HssTaNMEN7-k

ROINAR IFEERENTZR_ LOVAZZON OE IaHERURDER

2MeRKS UESTzONS
DePine liheay HPPeventio euartion.
SosDeinition se,
Lih ea Heventia Euatiann ee hase whieh
he eperdest vevay% ao it deviva tives oceuy ohly
the Pivt degee wd ove not mHipked
gher.
>Lineor Hntial Egortan onrtant coe
Piiendh
dy + k d*Y +... K.y = c
oh-2
shere , ka, a,. h ve cohstans.

Exploin method ovaviation o pavamcrern

$o LDE given o, y" py'+ X
+2y =

a oC.F =

cy + y , then

wheye y no y cve so/utios y" +Py'*y =

O

ond W= Y= Wvohs kien value y,ahd y,

 DePine Cavcby's and Legescets Linea dPevertiol equrtioh.
So Cuchy'sinear ol equgtion, i giveh as

y ox + k,sxhdy +...+k.,sxdY +ky = X

ohene, X is the Ponetioh ox.

No,

Leqendae Liecs dReeatial autian, gives as

.+ k.y X
ah)

heve, x is the Anetion ox.

4DePne Ordnany and Singulay Pit

Sol e in tom,
Pon dY + PooolY + Po y = O

>Odinay Paint:TP Po) *0 , then calleoh

ovdihavy poit.
SinuBint: TP Rn -0, the» t a i cleo a
singulay polnt.
5Sove d+y O.
Sols ah be ten a, wYTen

D+)y 0
Hausilievny ec wle,
 . . D+i, -i

C.F.eLe.cor + Casinx
C.F. C,cox + Casihx

h o, P.I. =
0

.'. Comlet sohudin

y C,corx 4Gsinx D
4MARKs ESTTONS
Solve 2 y =*'e**+e"cos2x.

S. Its CUxliayy e i l e ,
D+2) =0

D 2

So, C.F C,cess2x + c,sin2 x

No,
No, P.I. =
_.x.es» + . e .cos 2s
D+2
+e"_ .cos2x
(43)+2 (3-+142

e3 .x+e .cos2x
D+6D4I D+2D+3
cos 2x
442D+3

-D-p+362x'+ e 2-1 .cos 2s

 2D+1. cos 2x
1D-1
-

12x50 + e*. 2D+L .cos Qx

frs-+9te-is»?
121

So
Complete solutioh, y
= C.F.
+P.J.
y= Ccarx+c sinx + -12 +50 anx-4sinad
2 Sohe dY-4y =xsin hx.

SolH au iny ewibe,

(D-4) - o

D-+2

So, C.F c,e+ c,ex

Nou, P, I =
D-4
L, xsnhx
) D-4

D+)-4
" e D-2D-3
D'+2D+3

-(
sinhx cos hx
 Coplete solution y C.F,+ P.I.
yCye+Ce
-

sinbx-2cosbx
ay
y Sohve
Solve using
USin veviation of pavametevs + y SecX.

Sol s auiey eotoile,

Se. C.F. =
C,cosX +Ca Sim>x
W Y, = cosx Ysinx= cosx +Sih'x = 1
Y-sinx Ycos
Se,
P.I. -y JYXA + yYX d« Heve, Xsecx
cosxsinx. sec x .dx + ihxcosx. seex.d

cos..log(seex) + (sinx).x

. ' Complee solian ty Gcox + CaSinx -

cosx. log(sècx) + x.sihx

4 Sove the equarrion d-xd + y -

leg x.
SoClemly, t i Cavchys homogeheoUs linear cyortion.
So, put x -ét=log hd let ,

xlY-Dy
dt d Dy-
ch x-D(D -1) y
 hen,give ebecome
D-)-D +]y»t
(D-0'y-t
Thir i the linear e ith constant coefieiets,
auxiliavy e becomes,
(D -1)= o
D I,1

So
Se, c.F. -
le,+ cat).e

Nous, ?.I. = t (0-)t

(1+2D+3p'+....).t

t+2

' y t+ct).et -t +21p|y-,+c,ley)x +- logx +2

9ove in sevies the eqyatione+*y =0

So Heve, x -0 i an ovoih vy point, sinte coekient y o

at0.
Assbing he so be y + ax 4d, x*+..... ,"4.
O
+ 2a,x +
Ja,x'+..... + hq, + .

d = 2 , +J.2.ox 4.3.,r- h(h-i) a, x*+...

