SUBJECT: NEET-PHYSICS COURSE: MASTER PRO ELP No.

-01 to 05 TOPIC: WAVE

ELP No.-01
Wave Theory

Wave :- Wave is a disturbance in which energy, momentum or information transfer from one place
to another place in a medium without any actual transfer of medium particle.
Example:-
1. Sound wave 2. Wave in a stretched wire

3. Wave on liquid surface

4. Light wave etc.

Note: Wind blow is not an example of wave motion.

Classification of Wave :
(a) On the basis of medium requirement :
(1) Mechanical or elastic wave
Waves for which propagation medium is essential are known as mechanical waves.
eg. Sound wave, wave on water surface, wave on stretched wire etc.
For the propagation mechanical wave a medium should have following 2 properties :-
• Inertia • Elasticity
(2) Non Mechanical or electro-magnetic wave (EMW)

Waves for which propagation medium is not essential are known as non-mechanical wave.
So these waves can propagate in solid, liquid gas and vacuum also.
eg. Light wave, Radio wave etc.

KTN01_P2144 1

@UnacademyNEETelp
 (b) On the basis of direction of propagation :
(i) 1-D-wave : Energy propagates in a particular one direction.
Example :

1. Wave in a string →

2. Wave in a spring →
(ii) 2-D-wave : Energy propagates in a plane.
Example : 1. Wave on liquid surface
2. Wave on any membrane
(iii) 3-D-wave : Energy propagates in all direction.
Example : Sound wave, light wave, seismic wave
(c) On the basis of energy propagation :
(1) Progressive or travelling wave
Waves in which energy propagate in unlimited and unbounded region with finite (constant)
speed are known as progressive waves.
eg. Sound wave, Light wave etc.
(2) Non-progressive or standing or stationary wave
Waves in which energy exist in a limited bounded region are known as non-progressive wave.
eg. : waves in organ pipes, sonometer wire, resonance tube experiment.

(d) On the basis of vibration of medium particle :

VOP = Vibration of particles
DOP = Direction of propagation of wave
(1) Longitudinal wave :
Waves in which vibration of medium particles are along the direction of propagation of wave
are known as longitudinal wave.
eg. Sound wave in gaseous medium, wave in spring etc.

KTN01_P2144 2

@UnacademyNEETelp
 • These wave propagate in form of compression and rarefaction.
• In compression region density of medium particles is maximum and in rarefaction region density
of medium particles is minimum.
• These are also known as pressure wave (P-wave) because it can only be produced by applying
change in pressure.
• Pressure can be applied on all 3 mediums (Solid, Liquid and Gas). So it can propagate in all 3
mediums.(not in vacuum)

(2) Transverse "Mechanical" Wave :

Waves in which vibrations of medium particle is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
of wave are known as transverse waves.
eg. Wave on stretched wire (transverse mechanical)

• These waves can propagate in form of crest and trough.

• During these waves propagation, medium is subjected to shearing stress and shearing stress
can be produces on rigid bodies. So these mechanical transverse waves can be produced in
solid and on liquid surface (due to surface tension).
• These waves are also known as shear wave (S-wave).

Important points :
• Every longitudinal wave is mechanical in nature but every mechanical wave is not only
longitudinal but transverse also.
• All non-mechanical waves are transverse in nature but all transverse waves are not only non-
mechanical but mechanical also.

Q. Nature of waves in gaseous medium is :

(a) Longitudinal (b) Transverse (c) Both (d) None

KTN01_P2144 3

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Some example of mixed P and S wave
In same solid both P and S wave can be produced. It can only depends on mode of excitation.

Speed of P-wave > Speed of S-wave

1. Ripple wave :
Waves on the surface of a liquid are called 'ripple'. In these waves particles of the medium
vibrate up and down and back and forth simultaneously describing ellipses in a vertical plane.

2. Seismic Wave :
In case of seismic waves (produced by Earthquakes) both S (shear) and P (pressure) waves are
produced simultaneously which travel through the rock in the crust at different speeds
[vS ≅ 5 km/s while vp ≅ 9 km/s] S-waves are transverse while P- waves are longitudinal.

Q. An earthquake produce both P and S-wave. Speed of P-wave is 8 km/s and of S-wave is 4.5 km/s.
A seismograph locate both waves. If first P-wave arrives 4 minute before the first S-wave, find out
distance of epicentre from earth surface.

