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86 views28 pagesUNIT-VI Leveling
Uploaded by
Shudesamithronn CVCopyright
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Construction
Related Theory for Exercise 2.4.53 & 2.4.54
Draughtsman Civil - Levelling and contouring
Principle of levelling - Auto level - Dumpy level- Tilting level
Objectives : At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
+ describe the principle of levelling
+ list the instruments required for levelling
+ explain the parts of a level.
Prineik
le of levelling
Principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight
‘rom which vertical distances of the points above or below
this ling are found. They are achieved with the help of a
level and a levelling staff respectively.
Instruments required for levelling
Two instruments are required for levelling namely
1 allevel and
2 allevelling staff
1 The level
Level is an instrument used for furnishing a horizontal
line of sight. The essential part of a leveling instrument
are the following,
4 Levelling head
2 Limb plate
3 Telescope
4 Bubble tube
5 Tripod stand
1 Levelling head: levelling head consists ofa tribrach
plate having three arms each carrying a levelling
‘screw in the ball and socket arrangement, These
levelling or foot screws are used to bring the telescope
bubble tothe centre of its run Itis also an outer follow
conical socket into which fits the inner solid spindle
of the telescope, thus representing its vertical axis.
‘The levelling head has an arrangement to fix the
instrument over the tripod.
2 Limb Plate: A limb plate is the one to which the
telescope is fixed by means of standards or supports.
‘The lower portion of the limb plate has a solid spindle
which fits into the hollow socket ofthe levelling head.
This spindle freely ravolves in the outer socket and
locked at the bottom by means of a locking nut.
3. Telescope: A telescope is an essential component
part, which provides the basic lin of sight for making
‘observations in the levelling operation. Telescope
consists of two tubes, one slides into the other and
fitted with lens and a diaphragm having cross hairs,
Depending upon the arrangements made for the
movement of this tubes, telescopes are classi
two categories such as:
External focusing telescope
Internal focusing telescope
External focusing telescope: In this type of
telescope, the body consists of two tubes, one of
which is capable of sliding axially within the other by
means of rack and pinion arrangements, This action
‘of sliding takes place by operating a focusing screw
available in the telescope. As one ofthis tube moves,
‘out of the other and the length gets altered, the
telescope is known as external focusing telescope.
Internal focussing telescope: In this type of
telescope, out of two tubes on slides into the other,
the outer tube is fitted with both the eyepiece and
‘object glass atts either end. The other interior tubo.
carties a double concave lens, which moves inside
to and fro between the diaphragm and the object,
glass. As the movement of inner tube is within the.
‘outer one and the length remains same, the telescope
is known as internal focusing telescope.
Bubble Tube: A bubble tube consists of a sealed
curved glass tube set in a brass tube with plaster of
paris. It is nearly filled with alcohol or either or @
mixture of two, and the remaining space is occupied
by air bubble.” The tube is graduated on both the
directions from its centre, which enables to centro
the bubble by operating the foot screws available in
the levelling head, One division on graduation is
equals to 2 mm. The bubble tube is attached to the
top of the telescope by means of capstan headed
nuts, itis also otherwise known as ‘level tube’ and
used for levelling up the instrument. In levelling up
‘operation bubble in the bubble tube is brought to the
‘centre (highest point) and a line tangential to the
curvature of the tube at that point is known as bubble
line. The bubble line is horizontal when the bubble is
in the centre.
Tripod Stand: A tripod stand is the one, which
‘Supports the instrument when in use. It consists of
three legs elther solid or framed one. These legs are
made of mahogany wood and its lower end is fited
with a pointed steel shoes so that it can be firmly
pressed into the ground. The tripad should be rigid
and if it has any looseness it affects the position of
instrument. The tripod head, as its top carries external
threads to which internal threads of the instruments.
fited,
69 ‘Types of Levels
‘There are various types of levels, viz.
4. The dumpy level
The wye or Y level
‘The cooke's reversible level
The cushing’s level
Tilting level and
The automatic level
1 The dumy level (Fig 1)
Figi
oil
‘The dumpy level is simple, compact, and stable. The
telescope is rigidly fixed to its supports and, therefore,
‘can neither be rotated about its longitudinal axis, nor can
ite removed from its supports. Ithas greater stability of
adjustments than the Y level
2 The Wye or ¥ level (Fig 2)
1. Levellog sere: Devel ube.
ayy-soppon. re
5 Telescopo. BeEye-piece. a
‘Diaphragm sores. Focussing screw q
S.Rey shsce :
The ¥ level is a very delicate instrument. It consists of
many loose and open parts, which are liable to frictional
wear. The telescope can be removed from the Y
supports, and raversed end for end, It can also be
revolved about its longitudinal axis in the Ys.
3. The cooke's reversil
‘The cooke’s level combines good features of both the