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Chapter 14 Skeleton

There are three main types of skeletons: endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons. Endoskeletons are made of bone and cartilage located inside the body and provide structure and protection. Exoskeletons are external shells made of substances like chitin that restrict growth. Hydrostatic skeletons use fluid pressure within compartments to control shape and movement. Examples of each type are provided.

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61 views6 pages

Chapter 14 Skeleton

There are three main types of skeletons: endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons. Endoskeletons are made of bone and cartilage located inside the body and provide structure and protection. Exoskeletons are external shells made of substances like chitin that restrict growth. Hydrostatic skeletons use fluid pressure within compartments to control shape and movement. Examples of each type are provided.

Uploaded by

Jian Leong Tho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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14.

1 Types of Skeletons
Endoskeleton Exoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeleton
• A hardened internal skeleton buried in • Exoskeletons are (non-living & • A skeleton formed by fluid-filled
the soft bodies of all vertebrates incapable to growth), a hard covering compartment within the body cavity
including fish, amphibians & birds. deposited on animal’s surface / shell • The fluids are held under pressure in
• Consist of a rigid framework (bones & (made of calcium carbonate) compartment surrounded by muscles
cartilage), which is made up of calcium • Since watery liquid cannot escape, it
& phosphate to which muscles are • Exoskeleton have cuticle, consists of forms an incompressible skeleton
attached chitin restrict the growth of animals (Earthworm rigid)
• It support the soft body & protects must be shed their exoskeletons from • The body shape of the animal changes
internal organs from injury time to time in order for the animal to as these muscles contract & relax
• Bones are connected at joints by grow (ecdysis) • Earthworm uses muscles to move fluid
ligaments that allow freedom of • Also found in the shells of molluscs & within the segmented body cavity,
movement the bony plates of tortoises. changing the animal shape to control
• Examples : insects, crabs, lobsters, movement
tortoise, snail, grasshopper • The animals are soft & flexible, the
hydrostatic fluid does protect body parts
by acting as a shock absorber.
• Examples : earthworm, jellyfish, leech &
caterpillar.
Axial Skeleton comprises
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Ribs & sternum
(breastbone)

Appendicular Skeleton comprises


• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Upper & Lower limb

Scoliosis
• Sideways curvature / twist of the spine (C / S
shape)
• Scoliosis brace (special equipment)
• Worn under clothing
• Method used to improve the curvature of the
spine / to support the spine
Vertebral Column
/Backbone (33)
Function of Vertebral Column
• Intervertebral disc
(cartilage in between the vertebrae)
• Encloses & protect the spinal cord
• Supports the head
• Serves as a point of muscle
attachment for the rib, pelvic
girdle, back muscles & neck
1. Cervical Vertebrae (7)

1
2

4
• Short spinous process Atlas vertebra (Nodding) Axial vertebra(Rotate/Shaking)
• Wide & short • 1st cervical vertebra • 2nd cervical vertebra
transverse process • Large neural canal • Large spinous process
• Small centrum • Small spinous process • Small transverse process
• A pair of transverse/ • A pair of transverse foramen • A pair of transverse foramen
vertebral foramen • No centrum • Has odontoid process
(passage for blood • Articulate with skull (articulate with facet of atlas
vessels & nerves) vertebra’s neural canal)
2. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) 3. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

Lumbar vertebra
• Biggest & strongest vertebrae
• Large centrum (bear the weight of
lower back of body)
• Short spinous process

• Long & directed downward spinous


process
• Thick & big centrum
• Spinous & transverse process 4. Sacral Vertebrae (5)
- serve as attachment sites for • 5 vertebrae fused
muscles & ligaments together to form
• Short transverse process have facets triangular bone
for articulation within the ribs

5. Caudal Vertebrae (4)


• 4 bones fused together to
form triangular structure,
pointed at 1 end
Similarity between Vertebrae
1. Contains centrum (bear body weight)
2. Have vertebral foramen (contains spinal cord)
3. Have transverse & spinous process (muscle attachment sites)

Differences between Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae


- Small centrum -Medium size centrum -Large centrum
- Short spinous process -Long & sharp spinous process -Short & blunt spinous process
- 2 transverse foramen & -No transverse foramen -No transverse foramen
1 vertebral foramen
1 vertebral foramen 1 vertebral foramen
- Small transverse process
contain foramina -large transverse process -Thin & tapered transverse foramen

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