MODULE 1 – COMMUNICATION PROCESS, TYPES AND MODES

Components of the Communication Process

1. Source -it can be anyone, in mass communication, they can be regarded
as influencers, gatekeepers, or agenda-setters.
2. Message- the ideas or thoughts conveyed by the sender to influence its
target audience.
3. Channel- this is the medium or means through which the message is
conveyed.
4. Receiver- is the recipient or target of the message.
5. Feedback- is the reaction and/or response to the message by the
receiver.
6. Environment- this is the place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset, and
the condition of both sender and receiver.
7. Context- this involves the “constructed reality” of the sender which
determines how the message is packaged for receiver to ensure such
message is deemed agreeable to the target audience or the receiver.
8. Interference- know as barriers or difficulties that prevents effective
communication to take place.
The types of communication
Communication is classified according to mode, context, and purpose and style.
1. According to Mode
a. Verbal & Non-Verbal Communication- effective communication calls for the
blending of verbal and non-verbal elements because one cannot be
separated from the others.
-Verbal communication- uses words to interchange the information with
other people either in the form of speech or writing.
-Nonverbal communication- does not use words for communicating
anything, but some other modes such as body language, facial expressions,
sigh language, symbols, among others.
b. Visual Communication- this uses visuals to convey information and
message.
-examples are sign, symbols, imagery, maps, graphics, etc.
 2. According to Context
a. Intrapersonal Communication- this is talking to oneself (Self-talk). Labeled
as inner talk, inner monologue or dialogue.
b. Interpersonal communication- this is when interactive exchange between or
among people takes place.
c. Extended communication- involves the use of electronic media. Anyone can
be participate despite distance.
d. Organizational communication- the focus of this communication is on the
role that communication plays in organizational context.
e. Intercultural communication- this is communication between or among
people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional
background.
3. According to purpose and style
a. formal communication- termed as official communication, it is type of
communication in which the sender follows a pre-defined channel to transmit the
information to the receiver.
b. Informal communication- known as grapevine, type of communication in
which the sender does not follow any pre-defined channel to transmit the
information.

THE MODES OF COMMUNICATION

- Refers to the channel through which one express his/her communication intent.
●Face-to-face – this is most preferred mode because it is highly effective.
-this is an informal or casual conversation between two or more people.
●Video- Cameras are now used to communicate online. This is significant alternative to
in-person meetings.
●Audio- only the speakers voice is heard. This is great for connecting several remote
people at once.
●Text-based- it has a wider reach and can disseminate information to a bigger
audience quickly. This style of communication does not necessarily take place in real
time. (emails, chat, and forums).
 MODULE 2A MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Aristotle’s- claims that knowledge is derived from the understanding of the whole and
not that of the single parts.
Aristotle’s Models of Communication – mainly focused on speaker and speech.
Broadly divided into 5 primary elements; Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and
Effect.
-The speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience.
-The audience is passive, influenced by the speech.
Lasswell’s Communication Model- this describes communication as being focused on
WHO says WHAT, in WHICH channel, to WHOM and with WHAT effect as seen in the
model above.
Communicator - WHO
Message – SAYS WHAT?
Medium – IN WHICH CHANNEL?
Receiver – TO WHOM
Effect- WHAT EFFECT?
Shannon-weaver’s communication Models – was introduced in 1949, it was
conceptualized for radio and television serving as a model for technical communication
and was later adopted in the field of communication.
Berlo’s SMCR model of Communication- conceptualized in 1960, its probably the
most-well-known among the communication models.
S- source
M- message
C- channel
R- receiver
Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication- is a circular model treating
communication as a cycle. From the message starting to ending. This model is practical
way.
●Encoder- who does encoding or sends the message.
●Decoder- Who receives the message
●Interpreter- Person trying to understand or interpret the message.
White’s Model of communication- implies a step-by-step sequence of events that
starts with thinking in the mind of the speaker and ends with monitoring also by the
speaker.
Eight stages of oral communication are the following;
1. Thinking – a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a speaker a stimulus to
communicate a need.
2. Symbolizing- a speaker has to know the code of oral language.
3. Expressing- speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to produce the sound of
language. (his facial expression, gestures, and body stance).
4. Transmitting- waves of sound travelling at 1,000 feet per second and waves of
light travelling.
5. Receiving- Sound waves impinge upon the listener’s ears after which the
resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve;
6. Decoding- listeners interprets the language symbols he receives and thinks
further.
7. Feedbacking- listener may manifest over behavior like node, smile, or yawn or
may not show any behavior at all.
8. Monitoring- speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of his
message among his listeners.