KTN01_P2144 4

@UnacademyNEETelp
1. Water waves are of the nature :
(1) Transverse
(2) Longitudinal
(3) Sometimes longitudinal and sometimes transverse and longitudinal both
(4) Neither transverse nor longitudinal
Ans. (3)
Sol.

2. Transverse elastic waves can be propagate in

(1) Both solid & gas
(2) In solid but not gas
(3) Neither solid nor gas
(4) None
Ans. (2)
Sol. Transverse Elastic ⇒ Transverse Mechanical ⇒ Solid & Liquid Surface

3. Transverse waves can propagate

(1) only in solids
(2) Both in solids and gases
(3) neither in solids nor in gases
(4) only in gases
Ans. (2)

Ans.

So overall answer by the option must be any where

4. Identify nature of waves

(a) Waves produced in a cylinder containing a liquid by moving its piston back and forth.
(b) Waves produced by a motorboat sailing in water.
(c) Ultrasonic waves in air produced by a vibrating quartz crystal.

KTN01_P2144 5

@UnacademyNEETelp
Sol. (a)

(b)

(c) Ultrasonic wave in air

Type of sound wave → in air ⇒ only Longitudinal

Concept of one dimensional simple harmonic wave

∆φ ∆t ∆x
= =
2π T λ

Conclusions :
• All the medium particles execute SHM of same type, means all particles have same time period,
frequency, angular frequency and amplitude but have different phase angle during oscillation.
• Every particle transfer energy to their neighbouring particle but never leave their mean position.
• Direction of energy propagation is also known as direction of wave motion.

Fundamental elements of wave motion :

(1) Amplitude (A) : Maximum displacement of vibrating particle from its equilibrium position.

(2) Time period (T) : Time taken by wave to travel a distance equal to one wavelength.
or
Time required to complete one wave.
KTN01_P2144 6

@UnacademyNEETelp
 (3) Frequency (n/f/ν) : Number of cycle (number of complete wavelengths) completed by a particle
in unit time.(n = 1/T)
-1
unit:- Hz or sec
2π
(4) Angular frequency (ω) : It is defined as ω = = 2 πn
T
(5) Wave length (λ)
• Minimum distance between any two particles which are vibrating in same phase.
Or
• Distance covered by wave in one time period
Or
• Distance between two successive crest or trough in a transverse wave.
Or
• Distance between two successive compression or rarefaction in a longitudinal wave is known
as wave length.
(6) Wave number ( ν )
Number of wave produced per unit distance is known as wave number.
λ distance = 1 wave,
1 distance= 1/λ wave
1
=ν =Unit m−1
λ
(7) Angular wave number or wave propagation constant (k) :
2π
k= 2πν =
λ
2π
λ=
k
(8) Wave speed (v)
Distance travelled by the wave per unit time is known as wave speed.
λ
v= = nλ
T
 ω  2 π  ω
=v =  
 2 π   k  k
(I) Medium given (II) Source given
1
So v = constant ⇒ nλ = constant n ∝ So n = constant ⇒ v ∝ λ
λ

KTN01_P2144 7

@UnacademyNEETelp
 ELP No.-02

 πx 
1. If equation of plane progressive wave is given
= by y 10 sin 200πt –  . Find out (x & y in cms)
 9
(a) DOP (b) Nature
(b) Amplitude (d) Angular frequency
(c) Time period (f) Wave speed
(d) Wave length (h) Maximum velocity

2. A transverse plane progressive wave of amplitude 0.2 cm propagating in the +x direction. If speed
of wave is 360 cm/s & wave length is 60 cm. Then write down the equation of progressive wave.

3. In transverse wave distance of 5th and 9th crest is 35 cm and 63 cm from centre of oscillation of
this wave takes 2s to go from 5th to 9th crest. Find out wave length, velocity, frequency of wave.

 π
4. Equation of wave is given by y = 8 sin  0.5πx – 4πt +  . Find out velocity of wave.
 4 

 π
5. Find phase difference between y 1 = A sin  ωt – kx +  and y2 = A cos (ωt – kx)
 3

6. Find out phase difference between given waves y1 = A sin (ωt – kx + 0.57) and y2 = A cos (ωt – kx).

7. If given wave is moving along (+x) direction. Find out which of the particle have

(a) upward velocity (b) downward velocity

(c) zero velocity

8. If the given wave moves along +x direction with speed of 330 m/s. Find out velocity of particle P.

9. If equation of plane progressive wave y = y0 sin (ωt – kx) and here wave velocity = maximum particle
velocity. Find out λ.

