Chapter 5 Extra Exercises

Solution
1.
(a) Substitute y = k2 into y = 2x2 + 12x + 6k.
k2 = 2x2 + 12x + 6k
2x2 + 12x + 6k  k2 = 0 ...............................(1)
Discriminant of (1) = 122  4(2)(6k  k2)
= 144 + 8(k2  6k)
2 2
 2 6 6 
= 144 + 8 k  6k      
  2   2  
= 144 + 8(k2  6k + 9)  72
= 8(k  3)2 + 72
 72
>0
∴ There are two different positions of R for any real number k.

(b) (i) a and b are the two roots of equation (1).

12
a + b =  = 6
2
6k  k 2
ab =
2
(a  b) = a2  2ab + b2
2

= a2 + 2ab + b2  2ab  2ab

= (a + b)2  4ab
 6k  k 2 
= (6)2  4  
 2 
= 36  12k + 2k2
∴ (a  b)2 = 36  12k + 2k2
(ii) PQ = (a  b) 2
= 36  12k  2k 2
= 2(k 2  6k )  36
2 2
  6  6 
= 2  k 2  6k        36
  2   2  

= 2(k 2  6k  9)  18  36
= 2(k  3) 2  18
The shortest distance between P and Q is 18 .
∵ 18 > 3
∴ It is not possible that the distance between P and Q is less than 3.
2.
(a) Substitute x = k and y = 5k2 + 4k into y = 2x2 + (2k + 4)x + k2 + c.
5k + 4k = 2k2 + (2k + 4)k + k2 + c
2

c=0
∴ c is not a positive number.

(b) (i) Substitute y = 1 and c = 0 into y = 2x2 + (2k + 4)x + k2 + c.

1 = 2x2 + (2k + 4)x + k2 + 0
2 2
2x + (2k + 4)x + k  1 = 0 ............................................. (1)
m and n are the two roots of equation (1).
2k  4
m+n= = k  2
2
k 2 1
mn =
2
(m  n) = m2  2mn + n2
2

= m2 + 2mn + n2  2mn  2mn

= (m + n)2  4mn
 k 2 1
= (k  2)2  4  
 2 
= k2 + 4k + 4  2k2 + 2
= k2 + 4k + 6
∴ (m  n)2 = k2 + 4k + 6

(ii) AB = (m  n) 2
=  k 2  4k  6
=  ( k 2  4k )  6
2 2
 2 4 4 
=   k  4k      6
  2   2  

=  (k 2  4k  4)  4  6
=  (k  2) 2  10
For 0 < k < 5, the maximum length of AB is 10 .
∵ 10 < 5
∴ It is not possible that the length of AB is greater than 5.
3.
(a) y = (x + 13)(17  x) + 31
= x2 + 4x + 221 + 31
= x2 + 4x + 252
Coefficient of x2 = 1 < 0
∴ The graph opens downward.
y-intercept = 252
When y = 0, x2 + 4x + 252 = 0
x2  4x  252 = 0
(x + 14)(x  18) = 0
x = 14 or 18
∴ The x-intercepts are 14 and 18.

(b) y = (2x  1)2  16

= 4x2  4x + 1  16
= 4x2  4x  15
Coefficient of x2 = 4 > 0
∴ The graph opens upward.
y-intercept = 15
When y = 0, 4x2  4x  15 = 0
(2x + 3)(2x  5) = 0
3 5
x= or
2 2
3 5
∴ The x-intercepts are  and .
2 2

4.
(a) ∵ (h , 1) and (0 , 1) lie on the same horizontal line, and the equation of the axis of
symmetry is x = 2.
h0
∴ = 2
2
h = 4

(b) y-intercept = 1
∴ c = 1
Substitute c = 1, x = 4 and y = 1 into y = ax2  4x + c.
1 = a(4)2  4(4) + (1)
1 = 16a + 16  1
16 = 16a
a = 1
5.
(a) The graph has one x-intercept.
∴ The discriminant of x2  mx + n = 0 is equal to 0.
(m)2  4(1)(n) = 0
m2 = 4n
2
∴ m = 4n is true.

