eo = ___MEDI-CAPS UNIVERSITY, INDORE Submission aera Teas UNIVERSITY _ wee oe a Performance Evaluation: eae ae Extra | regular ‘Grade and Remarks by the Tutor [ Clarity about the objective ofthe experiment ‘Clarity about the problem statement ‘Shown capability to solve the problem ‘Contribution to the team work. 1 a 3.__[ Submitted the work in desired format 4 a Others: Experiment No. 1 Transistor. 2. AIM: a. b, To measure the voltage level of Logic 0 and Logic 1. c da. ‘components using shorted terminal. e a. To understand the working of diode and transistor. Grade TAT BT CTDTFT 3 Title: To test logic operations - AND, OR and NOT using Diode and To understand the meaning and significance of Logic 0 and Logic 1. To understand how diode and transistor work while applying Logie 0 and Fe icc ipa cacao cae a ‘To understand the functioning of AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR gate OBJECTIVES: After completing the experiment, the student should be able: b. To gain knowledge regarding various applications of logic Gates. i 4, PROBLEM STATEMENT: a various gates, b. To Implement the circuit of NOT, NAND, NOR using transistor only. 5. Apparatus required: a. Prototyping board (Bread board). b. DC power supply SV battery. To know the Practical implementation of various Logical circuits. To test and measure the voltage at input and output and verify the truth table for ,6. c. Light Emitting Diodes (LED's). da Electronic acne Diodes, Transistor, Resistors. ‘e. Connecting wires. THEORY: i itis Logic Gates: Logic gates are digital circuits which take as different combination of and 0 as inputs and produce output accordingly. Hence, they are combinational circuit. h f If there are two variable A and B applied at the input of the gate and each one these variable can take two value (I and 0), then 2” combination of input are possible. ‘The output at any instant depends only on current combination of input. Combinational eat Or Inputs ale Circuits Fig, Block Diagram of Combinational Circuit, ‘These Logic gates implement certain Boolean functions.~A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic operation normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays, fluidies, optics, ‘or even mechanical elements. In electronic logic, a logic level is represented by a voltage or current, (which ‘depends on the type of electronic logic in use). Each logic gate requires power so that it can source and sink currents to achieve the correct output voltage. In logic circuit diagrams the power is not shown, but in a full electronic schematic, power ‘connections are required. ‘Types of Logic Gates: The logic gate implements certain Boolean functions. Depending on the Boolean function implemented by the gate type of gate is defined. Basic gate: There are three basic gates. Each of these gates does their own basic Y=A.B Symbolic Representation function,OR GATE: An on Any input high piven 6 has two or more input signal but only one output signal, ives a high output The diagram given belo indie and B, none of the a B, or both the ov. i 8 the two input OR gate. If SV is applied at input A. de conduct and the output is $V. if OV is applied to either A or ive diodes conduet and current flows from source and outputs A f y-aee Symbolic Representation circuit lagram TRUTH TABLE (OR GATE Taputs Output i 0 1 I 1 B 0 1 0 1 NOT GATE: The NOT gate perform the basic logical function called inversion or ‘complementation. The purpose of this Gate is to convert one logic level into the opposite logic level. It has one input and one output. When a logic 1 is applied to an invertor logic 0 appears at its output and vice versa, Yee yea! symbolic Representation TRUTH TABLE Circutt Diagram ‘NOT GATE Tnput__|_Output A ¥ 0 1 a 0Signal ‘OR GATE: An OR gate has two of more input signal but only one output S18" igh gives @ high output. PU ek Any int i pelow indicates the two input OR gate. SV is applied =1'°0, din] B. none of the diode conduct andthe output is SV.if OV is applied fo ret es B, or both the respective diodes conduct and current flows from soures ov. pt 7 a Le yoare 8 B R Dt symbolic Representation = Ccireuit Diagram ‘TRUTH TABLE, e ‘OR GATE e B 0 1 0 T NOT GATE: The NOT gate perform the basic logical function called inversion or complementation. The purpose of this Gate is to convert one logic level into the opposite logic level. It has one input and one output. When a iogic 1 is applied to an invertor logic 0 appears at its output and vice versa, Vee rf $ A Y=A' yaa" ayo ‘Output ‘Symbolic Representation Pu G TRUTH TABLE Circuit Diagram NOT GATE ete 0 7i Galea aa any logical fun NAND gate: NAND peat function) functior implemer Definition: trae of Boolean, Hees the NAND (complement of DOT product If any iny 1 It bot Put Of NAND mate i If both the inputs of NAND ND Et is 2220 then the ousput of NAND gate will be Bate are one then the output of NAND gate will be 0. 8 YeRB 1 | i : . Symbolic Representation 5 A AH »—t- Truth Table "Circuit Diagram o Y=(A.B)" A A A 0 0 7 1 1 1 0 NOR gate: NOR gate implements the NOR (Complement of OR function) function of Boolean algebra. Definition: [f any or both input of NOR gate is one then the output of NOR gate will be 0, If both the inputs of NOR gate is zero then the output of NAND gate will be 1. ve } - _ =A ‘symbolic Representation circuit Diagram Truth Table [A Y=(A +B)’Truth Table Y=(A + By] 1 7. TEST PROCEDURE: a. Make connections as per circuit di atria TE | diagram of fig. Le Cr ee eg . Switch on the power supply. i Give logic inputs to corresponding input terminal and verify result on LED. | Similarly give logic inputs to other input and check the output. Follow similar procedure for other cireuit diagram 7. RESULT: (students have to write the result by their own what result occurs) 8. SELF ASSESSMENT: Sketch circuit diagram, make truth table and assemble an EX-OR Gate from ‘AND, OR, NOT logic Gates. . Why NAND and NOR Gates are called universal gates. Why is LED being used in this experiment. | How can AND & OR Gate be implemented using transistor.