EAUAT ION

7 DIFFERENTIAL
ditoenuattonn
n squation involving deriyatics

ilcicntials of one () möe Uaialte

dépenedent aiattes

Csith sespect to onc (a) móe idependunt ta al

is sallcd difeuertial rquation.

d d
dt

ORdlinay
wwwwwy dittescntial L9uatian
wwW7 w wY

diteential sauation ånuolwing dit

A

ith sespect ko singlo irdipndent 0uiables i

tallcd ddinoy diHciential cgn E-12 (abou)

#deh ofa ihtiential RAn :

dehivative
t
&den the hcighest eder

incelurd in a difesential n is ccaled

alled

de the aittesertial ean.

En- -z+ snx -O t is deiiuatd one tin-
doler is one ().

d2

adea o a o.e s alunys posible

lchHehest denivatibe in diH". can

 The dcqtee f a diHesential eop is the

degicc the htighest derivative oecus in it.

icdical
kquation has made fee föum
alter the
aftex
Ccnceined,

as as doriuatives ahe
hactiens pe

ocice poue the dolc

- 0 24- x+sin x -0 oidehei E dcoce

dx
ddes4 degce -1
d d
at2

r(4'--(S]"
&dh s.on b.s>
alcgiee, 4

bdn2 s.cn b.s >

dence 2
dependcnt
cuticn - Ary clation betren the

ahn substi
-

aiable and independert aniable

tallkm
Aeduces to idlentity is
kuted in the D.E

seluuticn (0) inteqnal e t h e D.E

n
tomation f a dKRerntial
2

m
mx 0 y = at o m 1 * * )
EX- =
dy - me
d Cca on 6.s
d mX

mxCogy/x >n
 t. Find the sotuution f D.
=

dy xd

tincar and nen Lincas diyeential :-

fditheaertial e9n is callcd linear,i

dtpendent lasialble and 2Uey dexivatiu
inNourd occM in te. fst deqkee ny
C) NO picoluct t dspcroder vaalble and fh

deritatitr
A QE ohich. is not lineas is calicd ron-linno

y d net tncan l, e phcduet cf D.EJ

x+sinx
d
lincar
d 7 e [ ' n e t incan]
adt
 Snteration fômulaes
I .k d = k x + c sin + e
20.
in
n+I

2.zdx Z+c na
d tan x +c
3.7 dz eg 1a)+c
secr+
.d2/2+c

e+c
5.Jedx
+ce

d =snh x
6. Jatd7 a
Loqo C

1.dz |z[7+c a
IMP RESULTS
-KosXc
8. Jsinxdx =

. Josd z = son + C
25.
t(7)
d7 =ltg lHCai+
to. Jtonxdz =
oq lsec a/tc 26.fx)dz=2 Jf(7)+c
lq lsinz| +e JJHa)
tt.
Jcst z d2
. Jsce zdx lqlsecz+tona/+e log tan
13-Jcoec xdx =
lmlcosec x -tdtz|+c log / ton
SC1+C
14 Jsecx tonrdn
*C

Jcosecx Cotr dx
: -osCc
+
6. Jsec2xdz : tanx

-ctz +e

JCosec da =

7
+ e
- Losh x
8sinhr du
+e
Jtoshx dx sinh x
9 -
 t
27.1ffzHa)d -14ta)}
n+I

Standard Sntegials: -

d »
sn (tla)+¬

dr cosh (xa)+e

sinh (za)+c
3

dx =

-dz tan (z/a)+c

A:n+a
4.

Jad 2aLa

dz = Ja-z A sin (aa)+c

7.a-2
ceshzb)te
8. a'dr 7 a - g
sinha)*c
7JI dx
. Gdz /tia
Jntenation Bypohs
y wwY
frfg(z)d [ifgrz)daJd
Jfa).J(x) dr
-
 Oiesenttation Famulacs
.

(z) - I

14 dby-b.Log b
2. (ax) =a
d I5.(lg17i)T
3.dx) : nx 6. 6un 2 -
a. c .
1 tan : +
17. +
5 a[0+v)T dv 18. B 7
d

19.duts
7. Sn Z. = cSs
dx d
20 Coscc
8 MCS S0x

21. d 7

sLC =
67.tanz 2.log,7)
d

. KOSCCX =
- COseCXCd

2, t 7 - CCSec z
d7

13.d
d Ce")
 inean
wwwMY
dt cg.
ditt.can t
öd n. E
linca

dr2 d
Cuhile y s dependent
uniable sindeperolen
a oCa) +0

tomoenous Rnn l': cnst

fCx) -o then it is
t(x) #o then t s nen- Homoerncous n.
tnn.