10. In a stretched wire speed of wave 20 m/s and n = 50 Hz. Find phase difference between particles
separated by 10 cm from each other.

KTN01_P2144 8

@UnacademyNEETelp
11. For a sound wave path difference of 40 cm is equivalent to phase difference 1.6 π rad. If speed =
330 m/s. Find n.

Ι1
12. Find out ratio of intensities for waves shown in figure
Ι2

Ι1
13. Find for waves shown in figure
Ι2

14. Two mechanical waves y1 and y2 are propagating in a medium where y1 = 2 sin [2π (50t – 2x)] and

Ι1
y2 = 4 sin [2π (ax + 100t)] then find out:- (i) (ii) a
Ι2

15. 16.

17. A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length 2.45 m hangs from a ceiling as shown in diagram.

(a) find speed of transverse wave in the rope at a point 0.5 m distance from the lower end.
(b) calculate time taken by a transverse wave to travel the full length of rope.

KTN01_P2144 9

@UnacademyNEETelp
18. In the diagram, string has M = 4.5 g. Find time taken by a transverse wave produced at floor to
reach the pulley.

19. A uniform rope of length L and mass m1 hangs vertically from a rigid support. A block of mass m2
is attached to the free end of the rope. A transverse pulse of wavelength λ1 is produced at the lower
end of the rope. The wavelength of the pulse when it reaches the top of the rope is λ2. The ratio
λ2/λ1 is:

20. Intensity level of a sound of intensity I is 30 dB. The ratio l/l0 is (l0 is the threshold of hearing)

21. The power of sound from the speaker of a radio is 20 milliwatt. By turning the knob of the volume
control the power of the sound is increased to 400 milliwatt. The power increase in decibles as
compared to the original power is:

KTN01_P2144 10

@UnacademyNEETelp
 ELP No.-03

WAVE THEORY
Speed of Mechanical Wave:-
(2) Speed of longitudinal Wave
Newton's formula

E
For any medium vL =
ρ

where E → elastic modulus of medium,

ρ → density of medium.

(A) In solid medium : (B) In liquid medium :

Esolid Y ELiquid B K
=v = v
= = =
ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ

where Y = Young's modulus. where B = Bulk modulus

or volumetric elastic modulus.

(C) In gaseous medium :

B
v= where B = Bulk modulus of medium
ρ

Esolid >> Eliquid >> Egas

ρsolid > ρliquid > ρgas

So ⇒ vsolid > vliquid > vgas

↓ ↓ ↓
Example soft iron water air
Speed of 5050 m/sec 1450 m/sec 330 m/sec
sound

So, EQuartz > EFe > ECu

vQuartz > vFe > vCu

↓ ↓ ↓
6000 m/sec 5000 m/sec 3500 m/sec

* Maximum speed of sound is in diamond about (6500 m/sec) then in Quartz (6000m/sec)

11 2 3
Q. Find out distance travelled by longitudinal wave in solid in 2 s, if Yg = 2.2 x 10 N/m , ρ = 8.8 x 10 kg/m

KTN01_P2144 11

@UnacademyNEETelp
Speed of Longitudinal Wave (Sound wave) in Gaseous medium:
* Elastic modulus of gaseous medium

(A) Newton's concept : According to newton the propagation of sound waves in medium against
isothermal condition which shows PV = constant
Eiso P = Isothermal volumetric elastic modulus of gas medium.
P 5 2
v gas = for air medium P = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 N/m
ρ
2
ρair = 1.29 kg/m
1.013 × 105
=v air = 280m / s but vpractically = 330 m/s
1.29

(B) Laplace's correction

Laplace's concept:- According to Laplace when sound wave propagate in a medium. The
compression and rarefaction are form so rapidly that there is no (entirely not) chance for
medium to exchange heat energy from surrounding that means sound propagation in gaseous
medium takes place under adiabatic condition.
γP
Eadia =
γP v gas = for air medium v ≅ 332 m/s
ρ
Newton's formula + Laplace's correction = Laplace's formula

M P RT
For any ideal gas PV = µRT =PV RT =
∴
Mw ρ Mw

γP γRT
v gas
= = (also used in KTG & Thermodynamics)
ρ Mw

Factor affecting the speed of sound in a gaseous medium:

(1) Effect of Temperature (T).