(b) ∵ m > 0, n > 0 and m2 = 4n.

∴ m = 4, n = 4 and m = 6, n = 9 are two pairs of possible values.
(or other reasonable answers)

6.
(a) The graph has one x-intercept.
∴ The discriminant of mx2 + 12x + n = 0 is equal to 0.
122  4mn = 0
4mn = 144
mn = 36

(b) (i) The graph opens downward.

∴ Coefficient of x2 = m < 0
y-intercept = n < 0
∵ m and n are divisible by 3, n < m < 0 and mn = 36.
∴ m = 3 and n = 12.

(ii) From (b)(i), y = 3x2 + 12x  12.

When y = 0, 3x2 + 12x  12 = 0
x2  4x + 4 = 0
(x  2)2 = 0
x = 2 (repeated)
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are (2 , 0).

7.
(a) ∵  and  are the two roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
b
∴ += =b
1
x-coordinate of the mid-point of the line segment joining ( , 0) and ( , 0)

=
2
b
=
2
b
∴ The equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of y  f ( x) is x  .
2
(b) The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex.
b 
∴ Coordinates of the vertex =  , 9 
2 
b
Substitute x = and y = 9 into y = x2 + bx  27.
2
2
b b
9 =     b   27
2 2
b2
 = 36
4
b2 = 144
b = 12 or 12

(c) When b = 12,

  12 
coordinates of the vertex =  , 9
 2 
= (6 , 9)
When b = 12,
 12 
coordinates of the vertex =  , 9 
2 
= (6 , 9)
8.
13
(a) Substitute x = 3 and y = 0 into y = x2 + x + k.
3
13
0 = (3)2 + (3) + k
3
k = 4

(b) Coordinates of B = (0 , 4)

Let (0 , p) be the coordinates of P.
AB = (3  0) 2  [0  (4)]2 = 5
When AP = AB,
( 3  0) 2  ( 0  p ) 2 = 5
9 + p2 = 25
p2 = 16
p = 4 or 4 (rejected)
When BP = AB,
(0  0) 2  ( 4  p ) 2 = 5
(4  p)2 = 25
4  p = 5 or 5
p = 9 or 1
∴ The possible coordinates of P are (0 , 9), (0 , 1) and (0 , 4).
9.
(a) x-coordinate of the mid-point of AB
26
=
2
=2
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = f(x) are (2 , 32).
Let y = a(x + 2)(x  6), where a is a constant.
The graph passes through (2 , 32).
Substitute x = 2 and y = 32 into y = a(x + 2)(x  6).
32 = a(2 + 2)(2  6)
32 = 16a
a = 2
∴ f(x) = 2(x + 2)(x  6)
= 2(x2  4x  12)
= 2x2 + 8x + 24

(b) Substitute y = 14 into y = 2x2 + 8x + 24.

14 = 2x2 + 8x + 24
2
2x  8x  10 = 0
x2  4x  5 = 0
(x + 1)(x  5) = 0
x = 1 or 5
1
Area of △ACD = [5  (1)](14  0)
2
= 42

10.
(a) y-intercept = 3
∴ c=3
Substitute c = 3, x = 3 and y = 0 into y = x2 + bx + c.
0 = (3)2 + b(3) + 3
3b = 6
b = 2

(b) From (a), y = x2  2x + 3.

When y = 0,
x2  2x + 3 = 0
x2 + 2x  3 = 0
(x + 3)(x  1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
∴ The coordinates of B are (1 , 0).
1 3
Area of △BOC = (1  0)(3  0) =
2 2
 Let the coordinates of P be (h , k), where k > 0.
∵ Area of △AOP : area of △BOC = 4 : 1
∴ Area of △AOP = 4  area of △BOC
1 3
[0  (3)](k  0) = 4 
2 2
k=4
Substitute x = h and y = 4 into y = x2  2x + 3.
4 = h2  2h + 3
2
h + 2h + 1 = 0
(h + 1)2 = 0
h = 1 (repeated)
∴ The coordinates of P are (1 , 4).

