Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer

Dr. Arup Kumar Das

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture No: 01
Introduction
Hello welcome to the Two-Phase Flow and heat transfer course. We are in the first lecture
introduction to two phase flow. I am Dr. Arup Kumar Das. I will be sailing you through this
course. Along with me I am having my teaching assistant Mr. Parmod Kumar.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:43)

So if necessary you can contact both of us during this course.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:48)
Okay, first I will be showing you the syllabus what we will be covering in this course. As you
know that this course will be spanning 4 weeks and each week we are having 5 modules. So
what we have done we have described or we have divided the syllabus into 20 lectures over here.
So in the first week we will be giving you brief introduction of the Two Phase Flow we will be
discussing about different flow regimes available in Two Phase Flow in the second module.

In first week third module we will be discussing about the easiest model possible which is called
homogenous model. Then we will be going for drift flux model where slip between the phases
we will be considering. And finally, at the end of this week we will be finding out that how
separated flow can model Two Phase Flow over here. At the end of this week we will be getting
1 assignment okay, mainly this assignment will be MSQ type.

In the second week we will be discussing the several regimes separately. For example, will be
starting from the dispersed flow then will be talking about slug flow, annular flow and we will be
also discussing about droplet annular and stratified flow together in 1 lecture. At the end of this
week we will be also understanding how to measure experimentally the void fraction. So at the
end of second week, just like the first week we will be also having 1 assignment okay.

And in third week we will be starting with signal analysis mainly we will be doing here the
measurement of void fraction whatever that we have received from there by doing signal analysis
will be trying to understand the flow regimes. Apart from that I will be showing you different
numerical models also in this week. We will be starting with 2 fluid balance, population balance
model then I will be showing you how to track the interface using volume of fluid.

And we will be learning some advanced methodologies like lattice Boltzmann smoothed particle
hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics okay. So at the end of third week we will be also getting
1 set of assignment. And in the last week we will be seeing some specific cases like boiling heat
transfer. So phase change then will be having the just to reverse 1 condensation and towards the
end of this lecture we will be having solid liquid flow and gas liquid gas solid flow okay.

And at the end of fourth week also we will be having a set of assignments and finally it will be
followed by 1 end semester examination.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:09)

So some suggested book we are having some books as text book S M Ghiaasiaan, CE Brennen,
Thome Collier, Wallis these books you can follow if necessary.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:09)
Some related journals where you will be finding out lectures of Two Phase Flow and innovations
of Two Phase Flow is coming as published form. Now quickly I will be coming to the outline of
the first lecture. So in this lecture we will be learning about what are the target areas of Two
Phase Flow.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:39)

Also we will be learning what are the daily life and industrial applications of Two Phase Flow
and towards the end of this lecture you will be learning about different terminologies to be used
in the future course of Two Phase Flow and several useful notations for Two Phase flow and heat
transfer. So to begin with let us understand what are different phases possible in real world? We
can find out solid phase, liquid phase as well as gaseous phase. We know that molecular
structures of all these phases are not similar.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:07)

In case of solid phase we are having closely packed and in case of gaseous phase this is loosely
packed and liquid is somewhere in between. Now if you are having association of 2 different
substances or phases or 2 different components we will be calling that one as Two Phase Flow.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:32)

Now breaking and making of time and space variant interface is the common feature of Two
Phase Flow. Here I have shown you well separated flow, you can see a kerosene slug in water
blue colored thing is kerosene and around we are having white colored fluid which is nothing but
water. So you can see the well and distinct interface of the kerosene slug over here. But on the
other hand in this figure, I have shown you well dispersed flow of kerosene in water.

So lots of blue color bubbles you can see in water flow. So these are 2 different horizons well
separated flow and well dispersed flow. Now due to this things we are having 2 different types of
features over here. Here we have shown a schematic video of bubbly flow in a channel. So you
can find out existence of Two phases over here. So this is the gaseous phase and around we are
having liquid phase.

Apart from that if you see the video once again you will be finding out a well distinct interface,
you can see which is a bigger in size and smaller bubbles are also passing. So that means it is an
occurrence of multi scale. Side by side definitely as the scales are different, you will be having
different physics for this type of problem. Next let us come to different domains of Two Phase
Flow. So we are having single phase over here gas, liquid and solid.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:58)

So if you are having occurrences where gas and liquid comes together that is gas liquid Two
Phase Flow. Gas and solid comes together we are having gas solid Two Phase Flow. And
simultaneously if solid and liquid comes together, we will be having solid liquid Two Phase
Flow. There can be some sort of examples in real life and industry where all 3 phases come
together and this we call as Three Phase Flow. Let me give you some examples over here.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:27)

(Video Starts: 06:27) This is another time I am running that video where, you can find out
gaseous here and liquid water in co-existence. So this is a typical example of gas liquid Two
Phase Flow. (Video Ends: 06:38) Next I will be showing you another one where, you can find
out liquid drop is situated on a solid surface and due to some electric filled application it is
changing its shape and size. So you can find out this is a typical example of liquid solid 2 phase
flow.

