TXTBK /SLMs+ QA LAS

Textbook-based instruction
/Supplementary Learning LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET No. 1
Materials /Self-Learning in MATHEMATICS
Modules based instruction
paired with MELC-Based Quarter: 2 Week: 1
Quality Assured Learning
Activity Sheet (LAS)

Name: Grade & Section: 10

Teacher: Date Submitted:

MELC: The learner illustrates polynomial functions. (M10AL-IIa-1)

Lesson/Topic: Polynomial Functions
Reference/Source:
M.Callanta,A.Canonigo,A.Chua,J.Cruz,M.Esparrago,E.Garcia,A.Magnaye,F.Orines,R.Perez,C.Ternida
(2015).Mathematics-Grade 10 Learner’s Module,Pasig City:Department of Education
Page No.106-107

Activity No. 1: Do you know me? Day: 1

Objectives/Subtasks:1. Identify polynomial functions.
2. Illustrate polynomial functions.
KEY CONCEPT
A polynomial function is a function of the form
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0,
where 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer, n as a positive integer implies that:
a. n is not negative
b. n is not zero
c. n is not a fraction
d. n is not a radical, and
e. n is not imaginary
The nonnegative integer , 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers called coefficients (numbers that appear in each
term) , 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is the leading term, 𝑎𝑛 is the leading coefficient, and 𝑎0 is the constant term (number
without a variable). The highest power of the variable of 𝑃(𝑥) is known as its degree.
The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order. However, if they are written in decreasing
powers of x, we say the polynomial function is in standard form.
There are various types of polynomial functions based on the degree of the polynomial. The most
common types are:
• Zero Polynomial Function (degree 0): 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 0 = 𝑎
• Linear Polynomial Function (degree 1): 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 1 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
• Quadratic Polynomial Function (degree 2): 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• Cubic Polynomial Function (degree 3): 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
• Quartic Polynomial Function (degree 4): 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒 are constants.

Other than 𝑃(𝑥), a polynomial function can be written in different ways, like the following:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 ,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 ,
Example

1
 Degree of Type of Leading Leading Constant
the Function Term Coefficient Term
Polynomial
1. 𝑦 = 8𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 4 Quartic 8𝑥 4 8 22
22
2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 3 Cubic 6𝑥 3 6 0

Polynomials may also be written in factored form and as a product of irreducible factors, that is, a
factor that can no longer be factored using coefficients that are real numbers. Here are some examples.
a) y = x4 + 2x3 – x2 + 14x – 56 in factored form is y = (x2 + 7) (x – 2) (x + 4)
b) y = x4 + 2x3 – 13x2 – 10x in factored form is y = x (x – 5) (x + 1) (x + 2)
c) y = 6x3 + 45x2 + 66x – 45 in factored form is y = 3(2x – 1) (x + 3) (x + 5)
d) f(x) = x3 + x2 + 18 in factored form is f(x) = (x2 – 2x + 6) (x + 3)
e) f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + 7x – 5 in factored form is f(x) = (x2 + 3x + 5) (2x – 1)

Exercise 1
Directions: Identify whether the following function is a polynomial function or not. If it is not, state the
reason. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
____________________ 1. 𝑦 = 14𝑥
1 2 3
____________________ 2. 𝑦 = 3 + 4 − 5
2𝑥 3𝑥 4𝑥
____________________ 3.𝑦 = −4𝑥 −100 + 4𝑥 −100
Exercise 2
Directions: Illustrate the following polynomial functions by giving the degree, leading coefficient and its
constant term.

