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Desig Signalized

This document defines key terms used in traffic signal timing design and presents methods for determining signal timing parameters. It discusses: 1. Definitions for common terms like cycle length, phase, interval, and saturation flow rate. 2. The Webster method for calculating optimal cycle length based on traffic volumes. 3. Formulas for determining green times, lost times, and vehicle delays under fixed-time signal control. 4. An example application of the Webster method to calculate signal timing for a four-phase intersection.

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39 views14 pages

Desig Signalized

This document defines key terms used in traffic signal timing design and presents methods for determining signal timing parameters. It discusses: 1. Definitions for common terms like cycle length, phase, interval, and saturation flow rate. 2. The Webster method for calculating optimal cycle length based on traffic volumes. 3. Formulas for determining green times, lost times, and vehicle delays under fixed-time signal control. 4. An example application of the Webster method to calculate signal timing for a four-phase intersection.

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NabeelSaleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

SIGNAL TIMING FOR DIFFERENT COLOR INDICATIONS

The warrants described earlier will help the engineer only in deciding
whether a traffic signal should be used at an intersection. The efficient
operation of the signal also requires proper timing of the different color
indications, which is obtained by implementing the necessary design.
Before presenting the different methods of signal timing design,
however, first it is necessary to define a number of terms commonly
used in the design of signal times.
1. Controller. A device in a traffic signal installation that changes the
colors indicated by the signal lamps according to a fixed or variable
plan. It assigns the right of-way to different approaches at appropriate
times. The National Manufacturers’ Association (NEMA) 170
Specification and Advanced Traffic Controllers (ATC) are commonly
used. A group of vendors developed a standard specification
commonly known as the TSI for controllers. The NEMA TSI 2 isan
updated version of the NEMA TSI 1. It is capable of accommodating
coordinated-actuated operation and preemption. The California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the New York
Department of Transportation (NYDOT) developed the model 170.
The ATC was developed as a result of new direction in traffic signals
initiated by the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Act
(ISTEA).
2. Cycle (cycle length). The time in seconds required for one complete
color sequence of signal indication. Figure 8.8 is a schematic of a
cycle. In Figure 8.8, for example, the cycle length is the time that
elapses from the start of the green indication to the end of the red
indication.
3. Phase (signal phase). That part of a cycle allocated to a stream of
traffic or a combination of two or more streams of traffic having the
right-of-way simultaneously during one or more intervals (see Figure
8.8).
4. Interval. Any part of the cycle length during which signal
indications do not change.
5. Offset. The time lapse in seconds or the percentage of the cycle
length between the beginning of a green phase at an intersection and
the beginning of a corresponding green phase at the next intersection. It
is the time base of the system controller.
6. Change and clearance interval. The total length of time in seconds
of the yellow and all-red signal indications. This time is provided for

1
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

vehicles to clear the intersection after the green interval before


conflicting movements are released.
7. All-red interval. The display time of a red indication for all
approaches. It is sometimes used as a phase exclusively for pedestrian
crossing or to allow vehicles and pedestrians to clear very large
intersections before opposing approaches are given the green
indication.

Figure (13) Two-Phase Signal System


10. Lane group. A lane group consists of one or more lanes on an
intersection approach and having the same green phase.
11. Critical lane group. The lane group that requires the longest green
time in a phase. This lane group, therefore, determines the green time
that is allocated to that phase.
12. Saturation flow rate. The flow rate in veh/h that the lane group
can carry if it has the green indication continuously.

2
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Figure (14) Typical Lane Groups for Analysis


Figure 15 is a schematic of a dilemma zone. For the dilemma zone to be
eliminated, the distance Xo should be equal to the distance Xc. Let tmin be
the yellow interval (sec) and let the distance traveled during the change
interval without accelerating be uo (tmin) with uo=speed limit on approach
(ft /sec). If the vehicle just clears the intersection, then

Where Xc is the distance within which a vehicle traveling at the speed


limit (uo) during the yellow interval tmin cannot stop before encroaching
on the intersection. Vehicles within this distance at the start of the yellow
interval will therefore have to go through the intersection.