11.
(a) Substitute x = 1 and y = 1 into y = kx2  6kx + 11.
1 = k(1)2  6k(1) + 11
5k = 10
k=2
∵ Coefficient of x2 = k > 0
∴ The graph opens upward.

(b) From (a), y = 2x2  6(2)x + 11

= 2(x2  6x) + 11
2 2
 6 6 
= 2  x 2  6x       + 11
  2   2  
= 2(x2  6x + 9)  18 + 11
= 2(x  3)2  7
∴ The minimum value of y is 7 and the coordinates of the vertex of the graph
are (3 , 7).

12.
(a) y-intercept = 11
∴ b = 11

(b) Substitute b = 11, x = 1 and y = 5 into y = ax2  20x + b.

5 = a(1)2  20(1) + (11)
5=a+9
a = 4
∵ Coefficient of x2 = a < 0
∴ The graph opens downward.
 (c) From (a) and (b), y = 4x2  20x  11
= 4(x2 + 5x)  11
2 2
 2 5 5 
= 4  x  5x         11
  2   2  
 25 
= 4  x 2  5 x   + 25  11
 4
2
 5
= 4  x   + 14
 2
∴ The maximum value of y is 14 and the equation of the axis of symmetry of the
5
graph is x =  .
2

13.
(a) y = 3x2 + mx + n
 m 
= 3 x2  x + n
 3 
2 2
 m m 
 m     
= 3 x 2  x   3    3   + n
 3  2  2 
     
     
 m m2  m2
= 3  x 2  x    +n
 3 36  12
2 2
 m m
= 3 x    +n
 6 12
∵ The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 1.
m
∴  =1
6
m = 6
∵ y-intercept = 8
∴ n=8

2
   6  (6) 2
(b) From (a), y = 3  x     8
  6  12
= 3(x  1)2 + 5
∴ The minimum value of the function is 5.
14.
(a) Let y = a(x + 4)(x  1), where a is a constant.
Substitute x = 2 and y = 6 into y = a(x + 4)(x  1).
6 = a(2 + 4)(2  1)
 6 = 6a
a = 1
∴ f(x) = (x + 4)(x  1)
= (x2 + 3x  4)
= x2  3x + 4

(b) f(x) = x2  3x + 4

= (x2 + 3x) + 4
2 2
 2 3 3 
=   x  3x        + 4
  2   2  
 9 9
=   x 2  3x    + 4
 4 4
2
 3  25
=  x   
 2 4
25
∴ The maximum value of the function is .
4

15.
(a) Substitute x = 1 and y = 25 into y = x2 + bx + c.
25 = (1)2 + b(1) + c
b + c = 26 ........................... (1)
Substitute x = 3 and y = 9 into y = x2 + bx + c.
9 = (3)2 + b(3) + c
3b + c = 18 ........................... (2)
(2)  (1): 4b = 8
b = 2
Substitute b = 2 into (1).
(2) + c = 26
c = 24

(b) y-intercept = c = 24

(c) (i) y = x2  2x + 24

= (x2 + 2x) + 24
2 2
 2 2 
=   x 2  2x        + 24
 2  2  
= (x2 + 2x + 1) + 1 + 24
= (x + 1)2 + 25
∴ The equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 1.

(ii) The maximum value of the function is 25.

16.
(a) y = –2x2  12x + 6
= 2(x2 + 6x) + 6
2 2
 6 6 
= 2  x 2  6x        + 6
  2   2  
= 2(x2 + 6x + 9) + 18 + 6
= 2(x + 3)2 + 24
∴ The coordinates of B are (3 , 24).

(b) The y-intercept of the graph is 6.