Subrtito tig he valer ih e shies i

giver,
2a+6o% 6a% +..+x lo,+o,x +o, x*+,..
:.. =O

+Ch-a-0
2a, +
(6 + ) + (12, 4,)x'4.+l6+2)t»ti))n
 Euadngh toeicient egeal ero hor louen degre
her gker drgre,
Coetheivnd
Ga, 40 0 > -

2 o, 4 a, - 0 y =
-2a

n d seos Oh pto, «* it,

..

)n+)
YecuYyehee e larioh.

...
Subti oll hoe veoe ho puTig 1

e , we getP e

y-al

8 MARKs CuESTIONS
Solve he xe*sihx
eyuerion,y-2
=

+y .

S o Z vilary eg aoill be,

-2D 4+1) -
O

(-1-O

D =1,1
So, C.F 4 + C,x).e*
 P.T. e .x.sinz sin = e*. x s i n x

(D-1 (D-14
L sinxd e l-cara)- J1. (- 1osx).d?
D

e fex.ox +sinx)d = e*-{xinx -J1 sinuds} -cos»

-e(xsihx + 2cosx)

'.Coplete sol",
y =
(c, +C,>)e*- e* (xsihx + 2eorx) A

Soe he evaion isxV2 +bss)el +y -2sin llog(i+x)}.

Sols Let s) e and D

ad - a(p-)y

P t dhere valves gives ey*, ge

(D'+)y - 2siht
ny oill be,
('+1)=

So,
de, C.F -
- GcastGsIht
2 . t i n t t.2'f
P -
,2sint =2__..sint= 2D
D'H D
ritdt--teort

So,Conpled sohio,

y= Cyrot+n t - teontn
2
c,sin[log(xs- Igaa).cos lega
y-ogx+)+
 Solve usim veyjarien o pcvametev

So Lrs cUxiliny e ibe,

(D -6D+9) = 0

(D-3) 0
' D 3,3

S, C.F. =
(C,+ e,x) e

' W-|Y, -e Yx,e e6

3e
So, P.I. = - YJX d +%Jyd
W W

e63

-eSlogx e.x.
- e 3 (logx +1)

Se,Comle Soktin,y -
Ci+6)e-e*(log x+1)Phms
vowiartion opovam eters +4y ta x.
47 Sokve vsing
SolLt quiliany e isgiven by,
(D 44) =0
D= t2i
S o , C.F. - C,ces2x + Cosin2x

Noe, P.I. -y,/2Xd y,Yx

Here,
2
L-Yes Y, sin =2 (cer 2s +sin 2»)=
|Y =-2sih2x Y 2cos 2
 P . I . =-cos2sinatana ds + sin2x Jces2.2ton 2.d
2

-ca2-ce'2x.ds + sinain2xd
2 cos 2x 2

-co 2x eee2a - cer 2») dsx + sin2s.-cos 2

2

. c o . log se2x tan2%) + cossin?2 - sos2x.sin2x

SoCohplete Selotien,
Y-c,ce 2 +C,sin2x -co ?x. log (sec2 + te»2« )DA

5 Sove using vaition pnqmetersd+y xSih.

Selst s duxilieny s gven by,
D=+i
So, C.F. =
Ccosx + c,Sin x
W- |Y cos Y siho cos'x +Sin'x
Y-sin
Se
P.I.-yZXd + Y.J Yx d
W

- cosxsinx. (x,sinx)d + sinx Jcer x. (x.tinxdn

coxx.sihbuds + sihx x, sin,coix.d

-cos
x(-o12») d + inx
Jx.si2 da
-cl-i)-4(++sia---(-
-.co1X+xlsin2a.cox
2.cox-coa2.sina+ Lees?x.cotx +sin2x.siha
 .cos+xsihx+.cos
Se, Conlete selotion,
Y Cco3x+C,5ihx -x cosx +
sihat +cos
8

6y Sohe the equcrhion -2)= 8(e*+sin2x +).

