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CHAPTER - 1
SETS AND FUNCTIONS

KEY POINTS
 A set is a well-defined collection of objects.

 There are two methods of representing a set:

(a) Roster or Tabular form e.g. natural numbers
less than 5 = {1, 2, 3, 4}

(b) Set-builder form or Rule method e.g.: Vowels in English

alphabet= {x : x is a vowel in the
English alphabet }
 Types of sets:
(i) Empty set or Null set or void set
(ii) Finite set
(iii) Infinite set
(iv) Singleton set
 Subset: A set A is said to be a subset of set
B if    ,   . We write it as A  B.

 Equal sets: Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the
same elements i.e A = B if A  B and B  A.

 Power set: The collection of all subsets of a set A is called

power set of A, denoted by P(A) i.e. P(A) = { B : B  A }
 If A is a set with n(A) = m then n [P(A)] = 2m.
 Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their
cardinal numbers are same i.e., n(A) = n(B).

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 Proper subset and super set: If A  B then A is called the

proper subset of B and B is called the superset of A.

Types of Intervals
Open Interval (a, b) = { x  R : a < x < b }
Closed Interval [a, b] = { x  R : a  x  b }
Semi open or Semi closed Interval,
(a,b] = { x  R : a < x ≤ b}
[a,b) = { x  R : a ≤ x < b}

 Union of two sets A and B is,

A  B = { x : x  A or x  B }

B
U A

AUB

 Intersection of two sets A and B is,

A  B = { x : x  A and x  B}

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 Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if A  B = 

U A B

 Difference of sets A and B is,

A – B = { x : x  A and x  B}
B
U A

A–B

 Difference of sets B and A is,

B – A = { x : x  B and x A }

 Complement of a set A, denoted by A' or Ac is

A' = Ac = U – A = { x : x  U and x  A}

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 Properties of complement sets :

1. Complement laws
(i) A  A' = U (ii) A  A' =  (iii) (A')' = A
2. De Morgan's Laws
(i) (A  B)' = A'  B' (ii) (A  B)' = A'  B'

Note : This law can be extended to any number of sets.

3. ' =  and ' = 

4. If A  B then B’  A’

Laws of Algebra of sets

(i) A=A

(ii) A=

 A – B = A  B' = A – (A  B)
 Commutative Laws :–

(i) A  B = B  A (ii) A  B = B  A
 Associative Laws :–

(i) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)

(ii) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
 Distributive Laws :–

(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)

(ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)

 If A  B, then A  B = A and A  B = B

 When A and B are disjoint n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)

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 When A and B are not disjoint n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)

 n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) –

n(A  C)+ n(A  B  C)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

1. The collection of all the months of a year beginning with letter M
2. The collection of difficult topics in Mathematics.
Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Insert the appropriate symbol  or  in
blank spaces: – (Question- 3, 4)

3. (i) 2 ______ A (ii) {3} ____ A (iii) {3, 5} ____ A

4. Write the set A = { x : x is an integer, –1  x < 4} in roster form

5. Write the set B = {3, 9, 27, 81} in set-builder form.

Which of the following are empty sets? Justify. (Question- 6, 7)
6. A = { x : x  N and 3 < x < 4}
7. B = { x : x  N and x2 = x}
Which of the following sets are finite or infinite? Justify.
(Question-8, 9)
8. The set of all the points on the circumference of a circle.
9. B = { x : x  N and x is an even prime number}

10. Are sets A = { –2, 2}, B = { x : x  Z, x2 –4 = 0} equal? Why?

11. Write (–5,9] in set-builder form

12. Write {x : x  R, –3  x < 7} as interval.

13. If A = { 1, 3, 5}, how many elements has P(A)?

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14. Write all the possible subsets of A = {5, 6}.

If A = Set of letters of the word ‘DELHI’ and B= the set of letters
the words ‘DOLL’ find (Question- 17,18,19)
15. AB
16. AB
17. A–B
18. Describe the following sets in Roster form
(i) The set of all letters in the word ‘ARITHMETIC’.
(ii) The set of all vowels in the word ‘EQUATION’.
19. Write the set A = {x : x  z, x2 < 25} in roster form.
20. Write the set B = {x : x is a two digit numbers such, that the sum
of its digits is 7}
Fill in the blanks (21 – 23)
21. The total number of non-empty subsets of a finite set.
Containing n elements is ___________.
22. The total number of proper subsets of finite set. Containing n
elements is _________.
23. n[P{P()}] = _________.
24. If A and B are two sets such that A  B, then find
(i) A  B (ii) A  B
25. Let A and B be two sets having 5 and 7 elements respectively.
Write the minimum and maximum number of elements in
(i) A  B (ii) A  B
26. For any two sets A and B, A  (A  B) is equal to
(a) A (b) B (c)  (d) A  B.

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27. In set builder method the null set is represented by

(a) { } (b)  (c) { x : x ≠ x} (d) { x : x = x}.
28. If A and B are two given sets, then A  (A  B) is equal to
(a) A (b) B (c)  (d) A – B.
29. If A and B are two sets such that A  B then A  B is
(a) A (b) B (c)  (d) A  B.
30. If n(A  B) = 18, n(A – B) = 5, n(B – A) = 3 then find n(A  B)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

31. Are sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { x : x  N and 5 ≤ x ≤ 7} disjoint?

Justify?

What is represented by the shaded regions in each of the

following Venn-diagrams? (Question 32, 33)

32.

33.

