Chapter 4&5: Hazard Identification

Sunday, 20 November 2022 11:22 PM

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK

ASSESSMENT
Hazard: something that has the potential to harm you
Risk: the likelihood of a hazard causing harm

Another way of classifying hazards

Agent • Carcinogenic, teratogenic, corrosive, pyrophoric, toxic, mutagenic, reproductive
hazard, explosive, nonionizing radiation, biological hazard/pathogenic,
flammable, oxidizing, self-reactive or unstable, potentially explosive, reducing,
water-reactive, sensitizing, peroxide-forming, catalytic, or chemical asphyxiate

Condition • High pressure, low pressure, electrical, uneven surfaces, pinch points, suspended
weight, hot surfaces, extreme cold, steam, noise, clutter, magnetic fields, simple
asphyxiant, oxygen-deficient spaces, ultraviolet radiation, or laser light

Activity • Creation of secondary products, lifting, chemical mixing, long-term use of dry
boxes, repetitive pipetting, scale up, handling waste, transportation of hazardous
materials, handling glassware and other sharp objects, heating chemicals,
recrystallizations, extractions, or centrifuging

What is a risk assessment?

• The overall process or method of:
Hazard • Identify hazards and risk factors
that have the potential to cause • Process of finding, listing &
Identification harm characterizing hazards

Risk Analysis, • Analyze and evaluate the risk

associated with that hazard • Process for comprehending the
Risk nature of hazards & determining
Evaluation the level of risk

• Process of comparing an
estimated risk against given risk
criteria to determine the
significance of the risk

Risk Control • Determine appropriate ways to

eliminate the hazard, or control • Actions implementing risk
the risk when the hazard cannot evaluation decisions
be eliminated

Why is Risk Assessment important?

Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of an occupational health and
safety management plan. They help to:
► Create awareness of hazards and risk.
► Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners, visitors, contractors, the public, etc.).
► Determine whether a control program is required for a particular hazard.
► Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done.
► Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the design or planning stage.
► Prioritize hazards and control measures.
► Meet legal requirements where applicable.

Goals of Risk Assessment

► Evaluate Hazards
► Meet legal requirements where applicable.

Goals of Risk Assessment

► Evaluate Hazards
► Minimize the level of its risk
► Create a safer and healthier workplace
The goal is to try answer the following questions:
- What can happen and under what circumstances?
- What are the possible consequences?
- How likely are the possible consequences to occur?
- Is the risk controlled effectively, or is further action required?
When should a risk assessment be done?
w Before new processes or activities are introduced.
w Before changes are introduced to existing processes or activities, including when products, machinery,
tools, equipment change or new information concerning harm becomes available.
w When hazards are identified
Before Beginning
• Determine the scope of the risk assessment • (e.g lifetime of the product, the physical
area where the work activity takes place, or
the types of hazards).

• Determine the resources needed • (e.g., training for assessors, types of

information sources, etc.).

• Determine what type of risk analysis measures • (e.g., scale or parameters).

will be used

• Determine who are the stakeholders involved • (e.g., manager, supervisors, workers, worker
representatives, suppliers, etc.).

• Establish what relevant laws, regulations, codes,

or standards may apply, as well as
organizational policies and procedures.

Steps In Risk Assessment

1. Identify Hazards
2. Determine the likelihood of harm & its severity
3. Identify actions to eliminate the hazard or control the risk
4. Evaluate to confirm hazard elimination / risk controlled
5. Monitor to ensure control continues to be effective
6. Keep documents or records
When Should Hazard Identification Be Done?
w During design and implementation
• Designing a new process or procedure
• Purchasing and installing new machinery
w Before tasks are done
• Checking equipment or following processes
• Reviewing surroundings before each shift
w While tasks are being done
• Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions
w During inspections
• Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee
w After incidents
• Near misses or minor events
• Injuries
► How Do You Make Sure All Hazards Are Found?
► Look at all aspects of the work and include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or
cleaning.

► Look at the physical work environment, equipment, materials, products, etc. that are used.

► Include how the tasks are done.

► Look at injury and incident records.

► Talk to the workers: they know their job and its hazards best.

► Include all shifts, and people who work off site either at home, on other job sites, drivers, teleworkers,
with clients, etc.

► Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of people doing the work, systems
being used, etc).
 ► Look at injury and incident records.

► Talk to the workers: they know their job and its hazards best.

► Include all shifts, and people who work off site either at home, on other job sites, drivers, teleworkers,
with clients, etc.

► Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of people doing the work, systems
being used, etc).

► Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact on hazard control procedures
that may be unavailable in an emergency situation, power outage, etc.).

► Determine whether a product, machine or equipment can be intentionally or unintentionally

changed (e.g., a safety guard that could be removed).

► Review all of the phases of the lifecycle.

► Examine risks to visitors or the public.

► Consider the groups of people that may have a different level of risk such as young or inexperienced
workers, persons with disabilities, or new or expectant mothers.

Ask the following questions:

1. What materials or situations do I come into contact with?
2. What materials or equipment could I be struck by?
3. What objects or equipment could I strike or hit my body upon, or that part of my body
might be caught in, on, or between?
- stationary or moving objects
- protruding objects
- sharp or jagged edges
- pinch points on machines (places where
parts are very close together)
- objects that stick out (protrude)
- moving objects (conveyors, chains, belts, ropes, etc.)

What other situations could I come across?

► Unknown / unauthorized people in area
► A potentially violent situation
► Working alone
► Confined space
► Missing / damaged materials
► New equipment / procedure at worksite
► Fire / explosion
► Chemical spill or release

Where Can I Find More info About Hazards?

► Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
► Manufacturer’s operating instructions / Manuals
► Test or monitor for exposure
► Results of job safety analysis
► Experience of other similar organizations
► Trade / safety associations
► Information, publications, alerts etc published by reputable organizations / govt agencies

Job Hazard Analysis

A tool for hazard analysis

Basic steps:
1. Select job to be analyzed
2. Break the job down into sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Determine preventive measures to overcome these hazards

LECTURE 6
STEPS IN RISK ASSESSMENT 1.IDENTIFY HAZARDS
2.DETERMINE THE LIKELIHOOD OF HARM & ITS SEVERITY
3.IDENTIFY ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE HAZARD OR CONTROL THE RISK
4.EVALUATE TO CONFIRM HAZARD ELIMINATION/RISK CONTROLLED
5.MONITOR TO ENSURE CONTROL CONTINUES TO BE EFFECTIVE
6.KEEP DOCUMENTS OR RECORDS
LECTURE 6
STEPS IN RISK ASSESSMENT 1.IDENTIFY HAZARDS
2.DETERMINE THE LIKELIHOOD OF HARM & ITS SEVERITY
3.IDENTIFY ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE HAZARD OR CONTROL THE RISK
4.EVALUATE TO CONFIRM HAZARD ELIMINATION/RISK CONTROLLED
5.MONITOR TO ENSURE CONTROL CONTINUES TO BE EFFECTIVE
6.KEEP DOCUMENTS OR RECORDS
RISK CONTROL ELIMINATION OR INACTIVATION OF A HAZARD IN A MANNER SUCH THAT
THE HAZARD DOES NOT POSE A RISK TO WORKERS WHO HAVE TO ENTER
INTO AN AREA OR WORK ON EQUIPMENT IN THE COURSE OF SCHEDULED
WORK
CHOOSING A CONTROL
METHOD MAY INVOLVE • Evaluating and selecting temporary and permanent controls.
• Implementing temporary measures until permanent (engineering)
controls can be put in place.
• Implementing permanent controls when reasonably practicable.
TEMPORARY MEASURE EX: USE HEARING PROTECTION
PERMANENT CONTROL SOUND CURTAIN TO ISOLATE MACHINE
ISOLATE WORKERS IN SOUND-DAMPENING BOOTH
PRINCIPLES OF RISK CONTROL OBJECTIVE: TO PREVENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE, ILLNESSESS AND
ADVERSE EALTH EFFECTS AND DISCOMFORT AMONG WORKERS
4 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLING HAZARDS:
1.ALL HAZARDS CAN BE CONTROLLED IN SOME MANNER AND TO SOME
DEGREE
2.THERE ARE USUALLY MANY ALTERNATE METHODS OF CONTROL
3.SOME METHODS ARE BETTER THAN OTHERS
4.SOME SITUATIONS WILL REQUIRE MORE THAN ONE CONTROL METHOD
TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM RESULTS
IMPORTANCE OF
IMPLEMENTING HAZARD
CONTROLS? • Standards for occupational exposure to many common chemicals have
been established. USECHH Regulations 2000

• It is most appropriate that such standards are translated into control

measures at the place of work.

• To be effective the control of risk must be “practicable” and the

exposure be reduced to below the stipulated “permissible exposure
limits” or to a level as low as reasonably achievable for those without
such limits.