γRT
We know that v =
Mw

v1 T1
Here, γ, R and Mw = constant then v ∝ T =
v2 T2

KTN01_P2144 12

@UnacademyNEETelp
Q. In a gaseous medium on increase in temperature by 900 K speed of sound becomes double of its
initial value. Find initial temperature in °C.
Sol.

∆v 1 ∆T
Note:- v ∝ T → × 100= × 100 → valid up to 5% change.
v 2 T

Q. If change in temperature of any gaseous medium is 2%. Find out % change in velocity of sound:-
Sol.

* Speed of sound in a gaseous medium at t°C temperature,

v t ∝ t + 273

* Speed of sound in a gaseous medium at 0°C temperature,

v t ∝ 273

From equation (1) / (2)

1 1 1
vt  t + 273  2  t 2  t 2 Binomial expn : − 
=  =1 +  ⇒ v t = v0  1 +  
v 0  273   273   273  (1 + x) ≅ 1 + nx if x << 1
n

If t <<< 273, then

 t 
v t v0  1 +
= valid upto 30°C.
 546 

* If medium is air (V0 = 330 m/sec)

v0 × t 330
v t = v0 + ⇒ v t = v0 + ⇒ v t = v 0 + 0.61t ⇒ upto 30°C
546 546

• This formula is only valid for air medium upto 30°C

Note:- If temperature is increased by 1°C then speed of sound increases by 0.61 m/s (only for air)

(2) Effect of Pressure:-

1
At constant temp ⇒ PV = constant P ∝
V
M 1
ρ= ⇒ρ∝ ⇒ P∝ρ
V V
γP ↑↓
v=
ρ ↑↓
At constant temperature there is no effect of pressure change on speed of sound in gaseous medium.

Note:- If in a question both temperature and pressure change are given then to solve the question we
consider the effect of temperature only.
KTN01_P2144 13

@UnacademyNEETelp
(3) Effect of Nature of Gaseous Medium:
γRT
We know that v =
Mw

γ
At constant temp v ∝ ,
Mw

v1 γ 1 × (Mw )2
= n → No. of moles
v2 γ 2 × (Mw )1

5R 3R Cp 5
For monoatomic C= , C= ,=
γ =
p
2 v
2 Cv 3
7R 5R Cp 7
For diatomic C= , C= ,=
γ =
p
2 v
2 Cv 5
Cp 4
For polyatomic CP = 4R, Cv= 3R, =
γ =
Cv 3

Q. Find out the ratio of speed of sound in H2 & He at same temperature.

Sol.

(4) Effect of Density (Humidity)

γp 1
We know that v= = v∝
ρ ρ
We know that ρ ∝ Mw at NTP
(Mw)dry air = 28.8
(Mw)humid air = dry air+ H2O(Between 18 and 28.8)
Means (Mw)humid air < (Mw)dry air

ρhumid air < ρdry air

vhumid air > vdry air

KTN01_P2144 14

@UnacademyNEETelp
 ELP No.-04

WAVE THEORY

 π
Q.1 Two waves y1 = a sin (ωt - kx) and =
y2 a sin  ωt − kx +  are superimposed with each other then
 3 
find out equation of resultant wave.

Q.2 y1 = a sin (ωt - kx + π/6) ; y2 = a cos (ωt - kx + π/3)

Find resultant wave equation.

Interference

Q.3 Intensities of 2 waves are I1 and I2 where I1 = I2 = I0 and phase difference between them is φ. Find
out intensity of resultant wave.

Q.4 Amplitude of 2 waves are a1 and a2, where a1 = a2 = a and both are superimposed at P where path
difference between them is λ/4. Find amplitude of resultant wave.

Q.5 If wavelength of sound wave is 3 m then find ratio of resultant intensity at P and Q points.

Q.6 Two loudspeakers as shown in fig. below separated by a distance 3 m, are in phase. Assume that
the amplitudes of the sound from the speakers is approximately same at the position of a listener.
Who is at a distance 4.0 m in front of one of the speakers. For what frequencies does the listener
–1
hear minimum signal ? Given that the speed of sound in air is 330 ms .

Q.7 Find out possible frequencies of sound for which flame shows maximum vibrations If R = 0.1 m &
Vsound = 114 m/s.

