3) at rest; at point A the pressure is 4.69 in of water.
What is the pressure, in inches of water, at point B, 492 ft higher than A?
I The change in pressure in the atmosphere must be considered; assume, however, that Yair = 0.076 lb/ft3 is
constant.
(pA/Y)abs = (pA/Y)a,m + 4.69/12 ft of water (1)
(pB/Y)abs = (pB/ Y)atm +x/12 ft of water (2)
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1),
(pA/Y)abs - (pB/ Y)abs = (pA/Y)atm - (pB/ Y)atm + 4.69/12-x/12 (3)
(pA/Y)a,m - (pB/Y)atm = 492 ft of air= (492)(0.076/62.4) = 0.599 ft of water
(pA/Y)abs - (pB/Y)abs = 492 ft of gas= (492)(0.05/62.4) = 0.394 ft of water
Substituting these relationships into Eq. (3), 0.394 = 0.599 + 4.69/12 - x/12, x = 7.15 in of water.

2.71 Determine the pressure difference between points A and Bin Fig. 2-51.
I PA+ [(0.88)(9. 79))(0.21) - [(13.6)(9. 79))(0.09) - [(0.82)(9. 79))(0.41- 0.09)
+ (9. 79)(0.41- 0.15) - (0.0118)(0.10) = PB
PA - PB= 10.2 kPa

Kerosene
Air

T
41
-.
9cm
_l_

Mercury Water Fig. 2-51

2.72 In Fig. 2-52, if PB - PA= 97.4 kPa, calculate H.

I PA - (9. 79)(H/100) - [(0.827)(9. 79))U<ii) + [(13.6)(9.79))[(34 + H + 17)/100) = PB
1.234H + 66.53 =pB -pA =97.4 H= 25.0cm

Meriam
red oil,
s.g. = 0.817

Water

Mercury

34cm

!
Fig. 2-52
 FLUID STATICS D 47

2.73 For Fig. 2-53, if fluid 1 is water and fluid 2 is mercury, and zA = 0 and z 1 = -11 cm, what is level z 2 at which
PA=P.,m?
I 0 + (9. 79)(0 - (- ll)]/100 - [(13.6)(9. 79)][z2 - (-ll)]/100 = 0 z2 = -10.19cm
Open, Patm

Fig. 2-53
2.74 The inclined manometer in Fig. 2-54a contains Meriam red manometer oil (s.g. = 0.827). Assume the reservoir
is very large. What should the angle 0 be if each inch along the scale is to represent a change of 0.8 lb/ft2 in
gage pressure pA?
I From Fig. 2-54b, !lp = y!lz, or
0.8 lb/ft2 = [(0.827)(62.4 lb/ft3)](-lz ft)(sin 0)
from which 0 = 10.72°.

Reservoir Fig. 2-54(a) Fig. 2-54(b)

2.75 The system in Fig. 2-55 is at 20 °C. Compute the absolute pressure at point A.
I PA+ [(0.85)(62.4)]( -b) - [(13.6)(62.4)]("'2) + (62.4)(fz) = (14. 7)(144) PA= 2691 lb/ft 2 abs
Water

Oil. s.,. = 0.B 5

T~l Pa= 14.7 lb /in 2
I 6in
I
T 9in
7in
j-____ l Water

Mercury Fig. 2-55

2.76 Very small pressure differences PA - p 8 can be measured accurately by the two-fluid differential manometer
shown in Fig. 2-56. Density p 2 is only slightly larger than the upper fluid p 1 • Derive an expression for the
proportionality between hand PA...:: p 8 if the reservoirs are very large.
I PA+ P1gh1 - P2gh - P1g(h1 - h) = Pn, PA - Pn = (P2 - P1)gh. If (P2 - P1) is small, h will be large (sensitive).

Po

Fig. 2-56
48 D CHAPTER 2

2.77 Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig. 2-57. The pressure drop p 1 - p 2 is partly due to gravity
and partly due to friction. The mercury manometer reads a 5-in height difference. What is the total pressure
drop Pt - p 2? What is the pressure drop due to friction only between 1 and 2? Does the manometer reading
correspond only to friction drop?
I Pt+ (62.4)(6 sin 35° + x/12 +-&) - [(13.6)(62.4)](-&) - (62.4)(x/12) =p 2
Pt - P2 = 112.9 lb/ft2 (total pressure drop)
Pressure drop due to friction only= [(13.6)(62.4)- 62.4](-&) = 327.6 lb/ft2
Manometer reads only the friction loss.

ft

Water

Sin

--r- Mercury
Fig. 2-57
2.78 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. 2-58.
I PA - (9.79)(0.50) + (0.0118)(0.33) + [(13.6)(9.79))(0.17)- [(0.83)(9.79))(0.44) = 0
Patm

