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D & F BLOCK - Class Notes - JEE Mindmap

This document provides an overview of inorganic chemistry topics relevant for JEE aspirants, including: 1. It introduces the d-block and f-block elements, their electronic configurations, atomic sizes, and common oxidation states. Transition metals are defined as elements with partially filled d-orbitals. 2. Properties of the transition metals like melting points, boiling points, and heat of atomization are discussed in relation to their number of unpaired electrons and metallic bonding abilities. 3. Interstitial compounds of transition metals are introduced, which have high melting points and hardness. Examples and characteristics are provided. 4. Catalytic activities of various transition metals are outlined, along with examples like the Hab

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299 views

D & F BLOCK - Class Notes - JEE Mindmap

This document provides an overview of inorganic chemistry topics relevant for JEE aspirants, including: 1. It introduces the d-block and f-block elements, their electronic configurations, atomic sizes, and common oxidation states. Transition metals are defined as elements with partially filled d-orbitals. 2. Properties of the transition metals like melting points, boiling points, and heat of atomization are discussed in relation to their number of unpaired electrons and metallic bonding abilities. 3. Interstitial compounds of transition metals are introduced, which have high melting points and hardness. Examples and characteristics are provided. 4. Catalytic activities of various transition metals are outlined, along with examples like the Hab

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MIND MAP

FOR JEE ASPIRANTS

Inorganic Chemistry

d and f block

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi


Today’s Targets
1 Complete chapter in one shot
Group , Period & Atomic No

He
H
B C N O F Ne
Li Be

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te l Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Coinage Metals

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Ac Rf

Cu Ag Au Pt Cr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
Electronic Configuration
Cu Ag Au Pt Cr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd

3d Series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

4d Series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

5d Series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
The elements whose atoms or simple ions contain partially filled d-orbitals are
called transition metals. Zn , Cd , Hg
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Most Common Oxidation State
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 Highest Oxidation State
+5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7 Highest oxide : Mn2O7
Highest Mn fluoride : MnF4

The heavy elements in d – block stable at higher O.S.


Mo(VI) & W(VI) are found more stable than Cr(VI). Highest Oxidation State
Ru and Os : +8
Atomic Radius Nuclear Charge
Inter Electronic Repulsion

Sc to Cr : AR Decreases Nuclear charge dominates

Mn to Ni : AR Nearly constant NC = IER

Cu to Zn : AR Slightly increases IER dominates

Size : 4d series elements  5d series elements


Melting point and Boiling Point
➢ No. of unpaired electrons : Metallic bonding : M.P. / B.P.

➢ Chromium has highest M.P. among 3d-series.


❑ As Mn and Zn has stable configuration, so they won’t like to lose electron
for delocalization leads weak metallic bonding hence low M.P.

Heat of Atomization
The energy required to break 1 mole of metal lattice in to neutral metal atom
➢ No. of unpaired electrons : metallic bonding : heat of atomization.

➢ VANADIUM has highest heat of atomization among 3d-series.

❑ Mn and Zn has low enthalpy of atomization ?


Interstitial Compounds
When small atoms ( H, C , N )
are trapped inside the crystal
lattices of metals.

Example : TiC , Mn4N , Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7


Physical and Chemical Characteristics :
(i) They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
(ii) They are very hard ( some borides approach diamond in hardness )
(iii) They retain metallic conductivity.
(iv) They are chemically inert.
Catalytic Activity ❑ Large surface area. ❑ Variable oxidation state.
❑ Ability to form complexes.
❑ Presence of empty d – orbitals.
Fe
Fe Habers Process N2 + H2
as promoter

Mn MnO2 Used as a catalyst in producing oxygen


MnO2
❑ KClO3 

Ti TiCl4 + Et3Al Ziegler Natta Catalyst Polythene from ethene


V V2O5 V2O5 is used in Contact process

Cr Al2O3 + Cr2O3 Used for aromatization


The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of AgBr.

OH- H+
MnO4– MnO42– CrO42– Cr2O72–
H+ OH–

Mn2O7
Preparation of KMnO4

Mn2+ + S2O82– + H2O

Acidic Solution
MnO2 + KOH + O2

Fused with KOH Electrolytic oxidation


MnO2 oxidized with air/KNO3 in alkaline solution

I–

Mn2+ S2O32–
MnO4–
ZnO as catalyst
C2O42– KI

H2SO3 Fe2+(Green)

KMnO4 / H+
SO32– Oxalic acid

NO2– H2S
Preparation of Potassium Dichromate

➢ From Chromite Ore : FeCr2O4 + Na2CO3 + O2

H2SO4 KCl
Na2CrO4

Orange crystals of potassium dichromate crystallise out


H2S

Sn2+

K2Cr2O7/H+

Fe2+

I–

All Cu(II) halides are known except the iodide. In this case, Cu2+ oxidises I– to I2 .
F Block Element Inner transition elements
Lanthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Electronic Configuration

❑ Lanthanoids generally show +3 oxidation


state
Lanthanoids Ce Yb

Lu

Mischmetall (alloy) which consists of a lanthanoid metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%)

Magnetic Properties
d0 type ( Sc3+ ) and d14 type ( Zn2+ ) : Diamagnetic
f 0 type ( La3+ and Ce4+ ) and f 14 type ( Yb2+ and Lu3+ ) : Diamagnetic

Colour Deep Yellow CrO42– Cr2O72– Orange


MnO4–
Purple
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Silvery white metals


Radioactive metals

Trans-uranium Metals
Oxidation state of Actinides
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7

Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than


lanthanoid contraction. Why ?
THANK YOU

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