Another one here I have shown gas and solid, so you can say these are a solid particle which is
coming inside and you can find out here we are having association between gas and solid. So this
is a typical example of gas and solid Two Phase Flow. We are also having examples of Three
Phase Flow over here where, you can see solid ice liquid water and air in the vicinity. So this is a
typical example of Three Phase Flow okay.

Let us now see that based on heat transfer how Two Phase Flow can be categorized. If there is no
heat transfer associated, so you will be finding out adiabatic conditions.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:26)
So pipe will be having no phase change inside this. But if you are having phase change or
allowed heat transfer so you can have 3 different situations boiling or condensations, melting and
solidifications and finally sublimation and deposition. So boiling and condensation is associated
with gas liquid regimes, melting and solidification is associated with solid and liquid regimes
and finally sublimation or deposition is associated with gas and solid regimes.

So here I have noted down some of the important applications of all these 3 regimes. Boiling
and condensation, melting and solidification and finally sublimation and deposition. Next let us
see how Two Phase Flow horizon is now it is changing. So if we talk about flow, always it comes
in on mind that both the phases will be flowing simultaneously. So here I have shown 1 video.

(Video Starts: 08:20) you can see kerosene is flowing from left to right and water is also flowing
from left to right. So we are having well and defined interface between these two (Video Ends:
08:28). So this actually we can call as Two Phase Flow but you can find out some examples.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:39)
Where predominant motion of the primary phase is not there only by impinging the (Video
Starts: 08:41) secondary phase the motion is being generated in the primary phase so this kind of
situation actually also a taking inside the horizon of Two Phase Flow. (Video Ends: 08:51)

So it is not only about the flow if the flow is being generated by the secondary phase that also we
can tackle inside the Two Phase Flow horizon. Okay next without knowing the applications or
you know daily life examples any subject we will not be studying. So here what I have done? I
have given you some ideas about the applications of Two Phase Flow. So you see these are
different occurrences of Two Phase Flow in nature.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:19)
Starting from water wave gas liquid Two Phase Flow dews on leaves. So this is once again gas
liquid Two Phase Flow. Here you can find out spitting cobra, a cobra is spitting so this is actually
once again gas liquid Two Phase Flow geyser water fall. So downstream of waterfall geyser
means we will be having hot bubbles blasting in the liquid surface, lots of droplets are being
generated as well as daily life rain we can see all those are examples of gas liquid Two Phase
Flow.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:51)

Different occurrences in daily life sweating in our kitchen sink we can find out lots of bubbles
are being entrapped in the kitchen sink while you are emptying a bottle we can find out gas
liquid Two Phase Flow over here. You are sprinkling in your garden. So this is also 1 example of
gas liquid Two Phase Flow.

If you are mixing your tea with your sugar or milk, so you will be finding out lots of bubbles are
actually being entrapped over here. So this is 1 example of Two Phase Flow. Also we are having
another example where, you can find out you are pouring water in a glass. So lots of bubbles are
being entrapped so this is also example of Two Phase Flow. Some other examples in our daily in
your toilet sink whenever you are taking bath in the soap foam, you are drinking buttermilk.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:27)
So when your buttermilk is being stirred for mixing Two Phase Flow is being generated lots of
bubbles in shower aquarium pump lots of bubbles are being generated very classy looking things
we are also having some refreshment drinks at the top of the drink you can find a foam and at the
bottom you can find out lots of bubbles so this is another example of Two Phase Flow. Also in
the shaving foam which is typical example of Two Phase Flow once again.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:00)

Few other examples we can see over here. So whenever you are swimming in different sports
activities water polo, wind surfing underwater swimming and rafting all these are examples of
gas liquid Two Phase Flow and in case of ice skating you can find out ice flakes in the form of
solids is coming into picture in case of air so this is actually solid gas Two Phase Flow. Next few
other examples of Two Phase Flow whenever your car is splashing in water, so you can find out
lots of droplets are being generated.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:26)

While helicopter is landing so you can find out lots of gas solid flow is over here. Spiders web
this once again solid liquid Two Phase Flow so you can find lots of droplets on the solid spider
web. In case of dripping in hospital, we go for dripping so you can find out its nice droplets are
being created over here once again Two Phase Flow. Sand storm natural phenomena gas solid
Two Phase Flow over here if you go for fountain.