Degree of Type of Leading Leading Constant

the Function Term Coefficient Term
Polynomial
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 8

2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2

3. 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3

MELC: The learner understands, describes and interprets the graphs of a polynomial function
Lesson/Topic: Graphing a Polynomial Functions
Reference/Source:
M.Callanta,A.Canonigo,A.Chua,J.Cruz,M.Esparrago,E.Garcia,A.Magnaye,F.Orines,R.Perez,C.Ternida
(2015).Mathematics-Grade 10 Learner’s Module,Pasig City:Department of Education
Page No.112-121

Activity No. 1: What is the destiny of my behavior? Day: 2

Objectives/Subtasks:1. Understand and describe the behavior of the graph using the leading coefficient
test.
2.Identify the number of turning points and the behavior of the graph based on
the multiplicity of zeros.
KEY CONCEPT

2
• The Leading Coefficient Test. This test can help you determine the end behavior of the graph of
polynomial functions by looking at the degree and the leading coefficient so that it will give you a
rough sketch of the graph.
• End behavior is a description of the values of the function as x approaches positive infinity or
negative infinity. The leading coefficient and the degree of a polynomial function determine its end
behavior and it is very much helpful in graphing polynomial function.
• Polynomial End Behavior

Leading Coefficient Degree Graph Comparison End Behavior

Positive Even The graph rises to the

a>0 right and rises to the left

Negative Even The graph falls to the right

a<0 and falls to the left

Positive Odd The graph rises to the

a>0 right and falls to the left

Negative Odd The graph rises to the left

a<0 and falls to the right.

Here are the examples of the four cases of the Leading Coefficient Test.
A. On the positive leading coefficient and even degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given
polynomial function f(x)= 2x4 – 3x3 + x -1
2 is the leading coefficient
2. Identify the leading term, its 2x4 and it is positive.
leading coefficient and degree 4 is the degree and it is an
even number.
3. Identify the end behavior of 2x4 The graph rises to the
the graph. right and rises to the left

3
 4. Graph The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is positive
and its degree is an even
number.

B. On the negative leading coefficient and even degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given f(x)= -3x2 – 6x + 4

polynomial function
-3 is the leading coefficient
2. Identify the leading term, -3x2 and it is negative.
its leading coefficient and 2 is the degree and it is an
degree even number.

3. Identify the end behavior -3x2 The graph falls to the right
of the graph. and falls to the left
4.Graph
The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is negative,
and its degree is an even
number.

C. On the positive leading coefficient and odd degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given f(x)= x3 + 5

polynomial function
1 is the leading coefficient
3
2. Identify the leading x and it is positive.
term, its leading 3 is the degree and it is an
coefficient and degree odd number.
3. Identify the end x3 The graph rises to the right
behavior of the graph. and falls to the left
4. Graph
The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is positive
and its degree is an odd
number.

D. On the negative leading coefficient and odd degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

4
 1. Look at the given f(x)= -x5 + x4 -2x3 + 1
polynomial function
-1 is the leading coefficient
2. Identify the leading -x5 and it is negative.
term, its leading 5 is the degree and it is an
coefficient and degree odd number.

3. Identify the end -x5 The graph rises to the left

behavior of the graph. and graph falls to the right.
4.Graph
The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is negative
and its degree is an odd
number.

• The turning points of a graph occur when the function is changing values, from decreasing to increasing or
from increasing to decreasing. A polynomial function of degree n has n-1 turning points on its graph or the
number of turning points is always less than the degree n.
• Sometimes a polynomial function has a factor that occurs more than once. This makes a multiple root.
• Multiplicity tells how many times a particular number is a zero or root for the given polynomial.
• The multiplicity of root r is the number of times that x-r is a factor of f(x). When a real root has even
multiplicity, the graph of f(x) is tangent to the x-axis. When a real root has odd multiplicity greater than 1, the
graph bends as it crosses the x-axis.
Exercise 1
Directions: Describe the end behavior of the graph of each polynomial function. Show your answer by filling in the
blanks One-point check is given in each blank.
1. y = -2x3 + x2 + 18x – 9
a) The leading term is ____
b) The leading coefficient is ______ and it is _________.
c) The degree is _____ and it is ______.
d) Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the degree is ____, then the graph _______ to
the left and _______ to the right.
2. y = x4 – 10x2 +9
a) The leading term is ____
b) The leading coefficient is ______ and it is _________.
c) The degree is _____ and it is ______.
d) Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the degree is ____, then the graph _______ to
the left and _______ to the right.
Exercise 2
Directions: Complete the table below. Identify the degree and number of turning points given the
polynomial function and its graph.