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

34. If A= { 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17}

B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 ... 18}
and  is universal set then find A  [(A B) B]
35. Two sets A and B are such that
n(A B) = 21 n(A) = 10 n(B) = 15 find n(AB) and n A – B)
36. Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5} B = {2, 3, 5, 6} C = {4, 5, 6, 7} Verify the
following identity

A  (B C) = (A B)  (A C)

37. If  = { x : x  N and x ≤ 10}

A = { x : x is prime and x ≤ 10}
B = { x : x is a factor of 24}

Verify the following result

(i) A – B = A  B (ii) (A B) = A’ B (iii) (A B) = A’ B
38. Find sets A, B and C such that A B, B C and A C are non-
empty sets and A B C = 
39. For any sets A and B show that
(i) (A B)  (A – B) = A (ii) A  (B–A) = A B
40. On the Real axis, If A = [0, 3] and B = [2, 6], than find the
following
(i) A (ii) A B (iii) A B (iv) A – B
41. In a survey of 450 people, it was found that 110 play cricket, 160
play tennis and 70 play both cricket as well as tennis. How many
play neither cricket nor tennis?

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42. In a group of students, 225 students know French, 100 know

Spanish and 45 know both. Each student knows either French or
Spanish. How many students are there in the group?
43. For all set A, B and C is (A B) C = A  (B C)? Justify your
answer.
44. Two sets A and B are such that n(A B) = 21, n(A B) = 9,
n(A B) = 7 find n(A B).

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

45. In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy
newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper B and 10% families
by newspaper C. 5% families buy A and B, 3%, buy B and C and
4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all the three newspapers,
find the no of families which buy(1) A only (2) B only (3) none of
A, B and C (4) exactly two newspapers (5) exactly one
newspaper (6) A and C but not B (7) at least one of A, B, C.
What is the importance of reading newspaper?
46. In a group of 84 persons, each plays at least one game out of
three viz. tennis, badminton and cricket. 28 of them play cricket,
40 play tennis and 48 play badminton. If 6 play both cricket and
badminton and 4 play tennis and badminton and no one plays all
the three games, find the number of persons who play cricket
but not tennis. What is the importance of sports in daily life?

47. In a class, 18 students took Physics, 23 students took Chemistry

and 24 students took Mathematics of these 13 took both
Chemistry and Mathematics, 12 took both Physics and
Chemistry and 11 took both Physics and Mathematics. If 6
students offered all the three subjects, find:
(1) The total number of students.
(2) How many took Maths but not Chemistry.
(3) How many took exactly one of the three subjects.

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48. Using properties of sets and their complements prove that

(1) (A  B)  (A  B) = A

(2) A – (A B) = A – B

(3) (A  B) – C = (A – C)  (B– C)

(4) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C)

(5) A  (B – C) = (A B) – (A C).

49. If A is the set of all divisors of the number 15. B is the set of
prime numbers smaller than 10 and C is the set of even number
smaller than 9, then find the value of (A  C) B.

50. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of
subsets of first set is 56 more than the total number of subsets
of the second set. Find the value of m and n.

X  {4n  3n  1 : n  N }
51. If
Y  {9(n  1) : n  N}

Find the value of X  Y

52. A survey shows that 63% people watch news channel A

whereas 76% people watch news channel B. If x% of people
watch both news channels, then prove that 39 ≤ x ≤ 63.

53. From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics

and chemistry, each of the students has passed in at least one
of the subject, 37 passes Mathematics, 24 Physics and 43
Chemistry. At most 19 passed Mathematics and Physics, almost
29 Mathematics and chemistry and at most 20 Physics and
chemistry. What is the largest passible number that could have
passes in all the three subjects?

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ANSWERS
1. Set
2. Not a set
3. (i)  (ii)  (iii) 
4. A = {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
5. B = { x : x = 3 n , n  N and 1  n  4}
6. Empty set because no natural number is lying between 3 and 4
7. Non-empty set because B = {1}
8. Infinite set because circle is a collection of infinite points whose
distances from the centre is constant called radius.
9. Finite set because B = {2}
10. Yes, because x2 – 4 = 0; x = 2, – 2 both are integers

11. {x : x  R, –5 < x ≤ 9}
12. [ –3, 7 )

13. 23 = 8 14. , {5}, {6}, {5,6}

15. A  B = {D, E, L, H, I, O}

16. A  B = {D, L}
17. A – B = {E, H, I}
18. (i) {A, R, I, T, H, M, E, C} (ii) {E, U, A, I, O}
19. { –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
20. {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70}
21. 2n – 1 22. 2m – 1
23. 4 24. (i) A (ii) B

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25. (i) min : 7 (ii) min : 0

max : 12 max : 5

26. (c)     27. (c) { x : x ≠ x }

28. (b) B 29. (c) 

30. 10 31. Yes, because A  B = 

32. (A – B)  (B – A) or A  B 33. A  (B  C) 

34. 

35. n(A  B) = 4, n(A – B) = 6

38. A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 3} C = {2, 3}

40. (i) (–, 0)  (3, ) (ii) [0, 6] (iii) [2, 3] (iv) [0, 2)

41. Hint:  = set of people surveyed

A = set of people who play cricket
B = set of people who play tennis

Number of people who play neither cricket nor tennis

= n [(A  B)'] = n(U) – n (A  B)
= 450 – 200
= 250
42. There are 280 students in the group.
43. No, For example A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, C = {3, 4}
44. 23
45. (i) 3300 (ii) 1400 (iii) 4000 (iv) 800 (v) 4800 (vi) 400 (vii) 5800
46. 6 47. (i) 35 (ii) 11 (iii) 11
49. {2, 3, 5} 50. n=3 m=6
51. Y 53. 14

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Source: EDUDEL