∴ OA = 6
The equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 3.
∴ OC = 0  (3) = 3
Area of the trapezium OABC
(OA  BC )  OC
=
2
[6  (24  0)]  3
=
2
= 45

17.
(a) y = x2  4x + k  1
2 2
2 4 4
= x  4x +     +k1
 2   2 
= x2  4x + 4  4 + k  1
= (x  2)2 + k  5
∵ Minimum value = 9
∴ k  5 = 9
k = 4

(b) From (a), y = (x  2)2  9.

∴ The coordinates of R are (2 , 9).

(c) When y = 0, x2  4x + (4)  1 = 0

x2  4x  5 = 0
(x + 1)(x  5) = 0
x = 1 or 5
∴ The coordinates of P and Q are (1 , 0) and (5 , 0) respectively.
1
Area of △PQR = [5  (1)][0  (9)]
2
= 27
 18.
(a) f(x) = k
2x2  8kx  8k2  1 = k
2x2 + 8kx + 8k2 + k + 1 = 0
Discriminant  = (8k)2  4(2)(8k2 + k + 1)
= 64k2  64k2  8k  8
= 8k  8
< 0 (∵ k > 0)
∴ The equation f(x) = k has no real roots.

(b) f(x) = 2x2  8kx  8k2  1

= 2(x2 + 4kx)  8k2  1
2 2
 2  4k   4k  
= 2  x  4kx         8k2  1
  2   2  
= 2(x2 + 4kx + 4k2) + 8k2  8k2  1
= 2(x + 2k)2  1
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are (2k , 1).

19.
(a) f(x) + 2 = x2 + 6p2x  3p4 + 3 + 2
= x2 + 6p2x  3p4 + 5
Discriminant  = (6p2)2  4(1)(3p4 + 5)
= 36p4  12p4 + 20
= 24p4 + 20
>0
∴ The graph of y = f(x) + 2 cuts the x-axis.

(b) f(x) = x2 + 6p2x  3p4 + 3

= (x2  6p2x)  3p4 + 3
2 2
   6 p2    6 p2  
2 2
=   x  6 p x         3p4 + 3
  2   2  
= (x2  6p2x + 9p4) + 9p4  3p4 + 3
= (x  3p2)2 + 6p4 + 3
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are (3p2 , 6p4 + 3).

(c) Coordinates of B = (3p2 + 4 , 6p4 + 3)

∵ AB is a horizontal line.
∴ The perpendicular bisector of AB is a vertical line.
x-coordinate of the circumcentre of △OAB
3 p 2  (3 p 2  4)
=
2
= 3p2 + 2
 >0
∴ The circumcentre of △OAB does not lie on the y-axis.

20.
(a) When y = 0,
x2 + 2tx + 6t  9 = 0
 2t  (2t ) 2  4(1)(6t  9)
x=
2(1)
 2t  4t 2  24t  36
=
2
 2t  (2t  6) 2
=
2
 2t  (2t  6)
=
2
= 3  2t or 3
∴ The two x-intercepts are 3  2t and 3.

(b) y = x2 + 2tx + 6t  9
2 2
 2t   2t 
= x2 + 2tx +      + 6t  9
2 2
= x + 2tx + t2  t2 + 6t  9
2

= (x + t)2  t2 + 6t  9
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = f(x) are (t , t2 + 6t  9).

(c) Coordinates of D = (0 , 6t  9)
  t  0  t 2  6t  9  6t  9 
Coordinates of the mid-point of CD =  , 
 2 2 
2
 t t 
=   ,   6t  9 
 2 2 
t t2
Substitute x =  and y =  + 6t  9 into y = 2x2  12x  9.
2 2
2
 t  t
R.H.S. = 2     12    9
 2  2
2
t
=  + 6t  9
2
= L.H.S.
∴ The mid-point of CD lies on the graph of the function y = 2x2  12x  9 for t  0 and
t  3.
∴ The claim is agreed.