Polynomial Function Sketch Degree Number of Turning

Points
1.y=x5

5
 2.y=x5+x3-2x+1

3.y=x5-5x3+4x

Exercise 3
Directions: Given the function y=(x+2)2 (x+1)3 (x-1)4(x-2) and its graph, complete the table below.

Root or Zero Multiplicity Characteristics of Behavior of Graph Relative to x-

Multiplicity: Odd or even axis at this Root:
Crosses or Tangent to
-2
-1
1
2

MELC: The learner understands, describes and interprets the graphs of a polynomial function
Lesson/Topic: Graphing a Polynomial Functions
Reference/Source:
M.Callanta,A.Canonigo,A.Chua,J.Cruz,M.Esparrago,E.Garcia,A.Magnaye,F.Orines,R.Perez,C.Ternida
(2015).Mathematics-Grade 10 Learner’s Module,Pasig City:Department of Education
Page No.112-121

Activity No. 2: Sign on and Sketch Me Day: 3

Objectives/Subtasks: 1. Sketch the graph of polynomial function.
2.Interpret the graphs of a polynomial function
KEY CONCEPT
To sketch the graph of a polynomial function we need to consider the following:
a. leading term
b. behavior of the graph

6
 c. x-intercepts
d. y-intercepts
e. Multiplicity of roots
f. Number of turning points
g. Sketch the graph (You may also find other points on the graph by making a table of values.)
Example 1. Sketch and interpret the graph of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
1. Leading Term: x3
2. Behavior of the graph: (𝑛 is odd and 𝑎n > 0) The graph rises to the right and falls to the left
3. x-intercepts:
Let f(x)= 0
f(x)= x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
0 = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
0= (x+1) (x-1) (x-2)
x+1=0; x-1=0; x-2=0
x= -1 x= 1 x=2
Therefore, the x-intercepts are -1,1 and 2.
4. y-intercepts:
Let x= 0
f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
f(x) = (0)3 – 2(0)2 – 0 + 2
f(x) = 0 –0 – 0 + 2
f(x)= 2
Therefore, the y-intercept is 2.
5. Multiplicity of Roots: Multiplicity of -1 is 1, Multiplicity of 1 is 1 and Multiplicity of 2 is 1
Number of Turning points: n - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
6. Sketch the graph
You may also find other points on the graph by making a table of values.
-
X -3 -2 0 1 2 3
1
- -
y 0 2 0 0 8
40 12

h. Interpret
Since the leading coefficient is positive and the degree is odd, then the graph rises to the
right and falls to the left.

7
Exercise
Directions: Given the polynomial equation f(x) = x3 +6x2 + 11x +6, determine the following, then sketch
the graph. (Show your solutions on the space provide below.
a. leading term: ________
b. behavior of the graph: __________
c. x-intercepts: ___________
d. y-intercepts: ______
e. Multiplicity of roots
f. Number of turning points
g. Sketch the graph

h. Interpret the graph:

MELC: The learner solves problems involving polynomial functions. (M10AL-IIb-2)

Lesson/Topic: Problems Involving Polynomial Functions
Reference/Source: Reference/Source:
M.Callanta,A.Canonigo,A.Chua,J.Cruz,M.Esparrago,E.Garcia,A.Magnaye,F.Orines,R.Perez,C.Ternida
(2015).Mathematics-Grade 10 Learner’s Module,Pasig City: Department of Education
Page No.122-123

Activity 1: Investigate Deeper and Decide Wisely Day: 4

Objective/Subtask: Solve problems involving polynomial functions.
KEY CONCEPT
Real-life problems can be modeled with polynomial functions.
Example 1
A sculptor uses ice blocks to carve the wings of a dragon. The volume, V (in cubic centimeters), of a block of
ice can be modelled by the V(t) = t3 + 8t2 – 83t, where t represents the thickness of the block of ice in centimeters.
How thick is the block of ice with a volume of 630 cm3?
Procedure:

STEPS NUMERIC SOLUTIONS DISCUSSION

V(t) = t3 + 8t2 – 83t,

Step 1 First let us rewrite the given.
V(t) = 630 cm3

Then we identify what is asked on the

Step 2 Find t when V(t) = 630.
problem.