This is a famous fountain in Geneva, so we can find out lots of droplets are being created in the
form of a mist once again Two Phase Flow. Cappuccino lots of nice figures we have seen in case
of cappuccino. So you can find out here also we are having typical example of Two Phase Flow
of liquid Two Phase Flow. Few examples over here for industrial applications because without
industrial application we do not feel that subject is becoming interesting so few examples of
industrial applications in case of pneumatic covey.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:22)
So you would be finding out gas solid Two Phase Flow is over here. In case of cyclone separator
once again you will be finding out that using the cyclone separator we can separate the solid
from the gas. So this is once again example of gas solid Two Phase Flow. Airlift pump and
geyser pump these are being applied for pumping some liquid using gas. So here using bubbles
we pump the liquid and here using a Taylor bubble or slug bubble we pumped the liquid from
lower position to higher position. So these are typical examples of gas liquid Two Phase Flow.

In our car we can see fuel injector definitely that is atomizing the liquid fuel into droplets so,
typical example of gas liquid Two Phase Flow. In machining, water jet machining you can find
out a fast-moving water jet is over here which is actually cutting the metallic sheet so this is once
again typical example of gas liquid Two Phase Flow. Here we have shown example of slurry
transport pipeline, so you can find out here also we are having solid liquid Two Phase Flow into
co coexistence.

Few other examples over here, so these examples are associated with phase change so you can
find out in boiler tube so liquid is being converted to gas.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:33)
We are also having similar example in condenser where, gas is converting into liquid so you can
find out these things in our power plant. Here I have shown you oil exploration you will be
finding out lots of liquid Two Phase Flow in oil exploration plant once again example of
industrial Two Phase Flow. Falling film evaporator, cooling towers these are also part of your
power plant but everywhere we are having examples of Two Phase Flow.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:06)

Evaporative heat exchanger, this is also typical example of heat exchanger where using heat, we
are getting the change of phase and we are having Two Phase Flow. Next let us try to understand
what are the different notations of Two Phase Flow? So first I will be showing you this figure
you can find out this is actually a cross section of a tube and here with this liquid color a blue
color we have shown you 1 phase and with this white color you have shown you other phase.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:26)

Let us consider that this blue colored thing is liquid and this white color fluid is actually gas. So
fluid is being noted by f and gas is being noted by g. So the area if you try to find out which is
occupied by liquid, we are calling that as Af and the gas is occupying area which is nothing but
Ag. So from the area average we can write down A is equal to A f plus Ag right. So from this
figure you can find out this relation is valid A equal to Af plus Ag.

Now let us try to understand what are the different notations based on this figure we will be
using in Two Phase Flow. First one we will be going for void fraction we usually write down
void fraction as alpha. The definition of void fraction alpha is area occupied by the gas to the
area occupied by the pipeline. So you see the whole pipeline is having area A and the gas is
occupying this much area so that ratio between Ag and A is called as void fraction.

So obviously using this relationship along with this one we can find out (1 minus alpha) will be
Af by A okay. So if you add these 2, then you will be getting this equation once again back right.
So after the void fraction which is very important parameter in case of Two Phase Flow let us see
what is mass flow rate? So we are having next term as mass flow rate usually we write down
mass flow rate in Two Phase Flow as W. So W g is for the gaseous mass flow rate and W f is for
the liquid mass flow rate.

Now as we know that continuity equation is valid from fluid mechanics we know so you can
write down total mass flow rate W is equal to W f plus Wg. Now if we try to write down
individually this mass flow rate so we can write down from continuity equation once again W g
gaseous mass flow rate is equal to rhog ug and Ag. So ug and Ag is the gaseous volume flow rate
multiplied by rhog is the mass flow rate of for the gas. Similarly, we can write down for the liquid
Wf is equal to rhof uf and Af right. So after the mass flow rate let us try to see what is volumetric
flow rate?

So volumetric flow rate usually we go for Q so we write down Q g and Qf okay. So you let us see
first what happen for the volumetric flow rate. So Q g we can write down obviously ug into Ag
here density will not be coming into picture like your mass flow rate over here. So Q g we can
write down the volumetric flux is actually ug into Ag. Now if you try to club these 2 equations,
you will be finding out that ug into A g. From here can be written as W g by Ag. So you can write
down Qg is equal to Wg by rhog right.

