Maintaining Life: Necessary life functions  Water

 Maintaining Boundaries -60 to 80 percent of body weight

-Boundaries separate the “inside” from the -Most abundant chemical in the human body
“outside”. -Provides fluid base for body secretions and
 Movement excretions.
-Locomotion  Normal Body temperature
-Movement of substances -37 C (98.6 )
 Responsiveness (irritability) -below this temperature, chemical reactions slow
-Ability to sense changes and react and stop.
 Digestion -Above this temperature, chemical reactions
-Breakdown and absorption of nutrients- (helps proceed too rapidly.
with metabolism, acquiring energy.)  Atmospheric pressure
-Must be appropriate for gas exchange.
Necessary Life Functions
 Metabolism- chemical reactions within the body
-breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
-Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
-Produces energy(ATP)- ATP is the energy currency
of the cell.
Catabolism- breaks down food
Anabolism-Builds up
-Regulated by hormones.
 Excretion
-Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic
reactions.
Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat.
 Reproduction
-Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
-On cellular level – new cells are used for growth
and repair.
-On organismal level- the reproductive system
handles the task.

 Growth
-Increases cell size or body size (through increasing The Language of Anatomy
the number of cells)  Special terminology is used to prevent
-Hormones play a major role misunderstanding.
 Exact terms are used for:
Survival Needs -Position
 Nutrients -Direction
-Chemicals used for energy and cell building -Regions
-Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, -Structures
and minerals.
 Oxygen
-required for chemical reactions
-made available by the cooperation of the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems
 Anatomical Position  Deep (internal); away from the body
- Standard body position used to avoid surface; more internal.
confusion
Regional terms
- Terminology refers to this position
regardless of actual body position.  Anterior (ventral) body landmarks
- Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward and
thumbs pointing away from the body.

Directional Terms

-Explain location of one body structure in relation

to another.

 Anterior (ventral): toward or at the

front of the body; in front of
 Posterior (dorsal); toward or at the
backside of the body; behind
 Medial: toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side of.
 Lateral: away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of
 Intermediate: between a more medial
and a more lateral structure.
 Proximal: close to the origin of the body
part or point of attachment to a limb to
the body trunk
 Distal: farther from the origin of a body
part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk.
 Superficial (external); toward or at the
body surface.
Body Planes and Sections Body Cavities

 Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known  Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions
as planes 1.) Cranial cavity
 Three types of planes or sections exist as right -Houses the brain
angles to one another. -protected by the skull
 A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) 2.) Spinal Cavity
into left and right parts -houses the spinal cord
 A median, or midsagittal, section divides the -Protected by the vertebrae.
body( or organ) into equal left and right parts  Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions
 A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body separated by the diaphragm
(or organ) into anterior and posterior parts. 1. Thoracic cavity
 A transverse, or cross, section divides the body 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
(or organ) into superior and inferior parts.
 Thoracic cavity
-Cavity superior to the diaphragm
-Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
-Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart,
trachea, and other organs
-Protected by the rib cage
 Abdominopelvic cavity
-cavity inferior to the diaphragm
-Superior abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, liver, and other organs
-Protected only by trunk muscles
-Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive
organs. bladder and rectum.
-Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
-No Physical structure separates abdominal
from pelvic cavities.

 Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

-Four quadrants
-nine regions
 Effector
-Provides a means for response to the stimulus
-Information flows from control center to
effector along efferent pathway

Feedback Mechanisms
 Negative feedback
-Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
-Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its
intensity
-works like a household thermostat

Body Cavities
 Other body cavities include;
-Oral and digestive cavities
-Nasal Cavity
-Orbital cavities
-Middle ear cavities
HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostasis- Maintenance of relatively stable
internal conditions
-a dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
-Necessary for normal body functioning and to
sustain life
 Main controlling systems
-Nervous system
-endocrine system
 Homeostatic imbalance
-a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis
 All homeostatic control mechanisms have at
least three components: receptor, control  Positive feedback
center, and effector -Rare in the human body
 Receptor -increases the original stimulus to push the
-responds to changes in the variable farther.
environment( stimuli) -reaction occurs at a faster rate
-sends information to control center along an -In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood
afferent pathway clotting and during the birth of a baby.
 Control Center
-Determines set point
-Analyzes information
-Determines appropriate response