T
Oil,
s.g.=0.83
·1
T
50cm
33cm

_l
44cm
I
I

J A

Water
T
17cm
_+'
Mercury Fig. 2-58
2.79 In Fig. 2-59, calculate level h of the oil in the right-hand tube. Both tubes are open to the atmosphere.
I 0 + (9.79)(0.110 + 0.240)- [(0.83)(9.79))(0.240 + h) = 0 h = 0.1817 m = 181.7mm

h
110mm

Oil,
s.g.=0·83 240mm

280mm
Water
Fig. 2-59
 FLUID STATICS D 49

2.80 In Fig. 2-60a the inclined manometer measures the excess pressure at A over that at B. The reservoir diameter
is 2.5 in and that of the inclined tube is ¼in. For 8 = 32° and gage fluid with s.g. = 0.832, calibrate the scale in
psi per ft.
I PA= y(Ah + Ay) + PB (see Fig. 2-60b) PA - p B = y(Ah + Ay)
From Fig. 2-60b, (AA)(Ay) = (AB)(R) or Ay =ABR/AA, Ah= R sin 8, PA -pB = y(R sin 8 + ABRIAA) =
yR(sin 8 + AB/AA), AB/AA= {.1r{¼)2/4]/[,r(2.5)2/4] = 1fio; PA - PB= [(0.832)(62.4)](R)(sin 32° + 1lio)/144 =
0.1947R. The scale factor is thus 0.1947 psi/ft.

~~·
=-=~
----------
-_ -----
A
0
~
' \
------=::: R --------.. ----
__-_-__-_---
- - _-_----.:- -
(J
Fig. 2-60(a)

orea a.

Fig. 2-60(6)

2.81 Determine the weight W that can be equilibrated by the force acting on the piston of Fig. 2-61.
I p 1 = p 2 = Fi/A 1 = FJA2 l.25/[,r(35)2 /4] = W /{,r(250)2 /4] W = 63.8 kN

250mm diam
. r----1

lE~J
35mmd1am ~

1.25 l<N - - + ~ I
Fig. 2-61

2.82 Neglecting the container's weight in Fig. 2-62, find the force tending to lift the circular top CD.
I PcD-[(0.8)(62.4)](4) =0 PcD = 199.7lb/ft2 F=pA = (199.7)[,r(2.5}2/4] =980lb

T4ft

t B
l•25ft diam,,
1
C.,.....,.,,...-...,,,.,.,...,,D
...,...,...,....,. B

2.0 in.
diam
T5ft A- -A

I Oil
s.g,=0.8

Fig. 2-62
50 D CHAPTER 2

2.83 Find the force of oil on the top surface CD of Fig. 2-62 if the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3 m.
I Pco - [(0.8)(62.4)][4- (1.3)(3.281)] = 0 Pco = -13.24 lb/ft2 (i.e., a downward pressure by CD)
F = pA = (-13.24)[.ir(2.5)2/4] = -65.0 lb

2.84 A drum 2.25 ft in diameter filled with water has a vertical pipe of 0.70-in diameter attached to the top. How
many pounds of water must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 1500 lb on the top of the drum?
I p =FIA= 1500/[.ir(2.25)2 /4] = 377.3 lb/ft2 h = p/y = 377.3/62.4 = 6.05 ft
2
W820 = (6.05)[.ir(0.70/12) /4)(62.4) = 1.01 lb

2.85 In Fig. 2-63, the liquid at A and Bis water and the manometer liquid is oil with s.g. = 0.80, h 1= 300 mm,
h2 = 200 mm, and h 3 = 600 mm. (a) Determine p A - p 0 • (b) If p O = 50 kPa and the barometer reading is
730 mmHg, find the absolute pressure at A in meters of water.
I (a) PA - (9.79)(1~)- [(0.80)(9.79)](1~) + (9.79)G~i) = Po PA -po= -1.37 kPa
(b) PA - (9. 79)(1~) - [(0.80)(9. 79)](1~) + (9. 79)G~i) = 50
PA= 48.63 kPa (gage)= 48.63/9.79 + 1~(13.6) = 14.90m water (absolute)

Fig.2-63

2.86 In Fig. 2-63, s.g.1 = 1.0, s.g. 2 = 0.96, s.g. 3 = 1.0, h 1 = h 2 = 269 mm, and h 3 = 1.2 m. Compute PA - p 0 in
millimeters of water.
I PA - (1.0)(269) - (0.96)(269) + (1.0)(1200) = Po PA -po= -673 mm of water

2.87 In Fig. 2-63, s.g. 1= 1.0, s.g. 2 = 0.94, s.g. 3 = 1.0, h 1= 300 mm, h 3 = 1. 1 m, and PA - p 0 = -360 mm of water.
Find the gage difference (h 2 ).
I PA - (1.0)(300)- (0.94)(h2) + (1.0)(1100) = Po PA - Po= -360 = -800 + (0.94)(h 2) h2=468mm

2.88 What is the pressure difference, in pounds per square inch, of a 1000-ft water column?
I p = yh = (62.4)(1000)/144 = 433 psi

2.89 Find the pressure at a point 9.5 m below the free surface in a fluid whose density varies with depth h (in m)
according to
p = (450 kg/m 3 ) + (11 kg/m4 )h
I dp = ydh = pgdh = (g)(450 + llh) dh. Integrating both sides: p = (g)(450h + llh 2/2). For h = 9.5 m:
p = (9.81)[(450)(9.5) + (11)(9.5) 2/2] = 46.807 kPa.