In a similar fashion we can write down Q f is equal to uf into Af volumetric flow rate for your
liquid and we can write down uf into Af is equal W f by rhof from this equation. So you can find
out Qf terms out to be Wf by rhof. We can write down by adding this 2 Q equals to total flow rate,
total volumetric flow rate is equals to Qf plus Qg right. So after the flow rates let us right to see
how the flux is coming out first we will be going for mass flux sometime we call this mass
velocity also.

We denote this as G. So, G is actually for the total mass velocity including both of the phases.
We can write down G equal to W by A right now Gg so this is for gaseous phase gaseous phase
mass velocity is Wg by A. So whenever you are having W g by A as the gaseous mass flow rate
similarly we can write down for the liquid flow rate W f by A is equal to Gf. So adding these 2
you can write down total mass velocity G is actually Gg plus Gf right.
Let us try to see then the volumetric flux for in case of volumetric flux we will be writing that
one as small j. So small j is actually total volumetric flow divided by the area so this is Q by A.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:52)

So sometime we call this as superficial velocity also right. For gaseous phase if we try to find out
jg is will be equal to Qg by A corresponding counterpart for the gaseous phase and in the liquid
phase we can write down jf is equal Qf by A. Now if you add this 2, then you will be getting at
the top qg by qf and at the bottom you will be having Ag by Af.

From this 2 and along with the previous slides equations A equal to A f plus Ag and Q equal to Qf
plus Qg. You can find out j becomes jg plus jf right. So after the flux let us try to find out few
more quantities like mass quality or x. So x is already known to us from our thermodynamics
knowledge. Let us recapitulate that one. So x, we know nothing but mass for the gaseous is
divided by the whole mass.

So this is Wg by W definitely 1 minus x will be W f by W and we know from thermodynamics

that x can be written as 1 minus i f where i is the enthalpy divided by i fg right. In a similar fashion,
we can go for volumetric quality. So this is mass quality. Next we are going to define the
volumetric quality usually we write down volumetric quality as beta. So beta is actually Q g by Q
right.
So if this is actually gaseous phase, volumetric flow divided by the total volumetric flow ratio
between these 2 is called as volumetric quality beta in a similar fashion 1 minus beta can be
written as qf by q. Now as it is Two Phase Flow. So there will be something called relative
velocity. Relative velocity means the velocity between the gaseous phase and the liquid phase.
So what we have done here, we have define relative velocity as ugf.

So ugf definitely it will be the subtraction between ug gaseous phase velocity minus of uf and
simultaneously we can write down ufg which is just opposite uf minus ug. Right so you can find
out over here that ugf is equals to minus of ufg because these expressions are actually having
opposite signs to each other right. Now after this relative velocity let us try to find out what is
drift, drift velocity.

So what is drift actually 1 phase how much it is lagging from the overall phase velocity. So that
is actually drift so already we have seen the overall phase velocity we can write down our
superficial velocity seen we can write down as j. So individual phase how much it is lacking we
can find out by the subtraction of their velocity and superficial velocity. So you see u f minus j is
the velocity by which the liquid phase is lagging from the overflow.

So you can write down this one as drift velocity for the liquid u fj is equal to uf minus j right. In
the same fashion, we can write down for gas. So ugj is equal to ug minus j how much the gas is
actually drifting from the overall flow. Next let us define another term called drift flux. So drift
flux is giving you some sort of idea that how much liquid is actually drifting from the gas earlier
whenever we have described drift velocity that was how much it was drifting from the overall
velocity.

So here overall superficial velocity here we are finding out how much the liquid is drifting from
the gas velocity. So we you will be defining j gf is equal to alpha into ug minus uj. So you see ug
minus j, it was ugj. So I can write down jgf is equal to alpha into u gj. In the same manner just
opposite version of this jfg can be written as (1 minus alpha) into (uf minus j) now already we
have seen uf minus j is ufj. So we can write down 1 minus (alpha into u fj) is equal to jfg. Next here
let us see some useful relationship for Two Phase Flow.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:06)

So first let us try to find out the liquid velocity u f. So uf from the continuity equation we can
write down that is nothing but mass flow rate divided by density into area. So here we have
written down Wf divided by rhof into Af. Here you see wf into rowf into A f this can be also
written as Wf by rhof is actually Qf. So we can write down uf is equal to Qf by Af right.

On the other hand you see already we have shown in the previous slide that j gf is equal to alpha
into ugj. So what we can do here this Af and Qf this we can write down in terms of this how lets us
try to see. Let us try to see how we can write down this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:50)
So first let us see uf is actually we can write down this is Wf by rhof into Af okay. So here you see
we can write down this one as W into (1 minus x) and then rho f in place of Af we can write down
A into (1 minus alpha) right.