Iauxilitry eo ilbe,
D-2)= o
. .D 2,2

So, C.F. -
(c, +c, «) e*

>No ?.I. _ . 8le* si2x + x

(-2
-

-2 -2)
*. . e +D-4D +-4
2(D-2) +(1-*
Pe + ,sin 2x
+(1+22 +

4 e x +cos2 +2x°442 +3

Se, Couplete so,

4oe+ cos 2x +2x' 4 +3D

Solve the equetion *+2x d +y 10(x

So Let x e loga-t ho D,

y ,Y DD-)y ahd e y D(-)(D -2) y

o
>PHing ahe values Ihve e e get

LD-)(D-2) +2(0-)D +2ly J0e +10et

D-3p'+2) +29 -23 +Jy =10e* + 10et

- O
D-D+2)y = 10et +10e

aux liavy eq illbe,

-D'+2) = o

.'. D= -1, 1+i

So C.F. -
c,et4 ele,eost + c,sint

Nous, P. T. = . 10et + . JOe-t

D-D+2 D-D°+2

.10e+t. 3D'-2D0
5e+t. loe
5et 2t.et

Se, Conglete sol,

y= cetetlcost cgsint] +5e+2tet
OY

y- +x lacalag«) + ta sinlog v)+5x 2leg A

3y Solve he equetion x'dy +4x eY +2y e

d
Sols Let xe> legx t nd D,

d Dy
dx D-)y
Ptn these vlue in ve e e ge

(D+30 +2)y

auxiliayy e is give y,
(D+3D +2) 6

D-2,-

So, C.F. =
,et +
c,
*eez

CInP.I. = e
e t

(3D+2+D) D+3+2)

/e

e et
e e e t L.e*e*eet

D+2)
.e et
e-t
,eteet e
(D-1+1) -2+2)

- e dle) * e dle) -

xe"dhe -xex.d *e-x"(x.e*-e)

So, Conplete Sar, y

Sove Y +3d +y
So auxiliavy e lbe,
(D+3D +2) =O
D -1, -2

Se, C.F. = c,e** + Ce**

e*
P,1.4(D42)
 P.I. = e e e
(D-1+1) D-242)
d- *e"e"d

"fe' t e Je'.t.d
ee e e-**

e e-x

So, Complete so, y-e,e+ c,e-+e*e*D

io Solve he dhvehtial eqparion (-1)y = >x sin 3 + eosx,

o1Ih doiliey eo ill be,

D t

So, C.F, c,e" + c,e-«

N e u , P.I. = L xsin 3x-t coix)

D-I
. .x (Lnaginny Part .P) e 3 ) + L ..COS
D-1 D-

T.P. .
--1

(D+3)- D+6:0-10

e
(-3-)-ca
=-eS

cs3 +ijain3x )© * ) - co
2
 xee3 - 3ui x)+. i bot sin~x 4¢es3») - o

COSX LIiavy gat only at we

2
SS UMe ih he dain
So, Comglede so",
yce4 C, e-(5xsin3u t+ 3eos~»«) -cos
50

Sove in serie the equatio 9ll-x)-1247 + 4y ~0.

doks Heve, x -o is aSihgulay peint,,sinee he coePikient a y" =0 ot

»0, so substituting
Clx" + * + q o e *2 +..

-+(m+1) a,e*+ (m+2) al +

dy = mm-i)ol,x + (m+1)mq,+ ( + 2)(ma1) x"+...

o
oting thee vue in gives ea, et
e1-x)n(m-1). xm-? (ma)hyol,x"4...J-12hx+(m)a,x*)+...)
+4Lax+a,e+. =0

the coettieiesth eqpal t O e t pouey x

Equorig zero

4. highet powe,toe er
.(9m(-) -
12 m) -
0 S Cla #0

( 4) = O

0, */s , hehee toot ave vecl ond ditinet

The coetcient ecyuoteolto zevo gives,

a, [9m+1) 12m+1)] +a. 4-9.(m-)]=0
34,(s-4) +)-t.(34)6 +1) o
3et,Cm+1) (3m +1) , d +)
3m+ 1)
Similanbys 31,(m+2) = a, (3»+A)>a, =Q.m t ) 3,3(m+2)(m+))
3+2)
Sn(+3) a (3m+*)>
3m+3)
 Wheh, m-0, -ae, la 4.a, Cs4a.
3. 6,

9.I.Y,- e.b++ 6 +.+....

3.6,9

hen /3,
P.. y, a, 1+ +8.1x' + 811.14,3t'4...
/,/3 16.13.16

So, Conlete sol" uilbe, y - C y, +Y

y-143s e+14.2x+..+CGx31t 3.6,9

+814
16 3

12 Solve ih sevies the euatioh xd+-xy 0

8ol> Here, x =0 à o iguly poit,einte coeiciet y-6 at

otO, sob stunig dhe eto be,
olssu#
y X*" + x** + ,x***1 , -O

. , + * ) , x "+ (42)0,* **".. .

Pinghee veloe givn e g

-)Gx40ai)ma, xm-'4.+ha.xL(pr+ha,x+..

Eqyuthg cetticiew oxedds zevo ton lauer degret degret

a.bm-)+m0 O

. m O, O
a m +)m tm+il= O i.e, a, = O

a.m-o, =0 Cl
 so oh.