2.90 If atmospheric pressure is 29. 72 inHg, what will be the height of water in a water barometer if the temperature
of the water is (a) 50 °F, (b) 100 °F, and (c) 150 °F?
I p = yh = [(13.6)(62.4))(29. 72/12) = 2102 lb/ft 2 or 14.60 lb/in2
(a) At 50 °F, y = 62.4 lb/ft3 and Pvapor = 25. 7/144, or 0.178 lb/in 2, h820 = (14.60 - 0.178)(144)/62.4 = 33.28 ft.
(b) At 100 °F, y = 62.0 lb/ft3 and Pvapor = :il, or 0.938 lb/in2, h 820 = (14.60 - 0.938)(144)/62.0 = 31.73 ft.
(c) At 150 °F, y = 61.2 lb/ft3 and Pvapor =~~.or 3.78 lb/in 2, h 820 = (14.60 - 3.78)(144)/61.2 = 25.46 ft.
 FLUID STATICS D 51

2.91 A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level (where atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia and the temperature is 69 °F) to
65.0 psi. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of Everest
(altitude 30000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is 4.3 psia and the temperatµre is -38 °F?

I Let subscript 1 indicate sea level and subscript 2 indicate altitude 30 000 ft.

(P1)abs = 14.6 + 65.0 = 79.6 psia

(79.6)(V)/(460 + 69) = (p 2)(V)/[460 + (-38)] (Vis constant)
(p 2 )gage = 63.5 - 4.3 = 59.2 psi

2.92 Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B in Fig. 2-64 if d 1 = 330 mm, d 2 = 160 mm, d 3 = 480 mm,
and d 4 = 230 mm.

I PA+ (9. 79)(0.330) - [(13.6)(9. 79)](0.480 + 0.230 sin 45°) = PB PA - PB= 82.33 kPa

Fig. 2-64

2.93 A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller open cylindrical
tank containing cleaning fluid (s.g. = 0.8) at height h. If PB= 13.40 kPa gage and Pc= 13.42 kPa gage, what are
gage pressure pA and height h of cleaning fluid? Assume that the cleaning fluid is prevented from moving to the
top of the tank.

I p A + (9. 79)(0. 055) = 13.42 p A = 12. 88 kPa

12.88+ (9.79)(0.055-h) + [(0.8)(9.79)]h = 13.40 h =0.00942m =9.42mm

Air

Water

Kerosene Pc Fig. 2-65

2.94 An open tube is attached to a tank, as shown in Fig. 2-66. If the water rises to a height of 800 mm in the tube,
what are the pressures PA and PB of the air above the water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube.

I p;,. - (9.79)[(800- 300-100)/1000] = 0 PA= 3.92 kPa

PB - (9.79)[(800~ 300)/1000] = 0 PB= 4.90 kPa
~

52 D CHAPTER 2

piezometer------.

A
B
800mm
100mm
Water
...._ ___ t
_, 300mm
l

Fig. 2-66

2.95 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-67, what is the pressure PA if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.82?
I PA+ [(0.82)(9. 79))(3) + (9. 79)(4- 3) - [(13.6)(9.79))(0.320) = 0

·A1r ·. PA. ·.·... ·.

i}}}:{{} if(} ·, Open

----- 1
4m

----------
----------
----------- _l
·----------
----------- 7
320mm
_..Al-~ Fig. 2-67

2.96 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-68, calculate the absolute pressure at a. Assume standard atmospheric pressure,
101.3 kPa.
I 101.3 + (9. 79)(0.600 - 0.200) - [(13.6)(9. 79))(0.140) + [(0.83)(9. 79))(0.140 + 0.090) = PA
PA = 88.44 kPa
Air
Hg
mm

_[ _j_
.90mm

Fig. 2-68

2.97 A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB, as shown in Fig. 2-69. End Bis connected to a piston which fits into a
cylinder having a diameter of 60 mm. What force F0 acts on the larger piston; ifthe volume between C and D is
filled with water?
I Let Fe= force exerted on smaller piston at C: Fe= (460)(~) = 843 N. Fe/Ac= F0 /A 0 , (843)/[n-( 1~ ) 2 /4) =
F0 /[n:(~) 2 /4), F0 = 15 830 N, or 15.83 kN .

.,__A
460N .7
220mm

Fig, 2-69