These 2 definitions already we have shown the Wf will be W into (1 minus x) similarly Af will be
A into (1 minus alpha). Now here you see W by A. We can write down G which already we have
shown. So this turns out to be G into (1 minus x) into rho f into (1 minus alpha) right. Which I
have shown you over here you see G into (1 minus x) divided by (1 minus alpha) into rho f okay.
In a similar fashion the counterpart can also be proved. So u g is actually Wg divided by rhog into
Ag. So you can write down this one is W into x.

So Wg, I am writing W into x rho g and Ag we can write down alpha into A. So you can write
down this is actually Gx by rhog into alpha. So second equation I have shown you over here u g is
equal to Gx by alpha into rhog. Now if you make the ratio between uf and ug from this 2
equations, so you will be finding out G and G will be canceling out and finally these equation
you will be getting x by ( 1 minus x) rhof by rhog into (1 minus alpha) by alpha right.

So next let us try to see that how jg can be written in terms of alpha and beta. So let us see next
how jg can be written in terms of alpha and beta. We will be starting from jg we can write down in
the form of ug into alpha right.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:06)

So how alpha is coming over here? Alpha is nothing but u g into Ag by A. So you see over here ug
into Ag that can be written as Qg divided by A which is the definition of your j g. In a similar
fashion we can proof the terminologies involving j f. So jf will be uf into (1 minus alpha). So you
can find out uf and (1 minus alpha) can be written as Af by A. So you can find out this is Q f by A
which is nothing but the definition of jf.

So after proving all these let us try to see 2 important relationships over here. You see we can
write down jfg is equal to alpha into jf minus (1 minus alpha) into jg. Let us try to prove this, so
we will be starting from this equation jfg is equal to (1 minus alpha) into (uf minus j).
(Refer Slide Time: 27:30)
So jfg is equal to (1 minus alpha) into (u f minus j ) right. So I can write down over here. 1 minus
(alpha into uf) and then (1 minus alpha) into j can be written as j g plus jf right. So (1 minus alpha)
into uf that will be alpha into jf this I have shown you over here okay. So this I have shown you
over here. So finally you will be getting minus (1 minus alpha) into j g plus jf. So ultimately if you
take several terms common then you will be getting this final equation j gf is equal jfg is equal to
alpha into jf minus of (1 minus alpha) into jg.

So this I get over here alpha into jf minus of (1 minus alpha) into jg right. In a similar fashion we
can write down for jgf which will be nothing but (1 minus alpha) into j g minus of (alpha into jf).
So from these 2,from these 2 equations you can write down that. j gf is equal to minus of (jfg) on
the other hand if you write down jgf in the form of ugf, you will be finding out the coefficient
becomes alpha into (1 minus alpha). This can be proved once again from here.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:10)
So I will be starting with j gf. So jgf you can see we can write down from here j gf is actually (1
minus alpha) into jg minus of (alpha) into jf. So (1 minus alpha) into jg minus of (alpha) into jf
okay. So from here if you try to replace this j g and jf in terms of your ug and uf, so you will be
getting (1 minus alpha) into alpha into ug and alpha into (1 minus alpha) into uf. So ultimately
you get (1 minus alpha) into alpha into u gf okay. So this is the final equation. We have written
down over here which will be very, very important for Two Phase Flow right.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:05)

Next, let us summarized this lecture. So what we have done, we have studied different
applications of Two Phase Flow over here. Discussed possible configurations in industrial
examples and at the end we have summarized different notations, basic relations and useful
correlations over here in Two Phase Flow. Let us try to find out how we have gone through in
this lecture.

So some understanding we will be trying to test you first question.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:34)

Which is the following is not an example of Two Phase Flow swimming, flow inside a pipe,
cooling tower and boiling. So the answer is flow inside a pipe definitely this is a single flow
single phase example. Recognize the correct one you are have 4 equations over here (1 minus x)
is equal to Qg by Q, x equal to Wf by W, (1 minus x) equal to Wf by W and x equal to (1 minus
ig) by ifg.

So which one is the correct one .Answer is this 1. This 1 is not correct other 3 are correct.
Choose the correct; choose the wrong expressions in the third question. So you are having 4
expressions over here uf equal to G into (1 minus x) by (1 minus alpha) into rho f, uf equal to Gx
by alpha rhog ,uf equal to Wf by rhof Af and uf equal to alpha into W by rhof Af. So which are
wrong? So let us see both b and d those are wrong. Hope you have like this lecture. Please join
us in the next one. Thank you.