L = Length of vehicle 1ft2


W = Width of intersection 1ft2

3
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

For vehicles to be able to stop, however,

Figure (15) Schematic of a Dilemma Zone at an Intersection

4
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Safety considerations, however, normally preclude yellow intervals of


less than three seconds and to encourage motorists’ respect for the yellow
interval, it is usually not made longer than five seconds.

Cycle Lengths of Fixed (Pretimed) Signals


The signals at isolated intersections can be pretimed (fixed),
semiactuated, or fully actuated. Pretimed signals assign the right of
way to different traffic streams in accordance with a preset timing
program.

Webster Method:
Webster has shown that for a wide range of practical conditions
minimum intersection delay is obtained when the cycle length is
obtained by the equation:

5
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Total Lost Time:


Figure shows a graph of rate of discharge of vehicles at various times
during a green phase of a signal cycle at an intersection. Initially,
sometime is lost before the vehicles start moving, and then the rate of
discharge increases to a maximum. This maximum rate of discharge is
the saturation flow. If there are sufficient vehicles in the queue to use
the available green time, the maximum rate of discharge will be
sustained until the yellow phase occurs. The rate of discharge will then
fall to zero when the yellow signal changes to red. The number of
vehicles that go through the intersection is represented by the area
under the curve. Dividing the number of vehicles that go through the
intersection by the saturation flow will give the effective green time,
which is less than the sum of the green and yellow times. This
difference is considered lost time, since it is not used by any other
phase for the discharge of vehicles; it can be expressed as

6
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‪ -‬جامعة القادسية‬

‫‪Figure 19 Discharge of Vehicles at Various Times during a Green Phase‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

The minimum green time can be determined by using the HCM


expressions given:

Example (Signal Timing Using the Webster Method):


Figure below shows peak-hour volumes for a major intersection on an
expressway. Using the Webster method, determine suitable signal timing
for the intersection using the four-phase system shown below. Use a
yellow interval of three seconds and the saturation flow given.

8
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Note: The influence of heavy vehicles and turning movements and all
other factors that affect the saturation flow have already been considered.
Solution:
• Determine equivalent hourly flows by dividing the peak-hour volumes
by the PHF (e.g., for left-turn lane group of phase A, equivalent hourly
flow=222/0.95 = 234).

Compute the total lost time. Since there is not an all-red


Phase, that is, R = 0 and there are four phases,

9
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‪ -‬جامعة القادسية‬

‫‪Effective time for phase i is obtained:‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‪ -‬جامعة القادسية‬

‫‪Figure Signal Timing Using the Webster Method‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Average vehicle delays at the approach to a signalized intersection

Webster (1958) derived the following equation for estimating the


average delay per vehicle at a signalized intersection:
( ) ( )
d= ( )
( ) ( )

where;

d=average delay per vehicle

c=cycle length

q=flow, s=saturation flow, x=q/

12
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

The above formula can be simplified as:

d=0.9(cA+B/q)

where
( )
A=
( )

B=
( )

Example:

An approach has an effective green time of 65 seconds and an optimum


cycle time of 100seconds. The actual flow on the approach is 1000
veh/hr, with its saturation flow estimated at 1750 veh/hr. Calculate the
average delay per vehicle using both the precise and approximate
formulae.

Solution

c=100 seconds

q=0.278 veh/s

s=0.486

x=0.88

A=0.14

B=3.23

d=23 seconds.

Average queue length at the approach to a signalized junction

Ns=qd+1/2qr

Ns= queue length at the commencement of the green period.

13
‫االستاذ المساعد الدكتور حامد عذاب عيدان‬ ‫ جامعة القادسية‬-‫هندسة مرور المرحلة الثالثة‬

Example

From the previous example, calculate the average queue length at the
approach.

Solution

c=100s, q=0.278 veh/s, r=35s, d=22s

Ns=11 vehicles.

14

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