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Chapter 2

This document provides an overview of heat transfer by conduction. It defines Fourier's law, which describes heat flux through a material. The law states that heat flux is proportional to the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a property that indicates how fast heat transfers through a material. The heat equation is presented, which is a differential equation that describes heat diffusion. Boundary conditions are also discussed, which are needed to solve the heat equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying Fourier's law and the heat equation to calculate heat transfer in various scenarios.

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53 views25 pages

Chapter 2

This document provides an overview of heat transfer by conduction. It defines Fourier's law, which describes heat flux through a material. The law states that heat flux is proportional to the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a property that indicates how fast heat transfers through a material. The heat equation is presented, which is a differential equation that describes heat diffusion. Boundary conditions are also discussed, which are needed to solve the heat equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying Fourier's law and the heat equation to calculate heat transfer in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

maha alenezi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Transfer

Chapter 2: Introduction to
Conduction
ChE 343
Summer 2021
Dr. Essam Alruqobah

1
2
Fourier’s Law
• Equation describing heat flow (flux) through conduction.
• It is a phenomenological equation (derived from experimental data).
• For one-dimensional case, the heat flow (flux) is found from:

• Heat flow (flux) is a directional quantity, its direction is normal to the


surface of constant temperature.
• Negative sign denotes that the heat flow (flux) is in direction of
decreasing temperature.

3
Fourier’s Law
Fourier’s Law
• General three-dimensional Fourier’s law in rectangular coordinates:
Vector quantity

• Can be broken down into components in each coordinate direction:


Fourier’s Law
Total heat flux is normal to
isothermal surfaces
One Dimensional Fourier’s Law

For one-dimensional case (temperature varies along one


coordinate):
Summary and Main Points of Fourier’s Law
• Heat flux is a vector quantity, with direction perpendicular to surface of
constant temperature (isotherm).
• Heat flux is always in direction of decreasing temperature.
• Fourier’s law applies to conduction heat transfer for all matter (solids,
liquids, and gasses).
Thermal Conductivity (k)
• Thermal conductivity (k) is a transport property, i.e., it gives an indication of how fast energy is transferred.
• Applies to all states of matter: solids, liquids, and gasses.
Thermal
Conductivity

In general,
Solids Liquids Gasses

Random Random
Non-conductors Conductors Molecular Molecular
Motion Motion

Random Lattice Random Lattice


Vibrations Vibrations

Random
Movement of
Electron Cloud
Thermal Conductivity (k)
Thermal Conductivity (k) Variation with
Temperature

Solids Liquids Gasses


Thermal diffusivity (α)
A commonly used quantity in heat transfer analysis is the
thermal diffusivity:

• Measures the material’s ability to conduct thermal


energy relative to its ability to store thermal energy
and gives an indication for the propagation of heat in a
material.
• Materials with small α values means that most of the
heat is absorbed by the material.
• The larger the α value, heat will propagate faster
through the material.
Example Problems
Heat Diffusion Equation (Heat Equation)
Fourier’s Law
• General three-dimensional Fourier’s law in rectangular coordinates:
Vector quantity

To calculate , we need to know the temperature distribution or


temperature field, i.e., T(x,y,z) Obtained from solving the heat equation

Allows us to calculate heat flux at any point


Heat Diffusion Equation (Heat Equation)
• Represents one of the most famous equations in mathematics and physics.
• Used in a variety of fields such as heat transfer, probability theory,
quantum mechanics, and even in finance (See Black-Scholes equation).
• Second-order partial differential equation (first order in time).

If k is constant with position, we can take it out of the derivative:


Heat Diffusion Equation (Heat Equation)
• For steady-state conditions:

• For steady-state, one-dimensional heat transfer, with no heat generation:


Heat Equation and Heat Flux in Other Coordinate
Systems
Heat Equation and Heat Flux in Other Coordinate
Systems

Coordinate System Cylindrical Coordinates Spherical Coordinates

Heat Equation

Fourier’s Law
Boundary Conditions

• 2nd order partial differential equation in space (x,y,z), and first order in time.
• To solve it, we need to apply boundary and initial conditions:
• Two boundary conditions (because the equation is second order in
spatial variables (x,y,z).
• One initial condition (because the equation is first order with respect
to time).
For the case of steady-state one-dimensional heat conduction, with no generation:
We need two boundary conditions
 Because the differential equation is 2nd
order in x
Types of Boundary Conditions

Boundary conditions can be constant


values, or differential equations (first
order).
Types of Boundary Conditions
Also called a Dirichlet boundary condition

Called a Neumann boundary condition

Called a mixed boundary condition


Summary
Example Problems
Example Problems

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