ae can wute cqn® aM a,(x)y°+a, (x)y-. na)f(

Seution ofa Jincar

Y
di.en
m Y

), a,(4)... .anCx) ard

Sthe unctions a,cz),a,(x
and ap(x) #0
ahe ontinuous I (Snteual )
there exist a unique 6olutiom to
on I . Ihen
intial alue potlem (o s aluaus ontinuon

The
The abo statement docsnt iue
fnd the soution but guararlee
phoccduhe to
the condititr
that khese exist a wique Kel,
aboue statement is satisia
Atuated in the
akoe statoment issatisti
S the cendi of
nemal en I.
then
then he D.e is S0id to be

Coditions ase Apoth hecessany aand

nd

These
Suiaet condi (o D.E
LSSnkiat o e ndmal
 point Xo ¬I fa1 which o 4b is

called an àdinny point (8) a peint

aegulan peint .

vE- Find he inteaAals en ohich the follousi

ahe nömal.
di ca
0 nis an iteger .
(- zy-n(n+ )g
a,Cz) = x * J

a3(*) = (0+1)

flx) =o

i+7y'+C-<Iy o

a,(x)-(n*-)
a,(z)=,a,(z)

aplz)-* , C ).
-,o)
ahe
anCx)
h unctions a(x),a,(x) . ... .
On I then the
ue I and. a,) #0.
certiruuoS
ftomcqenousintial aUalue
luue piobler-
ptolter-
only solution ef
an-
+ , 4 ) =o
a, C)y"+ a,(z) {

hich istsivial solutton

ra combinatiors

Le n functions ther-
Tet f,Cx), J, (x),
- -
-In(x)
cnfnCx)
C,tCx)+ C Ca)+C3f, (X) .
inacpundence
indcpundince
.ineaN dependence and lincan
(a)+ +Chfn Cz)
5,(a)+C, f, (a) +Cf,
.

Cinkan fdeperdent)
c =Cz
to 2 o(atleos
Cn thot not caual
rot at c,c. - .

old to e line.olep
CoO i E \ 2 , .
C -n the twrct
 Gheck D/t,T
#1,, z.
Seet f.Cz)=z, (a)**fs(z)=z
C,f.(A)t C2f2(7) + C2fz (x)=o

Put 0 to made L.HS R.H.sJ

C =C =Cz =Cn
The given functions aAe lëngaily Snekpcrodb
Ghec t.D[L.I
# .07)- 72, t2()- * ds(z)- 67-3
6o e,t, (z) + C2f (a) t c r ( ) =o

C7C zS+ C3 C6x'-23) =o

Act tabe c = = C3 Cn =O ard also (L,H.S R.N
take C 6, C2 =, 3 =
-6 +ef
is pessiote in tud
Hesa St to. mae 3ee's
&onuys . The üen kunctions a e lineoily olependat
Ghech L.DL.I - 3?;25.X
VIP WAoNSKiers
lct f.z) , 4,Cx), t3 ( ) . T o ( a n e n unetion

Then censhiers o the functions con be dencted

dereted

b wi) - w3+,f2,t3 .
fo) a

f 2 d3. . . 3n
2
n-1

3
the hervshicn n tunctions 2xist i all
the functions ie t,ta .Tn ane oliterentriale

-1) tmes

. To(x) are nfuncticns in the

et f(a).t (a)
. -

hca HomcgeNeuk RaNQo7)+a,(2)J"+...+

oe o
+ n (n)y0, f9,,233:n
cn-z)'

souuticns ohe equatien (A)

0
then ) w() =»( 1,9..Y, ))f.,f2, tn)

99U Sn oe Lincan rdeperdent

e Mnasuy dspedM
the9,92,9J>.
tiy s(x) =0 7ET > I = (-po)

s h o thot functions ase L.I nOn any

an
#)7,2,?
U.
inttuad,not. containur9

tw7) -t»(s t» ta)

3
37
2X
2

O
'Inteal (o,O)
)=O = CO,)

SnteUa-0,) Hhot incudes 3eno

S&etahe

(-0)(0)0
. The iktuuols o KUUN june is
UCn tunt a e L.I
 Nate - The n-L,I SoutiCrs 9 . Sn ase

olso Called the fundamental Bolutions o

a,C7)+a,()+a,(7) + t+ On-( 9+O,a)y

On I The sit of undomentol 20lutiens ft-

60sisothe nth doleh hemoqeneous CA.

undam= L.I
H 4,() - T-i, T, (z).3,Iza) -2-3
c tl7) +C2 f (2) +C fa(7) =0
Ci(7-1) +C2 C3x)+ cC3 (2-5 7) =o.