We replace V(t) with 630 since it is

Step 3 630 = t3 + 8t2 – 83t
given that V(t) = 630.

8
 We add – 630 to both sides so that
Step 4 0 = t3 + 8t2 – 83t - 630
the other side is equal to zero.

We now then solve the equation using

factoring. You could also use
Step 5 0 = (t + 7) (t + 10) (t – 9)
synthetic division on solving for the
value of t.

t+7=0
We equate each factor by zero by
Step 6 t + 10 = 0 zero – product property and to solve
for the value of t.
t–9=0

By solving each linear equation, we

got t = -7, t = -10 and t = 9, but we are
Step 7 t = - 7, t = - 10, t = 9 going to reject – 7 and – 10 since
there is no negative measurement for
thickness. Thus, we got t = 9.

Answer: The block of ice should be 9 centimeters thick to have a volume of 630 cubic centimeters.
Example 2
Suppose a windmill generates power based on the speed of the wind. This is represented by the polynomial
function 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 − 5𝑠 , where s represents the speed of the wind in kilometers per hour. If the windmill generated
50 units of power, what is the speed of the wind?
Solution:
P(s)=s2-5s
P(s)=50
s-?
50=s2-5s
0=s2-5s-50
0=(s-10) (s+5)
s-10=0 ;s+5=0
s=10 ; s=-5
Answer: The speed of the wind should be 10 km per hour.

Exercise
Directions: Solve the following problems. (Use separate sheets of paper to show your solutions.)
1. Alice was told that the volume of a rectangular block is modeled by the function V(x) = 14x 3 -
57x2 – 419x - 3, where x is the length in meters of a rectangular block. How long is a rectangular
block if it has a volume of 165 m 3?

2. The weight, w (in kilograms), of a wild boar can be modeled by w = 3x 2 – 21x – 9 where x is the
length of the wild boar in decimeters. What is the length of the wild boar which weighs 45 kilograms?

Answer’s key
Day 1
Exercise 1:
1. Polynomial Function 2.Not 3.Not

Exercise 2:
Degree of the Type of Function Leading Leading Constant
Polynomial Term Coefficient Term
4. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 8 4 Quartic 2𝑥 4 4 -8
5. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2 Quadratic 𝑥2 1 0
6. 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 3 Cubic 𝑥3 1 1

9
 10
Day 3
Exercise 1
a. leading term: x3
b. behavior of the graph: (𝑛 is odd and 𝑎n > 0 ) The graph rises to the right and falls to the left
c. x-intercepts: -1, -2, -3
d. y-intercepts:6
e. Multiplicity of roots: Multiplicity of -1 is 1, Multiplicity of -2 is 1, Multiplicity of -3 is 1
f. Number of turning points: 2
g. Sketch the graph
h. Interpret the graph
Since the leading coefficient is positive and the degree is odd, then the graph rises to the
right and falls to the left.
Day 4
Exercise 1:
1. The length of the rectangular block is 8m if the volume is 165 m3.
2. The length of the wild boar is 9 decimeter which weighs 45 kilograms.
Day 2
Exercise 1
1. a. -2x3 2. a.x4
b. -2, negative b. 1, positive
c.3, odd c.4, even
d. negative, odd, rises, falls d. positive, even, rises, rise
Exercise 2
No. Degree Number of Turning Points
1 5 0
2 5 2
3 5 4
Exercise 3
Root or Zero Multiplicity Characteristics of Multiplicity: Behavior of Graph Relative to x-axis at
Odd or even this Root:
Crosses or Tangent to
-2 2 Even Tangent to x-axis
-1 3 Odd Crosses the x-axis
1 4 Even Tangent to x-axis
2 1 odd Crosses the x-axis