KTN01_P2144 15

@UnacademyNEETelp
Q.8 Two sound source S1 and S2 of coherent waves are separated by a distance of 3λ and detector (D)
revolve in circular path around them. Find out number of maxima and minima detected by detector

Here, S1 and S2 are at equal distance from centre

Imax 36 I a
Q.9 If = then find 1 and 1
Imin 25 I2 a2

Beats

Q.10 A tuning fork produces 4 beats/sec with a tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz. Then find out frequency
of unknown tuning fork.

Q.11 Two sound waves of frequency 100 Hz and 120 Hz produces beat phenomenon then find out:-
(i) No. of beats produced per second
(ii) No. of beats observed per second

 x   x 
Q.12 If two waves
= y 1 0.3 sin596π  t −  and
= y2 0.5 sin604π  t −  produces beat phenomenon
 330   330 
then find out.
(1) No. of beats per second
(2) Beat time period
(3) Time interval during which intensity becomes min to max.
(4) frequency of resultant wave.
(5) frequency of amplitude variation.

Q.13 3 sound waves of frequency 100 Hz, 102 Hz and 104 Hz are producing beats then find out no. of
beats produced per sec.

Q.14 Three tuning forks of frequencies 200, 203 and 207 Hz are sounded together. Find out the beat
frequency.

Sol.

Q.15 Unknown tuning fork produce 8 b/s with a tuning fork of frequency to 250 Hz and 12 b/s with a
tuning fork of frequency 270 Hz then find out frequency of unknown tuning fork.

KTN01_P2144 16

@UnacademyNEETelp
Q.16 T.F. having n = 300 Hz produces 5 beats/sec. with another T.F. If impurity is added on the arm of
known tuning fork number of beats decreases then find frequency of unknown T.F. ?

Q.17 Tuning fork 'A' of frequency 256 Hz produce 5 b/s with unknown tuning fork 'B'. Now some wax is
applied on tuning fork 'A' then beat frequency with B becomes 2 b/s then find out frequency of
unknown tuning fork 'B'.

Q.18 41 tuning forks are arranged in a series in such a way that each T.F. produce 3 beats with its
neighbouring T.F. If the frequency of last is 3 times of first then find the frequency of ist 11th 16th
21st & last T.F.

Q.19 A Tuning fork 'A' having frequency 158 Hz, produce 3 beats/sec. with another fork B. As we file the
arms of tuning fork 'B', beats with 'A' becomes 7 then find frequency of unknown.

Stationary Wave
 x 
Q.20 The equation of a progressive wave is given =
by y 0.09 sin8π  t −  . After reflection of this wave
 20 
2
from rigid end the amplitude becomes of initial amplitude. Find out equation of reflected wave.
9

Q.21 If equation of standing wave is given by ;

π 
=y 5cos ( 60 πt ) cos  x  where x and y are
6 
in cm and tin second. Find
{1) General equation of standing wave
{2) Type of reflector
{3) Type of incident and reflected wave
(4) Equation of incident and reflected wave
{5) Amplitude at {x) position
{6) Amplitude at AN and N
(7) Distance between 2 successive N
{8) Distance from reflection where particle has minimum vibration.
{9) Speed of incident and reflected wave
{10) Speed of standing wave

Transverse Stationary Wave

Q.22 A wire of length 80 cm and mass 4 g is fixed at both ends. Tension in wire is 50 N. Then find out
th
4 harmonic frequency.

Q.23 Tension in 2 wires are 225 N & 256 N. A tuning fork produce 5 beat per second with both wires
separately then find out frequency of tuning fork. If linear mass density of wires are same.

KTN01_P2144 17

@UnacademyNEETelp
 –3
Q.24 A string with a mass density of 4 x 10 kg/m is under tension of 360 N and is fixed at both ends
one of its resonant frequency is 375 Hz if the next higher resonates frequency is 450 Hz then find
the mass of string.

COP & OOP

Q.25 If fundamental frequency of COP and OOP are same. Find ratio of their length.

Q.26 Initially fundamental frequency of an OOP is 1200 Hz. If 40% part OOP is dipped in water. Find new
fundamental frequency of pipe.

Q.27 If fundamental frequency of both pipes are 300 Hz. Find out frequency of COP and OOP
th
corresponding to 8 antinode.

Q.28 3 successive overtones frequencies of an organ pipe is given by 360 Hz, 600 Hz, 840 Hz. Find out
nature and fundamental frequency of organ pipe.

Q.29 If two COP's of length 30 cm and 31 cm are produce 5 b/s when vibrate together. Find out frequency
of both pipes.

Q.30 A fork produce 5 b/s with two COP of length to 30 cm and 31 cm separately. Find frequency of both
pipes.