MODULES 2B; PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

General Principals of Effective Communication
1. Know your PURPOSE in communicating.
2. Know your AUDIENCE.
3. Know your TOPIC.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the CONTEXT of the situation.
5. Work on the FEEDBACK given you.

A. Principles of Effectives oral communication

1. Be CLEAR with your purpose. (CLARITY)

2. Be COMPLETE with the message you deliver. (COMPLETENESS)
3. Be CONCISE. (CONCISENESS)
4. Be NATURAL with your delivery. (NATURALNESS)
5. Be SPECIFIC and TIMELY with your feedback. (TIMELINESS)
 B. General Principles of Effective Written Communication (9cs)

1. Be clear. (CLARITY)
2. Be Concise. (CONCISENESS)
3. Be complete. (COMPLETENESS)
4. Be correct. (CORRECTNESS)
5. Be concrete. (CONCRETENESS)
6. Be coherent. (COHERENCE)
7. Be Culturally sensitive. (CULTURAL SENSIVITY)
8. Be courteous. (COURTEST/POLITENESS)
9. Be consideate. (CONSIDERATION/EMPATHY)

MODULES 3A ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION

Ethics in Communication
- Ethics is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what
human ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society,
fairness, or specific virtues. – Velasquez et al (2010).
- Ethics is what maintains the balance between the speaking and the listening.
3 of Ethical codes
- Code of ethics
- Code of conduct
- Code of practice.
POLITENESS – one of the central features in communication, politeness is a human
phenomenon expressed differently and different cultures. Politeness is communicated
both verbally and nonverbally.
●Positive Politeness- refers to an atmosphere of inclusion and mutuality
created by linguistic means (compliment, encouragement, joking, even the use
white lies.
●Negative Politeness- involves respecting the privacy of other people and
leaving ‘back door” open, that is, showing some reservation.
TURN-TAKING- is the time when a speaker is talking and turn-taking id the skill of
knowing when to start and finish a turn in a conversation.
●only one person should talk at a time.
●We cannot have silence.
●The transition between one speaker and the next must be smooth as possible
and without a break.
 Different ways of indicating that a turn will be change;
1. Formal methods -selecting the next speaker.
2. Adjacency pairs- question requires an answer.
3. Intonation- a drop in pitch or in loudness.
4. Gesture – change in sitting position.
VIOLATIONS OF TURN-TAKING PROCESS;
●Interruption
●Butting in
●Overlaps
Gender and Sexual Orientations (Sexist Language)
Sexism is a language which excludes one’s sex or the other, or which suggests
that one sex is superior to the other.
Types of sexist language.
- Language that excludes women or renders them invisible.
- The singular masculine pronouns (he, him, his)
- Terms ending in ‘-man’ to refers to functions that may be performed by
individuals or either sex.
SEXIST ALTERNATIVES
Business man Business executives,
business owner, retailer
cameraman Photographers,
cinematographers
Chairman Chairperson
fireman Firefighters
Policeman Police officers
Sales man Salesperson
spokesman spokensperson

Race and Ethnicity (Racism)

- is the use of derogatory term to label people outside of the group.
Social class
- sociologist defined “social class” as a group of individuals who occupy a similar
position in the economic system.
 Five Classes;
●Upper class
●Upper middle class
●Lower Middle Class
●Working class
●Poor
Age – connected to communication. As generations aged, language evolves so it
results to different generations speaking different languages.
Disabilities- it is important to remember that disabilities are not defects but are
variations among people.

BASAHA NALANG NINYU SA LAST PART SA MODULE 3, ABOUT THE

ETHICS AND RESPOSNSIBILITIES IN USING SOCIAL MEDIA.

-LAINA KYUTTTT..