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Procedia Technology 1 (2012) 574 – 578

INSODE 2011

Different Stages of Innovation Process

Hamid Tohidi*, Mohammad Mehdi Jabbari
Department of Industrial Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Electrical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

According to freeman innovation consists of a set of technical ,industrial and commercial operations .nowadays researchers
reach to a point that given to a diverse complications in the model, we can not define innovation process in a linear form , so we
should use nonlinear processes in order to evaluate better the innovation processes .as a result ,researcher s presented several
patterns for evolving innovation processes these models, which was presented for innovation processes, were:
1)science push 2)market pull 3)doubling model 4)integrated and SIN model 5) Kline Rosenberg model.
In this article this mentioned models will be presented.
Keywords: Freeman, Commercial, Innovation

1. Introduction

According to Freeman innovations in other words consists of a set of technical, industrial and commercial
operations [5, 6, 7]. So it simply can not be defined as simple linear forms .Before the 80’s models presented for the
process of innovation, was based on simple linear thought process which began with basic research, leading
eventually to create ideas and produce a new product or process, but given to broader research and more precise
investigations in the process of critical behavior Different conditions that other complications were observed ,as a
result; they could not be summarized in a linear process Therefore, nonlinear processes were evaluated and several
researchers were trying to identify innovation processes [4, 8]

1.1.Process Innovation

Process innovation, new product ideas into the process (product or service) or process is new or fully developed.
Figure 1-1: The process of innovation and creativity

Nation Idea Create design and engineering Production Publication

Creative Process

Table 1-1: Studies of different scientists about the new meaning of innovation
Process Innovation

* Hamid Tohidi
E-mail address: H_Tohidi@azad.ac.ir

2212-0173 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.125
 Hamid Tohidi and Mohammad Mehdi Jabbari / Procedia Technology 1 (2012) 574 – 578 575

21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

* * * * New in the word

New in the
* * * *
Technology
New in the
* * scientific
community
* * * * * * * * * New in the Market
* * * * * * * * New for
* * New for Customer
What new
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * New Technology
Line of new
* * * * * * * * * * *
technology
New product
* * * *
features
New design for
* * * * *
product
New process
* * * * * * *

* * * * * New Services

New Customers
* *

New customer
* * *
requirements
New consumption
* * *
patterns
* * * * New Benefits

Change, in line
* *
with improvements

New skills in line

* * * * * *
with development
New skills
* distribution (sales
and buy)
New Management
*
Capabilities
Learn new
* * *
knowledge
New Benefits and
* * *
quality
11)Green ,Gavin & Aiman-Smith(1995)
1)Cooper(1979)
12)Olson , walker & Ruekert (1995)
2)Lawton&para Suraman(1980)
13)Mishra , Kim & Lee(1996)
3)More(1982)
14)Souder & Song (1998)
4)Maidique& Ziger(1984)
15)Song& Montoya-Weiss(1998)
5)Yoon & Lilien(1985)
16)Xcolarelli Oconnor(1998)
6)Cooper & Brentania(1991)
17)Song & Montoya-Weiss (1998)
7)Klein Schmidt &Cooper(1991)
18)Veryzer(1998)
8)Lee &Na (1994)
19)Goldenberg , Lehman & Mazursky(1999)
9)Ali , Krapfel & Labahn(1995)
20)Kessler & Chakrabarti(2000)
10)Atuahehne -Gima(1995)
21)Chandy & Tellis
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1-2. Patterns of innovation development process

1-2-1.Science push model

During the years 1960-1950 process innovation which was based on a linear model was defined .In this simple
model is considered a new innovation begins with scientific research and in later stages of product development,
manufacturing and marketing ,and at the end product and service, or new process will be successfully sold .Linear
model of innovation in Figure 1-2 is shown [1, 9, 10].
According to this model is expressed that for creating prosperous market we should develop scientific researches
and emphasize on research and development and also market needs are defined on research and development
activities and they have not an independent existence which it means the success secret of innovation., On the base
of this model The large investments in research and development have been done [2, 3]. The model specifically was
supported after World War II , especially when the atomic bombs on military research was discovered and produced
.Finally in the early 1980 many policymakers Economic Cooperation Organization of Europe, accepted the approach
that producing a product, service or process, was the result of basic scientific research and with the use of trading
ability of the employees ,they can sell their products. In this model no gorge between the stages are not considered,
so this model only respond to simple industries such as petrochemical [12, 13].