L H S P.H.SS.

and olso om
onsbuens w(x) |7-
=
3 2-52

27 67 -1OX

-/2X) =0
X t607)- 37(-20% t 207)+
2-5 (12X
a-60
- I (O)- 37 (o)+ 2-5x (o)0
aNe L.D &
O w ) =o UeN func

in tuwo &Jays to ma6es LH.S

oUso Xt is posstble
oe L.D
. o e n unc
omcAOSUULL-

Let DBtands ta dldr, ofa d/dx are

on Jhe ymbes ,D, d ete... asc caled

poatas The inder o o indicates the ne, C

cascd
di{ must e
times the epohaticn ot
times
&ndicole no.
rUutSrdlex =pou Dthat
inteqtoted
Aivated S{
+e it is deiicatcd, -e
- 3 r
,D°[5'cqiu to Irteg2

ative
egative
nadcx of D 0,D
0 -S [S7d^]dx.
n-2

ncan D.E
6.f =
+a, d +a 4 t . anu 7(7)
n-2

d d
f{z)
oyt..any
'y+0, o a

(o+a,D-a, + . ..an)y rd(7)

tCo)=f(a)
*auai.can->flo)-o
0 l =

tCD)
Auxilay Rgn COtoins ahitany Const.

The sotutier) et ean ()4 =F.FPT fCoDy-o is

cFComplemertasy tunctten Colled bmo-

then i t e r i s t

TRaticuulas Steral. O r l y c n e Solu

that is C.f
 LNO
Cospo pOt of C.F

ce"7,2
One ARal Aoot
E - (1)9-2 *
AE

m,
TOO Aeal o t s
Ct C
, ma both ose dett

Thaec atal Aoots m

+C,+ C
h2 m all aie

olifeent rh
9 tip i a l Aoots
asa e9ual
CC,17)e

S f thWee hcal &ccts

Sthaee Aots cQual t7+CgY)J

two o nt equ 7

,3,5
Ene pais dt d
Cemplex Acot
(is)
Two pais oa
V11
Ccmplex E kqUal
Ce,+,7) cosB/
CtCa 2)sin8)
one pois e ,coshgx+ +e2 sinh6
S d Aoots dt B

t d P0 o Suwd
e x)cmhBa)*
ound alc auol
(C3tCq) sinh$z)
nd CF
knd c. d1+ 6/d da)+69 -O.
=0.
+69
d (dx)
oy +6D y+ 1 0y 6y +

(D°+ 6D+ 1D +6)y -0

NC A.E 1(o)g-0
0+60+ (1D+6 =
6
caltulate Aoots B9 usir9 S,D 6
1 6
CF +c,e+cE 5 56 O
o- Ay -c,c
D+5D+6 0
(D+2 O+3)=0
D-1,-2,-3

2
7(o+303Dt) Y =O
O AE mt3m3mt/-0

m-,
Cb y = e,+<7+cgJe
a is cnst.)
PI hn t(z) =
e
Methed ot finding.
,a(7) a
omula ) P.l =
f(D)
O
a
n', . fla)
CD-a)?

iule o fndirg PI fa (D)y e

Lg
se fðmula ci)
+o then
Oskep it fCa)
0 then two cases asises
to) a

then use dunuua

oumuula
(D-a)"
ase(1) O tto) =

foumun O& O
wse
thun
) St +(b) -(D-o)
 Ex-(o-3Dt 24 sol Y C F+P,T
thin
then
nen-tonme
cn i D-3Dt2 =
D-30+2
= tb
f(o) =0
CP - A.t 10P
m) m - 3/m +

m=2,

C.F c,e"+ Ce : Aots os

-(6+9 di ].

e
3 a =3
P, P.T (D) 3p.2

+3

e;
-3 CF
+ - 6 y -5e
D+D-6y =5e
3
5e a :3
D+D-6
we efdmu
0 60,
5 r

(m+3m2)

n
(O-a)" -3

(mt+3)(m-2 -37

.. C.L+ P.I
2 e
3
 inding P.I hen f(7)-sin (azr6) d cs a t

a
G a s -
whcn P(D) RS zpressed as
(o) zith f(-a)
shall wse foumuloa TD)in(art6)- una+)
4(-a)

and )
o (aYtb) =
Cos(a7 +b)

cos (az+6) (or)