PRACTICABLE DEPENDS ON
• Severity of the hazard or risk in question

• State of knowledge about the hazard or risk and any way of removing or
mitigating the hazard or risk

• Availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate the hazard or

risk

• Cost of removing or mitigating the hazard or risk

METHODS OF CONTROLLING ELIMINATION
HAZARDS SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ELIMINATION • remove the hazard from the workplace,
• THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO CONTROL A RISK. BECAUSE THE HAZARD
METHODS OF CONTROLLING ELIMINATION
HAZARDS SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ELIMINATION • remove the hazard from the workplace,
• THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO CONTROL A RISK. BECAUSE THE HAZARD
NO LONGER PRESENT
• PREFERRED WAY TO CONTROL A HAZARD
• CONTOH:
• -SUBSTITUE A NON TOXIC CHEMICAL FOR TOXIC CHEMICAL
• -HAVING WORKERS PERFORM TASKS AT GROUND LEVEL RATHER THAN
WORKING HEIGHTS
SUBSTITUTION • replace hazardous materials or machines with less hazardous ones.
• THE GOAL IS TO CHOOSE A NEW CHEMICAL THAT IS LESS HAZARDOUS
THAN THE ORIGINAL;
• NEED TO MAKE SURE THE SUBSITUTION CHEMICAL IS NOT CAUSING ANY
HARMFUL EFFECTS
• MAY INCLUDE USING A MACHINE THAT EEQUIRE LESS ENERGY OR
LIFTING ITEMS WITH LESS WEIGHT

Instead Of: Consider:

carbon tetrachloride (causes liver 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichloromethane

damage, cancer)

benzene (causes cancer) toluene, cyclohexane, ketones

pesticides (causes various effects on "natural" pesticides such as pyrethrins

body)
organic solvents (causes various effects water-detergent solutions
on body)

leaded glazes, paints, pigments (causes versions that do not contain lead
various effects on body)

sandstone grinding wheels (causes synthetic grinding wheels such as aluminium oxide
severe respiratory illness due to silica)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS • includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation

systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure.
• METHODS THAT BUILT TO MINIMIZE THE HAZARD
• RELIABLE WAY TO CONTROL WORKER EXPOSURES
• BASICS TYPES OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
• 1.PROCESS CONTROL
-INVOVES CHANGING THE WAY A JOB ACTIVITY OR PROCESS IS DONE
TO REDUCE THE RISK
• EXAMPLES OF PROCESS CONTROL
• Use wet methods rather than dry when drilling or grinding. "Wet
method" means that water is sprayed over a dusty surface to keep
dust levels down or material is mixed with water to prevent dust from
being created.
• Use an appropriate vacuum or "wet method" instead of dry sweeping
(e.g. with a broom) to control dust and reduce the inhalation hazard.
• Use steam cleaning instead of solvent degreasing (but be sure to
evaluate the potential high temperature hazard being introduced such
as heat stress).
• Use electric motors rather than diesel ones to eliminate diesel exhaust
emissions.

• 2.ENCLOSURE AND/OR ISOLATION OF EMISSION SOURCE

THE AIM TO KEEPS THE CHEMICAL IN AND THE WORKER OUT.

• Isolation places the hazardous process "geographically" away from the

majority of the workers.

• Common isolation techniques are to create a contaminant-free or

noise-free booth either around the equipment or around the employee
workstations.
 • 2.ENCLOSURE AND/OR ISOLATION OF EMISSION SOURCE
THE AIM TO KEEPS THE CHEMICAL IN AND THE WORKER OUT.

• Isolation places the hazardous process "geographically" away from the

majority of the workers.

• Common isolation techniques are to create a contaminant-free or

noise-free booth either around the equipment or around the employee
workstations.

• 3.VENTILATION
• METHOD OF CONTROL THAT STRATEGICALLY ADDS AND REMOVES AIR
IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
• VENTILATION CAN REMOVE OR DILUTE AN AIR CONTAMINANT IF
DESIGNED PROPERLY
• LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION IS VERY ADAPTABLE TO ALMOST ALL
CHEMICALS AND OPERATIONS

LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION

• Local exhaust ventilation is an effective means of controlling hazardous

exposures but should be used when other methods (such as elimination
or substitution) are not possible.