Distribution and Manufacturing

Marketing Engineering and creation idea
design and test

1.2.Pull Market Figure 1-2: The pressure of the innovation process

From early 1960, the second linear model of innovation given to the economic vision was shaped. in this model
innovation was the result of requisites and demands for market and market demand directly cause the development
of new technology for companies. in this model most of innovations are the result of departments which work
directly with the costumers .Because in these department s they know better the needs and demand of clients,
therefore they recognize better the place of investments .In this model, the market will determine that in what
projects in R & D fields company must invest and also in this model the focus and emphasis is on market and
customer needs [14, 15].

Figure 1-3: Market pull model for process innovation

Distribution Engineering Research and

and Manufacturing and design scientific Market
Marketing and test discovery

1.2.3. Doubling model

But most of researchers, with scrutinizing the two above mentioned models, got that they cannot express clearly
the innovation process in the simple linear form .But sometimes scientific researches cause new production in the
market, and in contrast sometimes market force the R&D section to new innovation s. In fact the goal of third model
 Hamid Tohidi and Mohammad Mehdi Jabbari / Procedia Technology 1 (2012) 574 – 578 577

is exhibiting the sequence of operations in innovations, and also another target of this model is being feedback
between R&D section and market [3, 11, 12]
Figure 1-4: The connection to the process of innovation

Research and
Distribution and Engineering and scientific
Manufacturing design and test
Market Marketing discovery

1.2.4.Integrated and SIN model:

the third model also was not responsive to many innovations in companies. Therefore, fourth and fifth
generation models with a short interval of time arose .in the new models more attention to the feedback between the
stages has been paid .In the fourth generation the attention has been paid also to Parallel development in each stage
along the horizontal unity. In these models more concentration is on the customer and customer needs and supplier
resources is considered as a part of the company's interests .In this model emphasis is on R & D and manufacturing
and development. In the fifth generation model, more objective was integrating development strategies among the
various internal and abroad organizations so that shareholders of a product or a service, have strategies which are
close together. Using new techniques, such as institutional development in parallel rather than sequential
development and moving toward organizations with a process perspective, this new approach of innovation can be
achieved..For example, the use of expert systems and simulation models in R & D activities or using networks to
create stronger bonds between customers and suppliers, can get closer to this model. This model emphasizes on
flexibility and speed of the company against changes in development are based on time and focus more on quality
rather than finished cost of the product.

1.2.5. Value chain model Klein Rosenberg

Perhaps the best model of the nonlinear elements explaining the innovation process, value chain model is Klein
Rosenberg. This model of innovation process is summarized in five steps:

Figure 1-5: The value chain Klein Rosenberg

Research and Development

Knowledge

Identify potential Invent or create a design with details Production Distribution and
and market needs Analytic Plan for and Test plans and Marketing
create new product Redesign

1. Identify potential market needs

2. Invent or create new analysis plan for producing new products
3. Designing with details, testing and redesigning projects
4. Production
5. Distribution and Marketing
So the main effective activities in innovation process according to this model include:
578 Hamid Tohidi and Mohammad Mehdi Jabbari / Procedia Technology 1 (2012) 574 – 578

1-R & D
2 - Equipment and Industrial Engineering
3 - set up manufacturing and production jobs before
4 - Marketing New Products
5 – Gaining physical Technology and non-physical technology
6-Design

2. Conclusion:
As a conclusion we cannot define innovation process on the base of simple linear form due to many
complications and many involved factors to this model , but researchers suggested number of models and they were
trying to express the model which is nearer to the real innovation process. These recommended models have their
own advantages and disadvantage s. As the new models suggested by researchers arrived, the models got closer to
the reality. Generally , all of the models which are clarified in the article have considered many things such as
costumer, market , equipments needed for developing new technologies ,and also the interesting point was that in
many occasions, require s of clients and market demand were the most significant factor in innovation process and
developing new technologies to satisfy costumer’s needs. In the different suggested models by researchers every
stages from the beginning point (for example imagination and creating idea) to the end point (production and sale)
of innovation process, have been thoroughly described.

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