P.L 6 U n ( a x +6) ad
f(D)
(az+b) =2/20
os (ax +b)
SUn
Sn (ox+6).
cos (a +b) 20

cos 2 ) (D°+9)Y =cos 47

m t3
ef(D)Y
=
COS 2
n 3z
c.F- C, COs 37+ C
iuzfCD) =O
I LOS 4 ,

m ti dti3 COS4
-4+9
COs4

c, Cos Z+KSin
.T sOS 2 a-2]

os27
- 4+

+ -a") +0
 4) d (2e= e t+ C e

+4y =sn(27+3)
d
D'y+4 =nz+3) D-60+ Ss
C-
(D+4) = S023+*3)
fm)-o- m+4-0
4-Gx2+5

C.F = C,CO32 +C
N2
3(-
PT
sin2+ 3) /3et
SAn (27 +3)
0+4

sini+3) Put in ean aepF

D -(a
tCo-e+se 3
-4hes(2Xt3)
2
Simultaeous ncan : otaentation

E1 dy d y
dt dt
-24, - 2t 0fee+5c,é+2¢
d
dt ,, -2y,
O

2t

,+(D)Y, 0 >

muutiphirg by Co-2)¢ can by

D-1)9, t2 Dy, - e 0
(D-23,+ (D-2)), - o )

en suacting eap c
t
(CD-2-2D) =-

(D-60 t5))2- e

/Aul -ca D6Dta

m t 5 3+5
 inean di 2an Secono ader i t h vaial
vauial
CocHficients.
in cap d + Pa) ( z y =R(1), Rhcuuld e sinT
dr
e() ase SLal
L alutd
al n luud funct
{uncun
where P(7), 8(a) ard

i called Aiineas ean d dcks cth Ln

CocHitiens
Paamrtel:
JVIP aiation
o
is applied han p, & in abtue enn
This methoo
constont kut R
(e) Aeal
ither tunctions of x

s n Fncton o f .

bikirg Mulss
Y¢, U(z) +C v(7)
n d C.f
Ta&e P.I= Yp = AU+ BV
1)
and URd7 a)oM-
shere A

Y Y*Yp
(t Cue wie On.Souton o quen ean

Cos sina
wa) cod

inX.
w(a)=
( )=
CF c, cosz+C

T@& =Yp = ACoS7 Bz

e.I V
u n osRC
NoU A= ved=

* C
 6 SLos 2, CoLec d»

Suot z d
A09 CSI)+C
. ()
C + e , ) Co)z + CLo9 n7tC) sin
G.

.5 Cost.)
Const.)
PI
'P.I as
as no
n

Ao9sh . Aio
Yp tes7
o } C r d t t e h m i n e d
Coefttcert :
methocd
d"Ya, d y
t...*On;
Censidkn the an
whiie PI

the soution ls C) C.f +P, ,

Thun
uirg the oblobdorg Auws
is cbtoirned P
Yp Ce
0 then
t(z) =pe
f)- ) m-2
m

then p co+C
(+C2

1)y =32
+
m
i -O
C.f c,Cos+ C

NOUS tobe toRe Ypy TO1

Yp + C + , 7 + C3

hoh no Con ALmoUe Const.

 3Co +2c,7 +C2

Pet the nlucs in Éan

327+ 070
S Co7 2 c + c7*+ GT+SY +
Co 32
(GCo1)7 Compae Coett of 7
C
Gco+C C

6x 32 +C=0

C2192.

9P327- 192

IVVIP 6auehy &ule equation 3

7he An
d"
d d"
calleod the. 6achy Euler ean
put e , as z Aoa then

o - DC D-1) -
( D -tn-)

- asoq2 =z
o-DD-1) . . .(D-(n-1)

yny+y=
 =0
1 27y'+ 7y-6y
2[D(D-1)J1+ Dy -6y+o a ' d ' - D(D-9...-n-1

2 D-2D +D-6Jy o
(2D-6)y0
m -3 2, 2
32 z
CPC,+,e aiable is z]
2

4 DD-1y+y =0

40-aD+1)1 =0
4D-2D-2D+1 =0

A D 2 D ( 2 D - 1 ) -:(2D-1)= o

2D-1 O
2D-1o

D 2 D2
2 2

c.F (e+cz)e
/2
Cete2)7

32
e

2DCD-1y+ 3 Dy-3y ®
20-20+3D-3 =7
3
204D-3y - 2

2D+1D-3

2D 2D 0 - 3 0
a 2 t446r-)
b2
-1
 2
2.0 +3D-2D-3 =O

0
(2D+3)=
D(D+3) -
32 D
-3/2 z
C.F c,e

c c,X
3Z
2DAD-3
32

2(3)+ 3-3

2(9) +2-3
e
8

C,f + P.I
3/2
C,X