So, a, -Qs 9, =... an oCl

bo42(m+4)

PHhg these valuer i 0,e et

y Cx+ +4)n+2)

Poto, he sel is,

y, + 24 . ] -
D etiig patioly . x, s

ylegx+C l tms2)

SoComglet so y cy,+ caY

heve, c- c,9 nof (a

1 etein he serier solution o the aquion xl-xidy - (143x)y -y-0.

d
Sol Here, x -6 i a singulav poit,sinee the eoeP%eiest oy0 qte-0.

Assumi»g, y X" + 9,xt' 9,X**t -0

X
Y-(m -1)mao X + (m+1)a, eh- + (m41){mt1) OlX+.
o
>
PH»g here i he
given ea, ue
e
xl-x)--)-ax+()mx4...-+3)aa,+a)aax+.
-Lc6xq, +,x*4,.. .= 0
Eqpertring the cocicien epalto zero konloet degree x ,
a L)-n]=0 oS

m 0, 2
The vooth ane veal qhd dtiet

- ) , = (m+1)q C = wt)o
-1

ma (M+2)a,
-1)
( + ) el = (m+ 3)o
C (vt(mt 2)(+3) ols
SO Dh.
-(m+1)

So e O becohes,
Ya + -t1 (mt1)(n+2) »+...
(m-1)
Potting 2 i , gre t he tue rocetu

y . d e e LI+ 3x + 34** 45x+..]

L e puB m-o in , the coeieies becone) pite,

Hence veploe, = belm -o) , so e O becones,

y box ma)
(m-1)
+m+ma)»"+. -
Pandialy derentiorheg# e ) d . ,
SY b,xlogam+ ut)x +eMme2)*'+..
-

-F
7
Y - . y , - A.bg»l-12 -2.32-.+h Li-x-5.
Se,Conplete sh given by,
Y Y,+ y,a
 y d*li+3x +34n'4. cleg»l-1.2x*-2.3.
+eLI-x-5- 5 x . . I
heve, c- G , c= Gbe

14 Sove in sevies x*d+ x +(x-4)y = O,

PoHeve,x -0 a singular point , sinee eoetWicieut oy'" =o at x -0.

7 Asuming, y = a.x + a,x*'+a,**+... -O

dY mQx+(n+iq,«" + (+2)a,x*+.
mlm-)a * +(m+)ma,e +Ct2)(+)a,x"+.

Porting he values i he give ge

+xmae+(n+1)a,x+
c(-1)lx- + (m+)m},x*+
+(-A)Lax*+ a,x*"+0,**+.....J-0

Eqpahing the eoctPiien loued poey e x eqal te zevo,

m(m+4)4 =-
(mt+4)

BU+, as = 9s =9 -
O. ..

+1(m) M(+4)

Subshtuig the valoeu i e0, et

t.. . .
Y m4) +2)+4)(+6)

voota)
Tuttig m2 (gveter he to Yoot

2.4.6,8 2.4,628.o
 P e pot m -2 in , h e roerient hecomes inPine , so
eplecing o b.(n+ 2) ,
so

y b ) m + 6)
..

Parl ialydMentiating ovt. n,

Y hx-leogx 0n+)- m4))+x'+.
m44m+)

+hx ma)

Om/m-2 24 24.6
Se, Couple sol, Y y, + Cy

+
hee,c c :C, , C Cab

1s Sofve i sevies d d +*y =0.

Se Hee,x-0 ha singule poht,sinee coettkieht of y" =0tx-0.

Assoming,
CoX" + a, x 4C +..
Y

ohm"+...... )
mClemc Y+(m+n)9,x + (m+2)

oYm (m-1) ax1 +(m+1)ma,x+(m+9)(m+i)a,x 3)

Hirg all here voluer in he eoyuo t ioh, se

 m(-.x" (m 41) , 4 ...+2mx+nai)a,c+

Eguthg he ceelcienh oloue dege equa to

zero,
m-1)C. cAS

m O, -
he oots e veo and otinct

(+1) o, + 2(m+)a, = O
(n+1(+2) oA, = O

hen m-) , ol Oi.e., indetevkimorte

Hent, complete soltien wi be ven by putig Y

oees eqa to ze1o,o et

(n+ 2)(+3) j2 + q =0 Ce

Ca -A
3 4)

end so Oh.

Poting al)hese vewloer in cO,eget

we e r

y =
e l +9a- Clo .
+2+3)
Poing -1,he eonplete solotion k,
yx
)ralt -T.2.3 +.
V *" (a,cos* a ,SiA)