• A local exhaust ventilation system consists of these basic parts:

• A hood that captures the contaminants generated in the air (at
the source).
• Ductwork (exhaust stack and/or recirculation duct) that carries
the contaminated air to the air cleaning device, if present or to
the fan (away from the source).
• A fan which draws the air from the hood into the ducts and
removes the air from the workspace. The fan must overcome all
the losses due to friction, hood entry, and fittings in the system
while producing the intended flow rate.
• Air cleaning devices may also be present that can remove
contaminants such as dust (particulates), gases and vapours
from the air stream before it is discharged or exhausted into the
environment (outside air), depending on the material(s) being
used in the hood.
• P/S THE DESIGN OF A VENTILATION SYSTEM IS VERY IMPORTANT AND
MUST MATCH THE PARTICULAR PROCESS AND CHEMICAL OR
CONTAMINANT IN USE
• -A VERY EFFEVTIVE CONTROL MEASURE BUT ONLY IF IT IS DESIGNED,
TESTED, AND MAINTAINED PROPERLY

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS • controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work,
1.WORK PRACTICES policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and
2.EDUCATION AND TRAINING operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and equipment
3.GOOD HOUSEKEEPING maintenance, and personal hygiene practices).
4.EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
5.PERSONAL HYGIENE
PRACTICES AND FACILITIES
• Administrative controls limit workers' exposures by scheduling shorter
work times in contaminant areas or by implementing other "rules".

• These control measures have many limitations because the hazard itself
is not actually removed or reduced.
 work times in contaminant areas or by implementing other "rules".

• These control measures have many limitations because the hazard itself
is not actually removed or reduced.

• Administrative controls are not generally favoured because they can be

difficult to implement, maintain and are not a reliable way to reduce
exposure.
• Methods of administrative control include:
• Restricting access to a work area.
• Restricting the task to only those competent or qualified to
perform the work.
• Scheduling maintenance and other high exposure operations for
times when few workers are present (such as evenings,
weekends).
• Using job-rotation schedules that limit the amount of time an
individual worker is exposed to a substance.
• Using a work-rest schedule that limits the length of time a
worker is exposure to a hazard

WORK PRACTICES

• Work practices are also a form of administrative controls.

• In most workplaces, even if there are well designed and well-maintained

engineering controls present, safe work practices are very important.

• Some elements of safe work practices include:

• Developing and implementing safe work procedures or
standard operating procedures.

• Training and education of employees about the operating

procedures as well as other necessary workplace training.

• Establishing and maintaining good housekeeping programs.

• Keeping equipment well maintained.

• Preparing and training for emergency response for incidents

such as spills, fire or employee injury.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

• Employee education and training on how to conduct their work safely

helps to minimize the risk of exposure and is a critical element of any
complete workplace health and safety program.

• Training must cover not only how to do the job safely but it must also
ensure that workers understand the hazards and risks of their job.

• It must also provide them with information on how to protect

themselves and co-workers.

GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

• Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of

hazardous or toxic materials (e.g., build-up of dust or contaminant on
ledges, or beams), or hazardous conditions (e.g., poor stockpiling).

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
 GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

• Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of

hazardous or toxic materials (e.g., build-up of dust or contaminant on
ledges, or beams), or hazardous conditions (e.g., poor stockpiling).

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

• Being prepare for emergencies means making sure that the necessary
equipment and supplies are readily available and that employees know
what to do when something unplanned happens such as a release, spill,
fire or injury.

• These procedures should be written and employees should have the

opportunity to practice their emergency response skills regularly.

PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AND FACILITIES

• Personal hygiene practices are another effective way to reduce the

amount of a hazardous material absorbed, ingested or inhaled by a
worker.

• They are particularly effective if the contaminant(s) can accumulate on

the skin, clothing or hair.

• Examples of personal hygiene practices include:

• Washing hands after handling material and before eating,

drinking or smoking.

• Avoiding touching lips, nose and eyes with contaminated

hands.

• No smoking, drinking, chewing gum or eating in the work

areas - these activities should be permitted only in a "clean"
area.

• Not storing hazardous materials in the same refrigerator as

food items.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE • equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with
EQUIPMENT chemicals or exposure to noise.

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes items such as respirators,

protective clothing such as gloves, face shields, eye protection, and
footwear that serve to provide a barrier between the wearer and the
chemical or material.

• Personal protective equipment should never be the only method used to

 • Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes items such as respirators,
protective clothing such as gloves, face shields, eye protection, and
footwear that serve to provide a barrier between the wearer and the
chemical or material.

• Personal protective equipment should never be the only method used to

reduce exposure except under very specific circumstances because PPE
may "fail" (stop protecting the worker) with little or no warning. For
example: "breakthrough" can occur with gloves, clothing, and respirator
cartridges.

WHERE SHOULD WE CONTROL AT THE SOURCE

THE HAZARDS? ALONG THE PATH
AT THE WORKER