End Correction
Q.31 Length of OOP is 44 cm and fundamental frequency is 340 Hz if velocity of sound is 340 m/s. Find
end correction.

Doppler's Effect in Sound

Q.32 A railway engine whistling at a constant frequency moves with a constant speed. It goes past a
stationary observer standing beside the railway track. The frequency of the sounds heard by the
observer is plotted against time, which of the following best represents the given situation.

Q.33 An observer is moving towards an stationary source of frequency 100 Hz with velocity 33 m/s. If
velocity of sound is 330 m/s then find out frequency observed by the observer.

Q.34 Two trains each moving with equal speed 20 m/s towards each other. If one train sound their
whistle of frequency 124 Hz then find out apparent frequency for the passengers sitting in other
train. (V = 330 m/s)

KTN01_P2144 18

@UnacademyNEETelp
Q.35 A person is watching two trains. One is coming and other is going with equal speed 4 m/s. If
frequency of siren is 240 Hz and velocity of sound is 320 m/s then find out number of beats
observed by the person.

Q.36 Two sirens are situated 1 km apart from each other of frequency 330 Hz. A person start moving
from one siren to other siren with speed 2 m/s. If velocity of sound is 330 m/s then find out number
of beats observed by him.

Doppler's Effect in Reflection

Q.37 A sound source of frequency 380 Hz is moving towards a cliff with a velocity 4 m/s then find number
of beats observed by the stationary observer which is situated between cliff and source.

Q.38 A car is moving with a speed of 72 km/hr towards a tall wall & blow a horn of frequency 124 Hz
then find out frequency of reflected sound. If V = 330 m/s

Q.39 A car is moving towards a high cliff. The car driver sounds a horn of frequency 'f'. The reflected
sound heard by the driver has a frequency 2 f. If 'v' be the velocity of sound then the velocity of the
car, in the same velocity units, will be :
v v v v
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 4 2 2

Light Doppler

Q.40 A star which is emitting radiation at a wavelength of 5000 A, is approaching the earth with a velocity
3
of 1.5 x 10 m/s. Calculate the change in wavelength of the radiation as received by the earth.

Q.41 Wavelength often distance star is 5700 Å and the spectral light as a shift of 1.9 Å toward red end.
Then find out the find out the velocity of the stars relative to the earth.

Q.42 An astronaut approaches moon and sends a signal of frequency 5000 M Hz. The frequency of the
reflected signal increases by 86 KHz. The speed of the astronaut in Km/swill be
(1) 1.29 (2) 2.58 (3) 5.16 (4) 10.32

KTN01_P2144 19

@UnacademyNEETelp
 ELP No.-05

WAVE THEORY

Constructive Interference (C.I.) Destructive Interference (D.I.)

• Waves superimposed over one another in same phase • waves superimposed in opposite phase.
cos ∆φ > = +1 cos ∆φ = – 1
∆φ = 0, 2π, 4π, ... 2nπ ∆φ = π, 3π, Sπ ... (2n + 1)π
∆x = 0, λ, 2λ ......... nλ λ 3λ 5λ λ
=∆x , , .......(2n + 1)
Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 .... 2 2 2 2
Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ....
• Amax = a1 + a2 • Amin = a1 ~ a2

( ) ( )
2 2
Imax = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 = I1 + I2 Imin = I1 + I2 − 2 I1I2 = I1 − I2

• Resultant intensity and amplitude are maximum • Resultant intensity and amplitude are minimum

Some Important Formula :-

2
I1 a21 Imax Amax
2
 a 1 + a2 
(1) = (2) = =  
I2 a22 Imin Amin  a 1 − a2 
2

2 2
Imax  I + I  I1  I + Imin 
(3) = 1 2
 (4) =  max 
Imin  I − I  I2  
 1 2   Imax − Imin 

Imax + Imin I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 + I1 + I2 − 2 I1I2

(5) Iavg= = = I1 + I2
2 2
Note :- for n sources

Iavg = I1 + I2 + I3 + ........ + In

Not divided by no. of sources

(6) Degree of interference pattern or degree of hearing (f %)

Imax − Imin
=f% × 100
Imax + Imin

If f = 100% → then interference is perfect or best means contrast or clear.

(7) Condition for perfect interference :-
(a) f = 100% (b) Imin = 0 (c) I1 = I2 = I (d) a1 = a2 = a

(e) Amax = a + a = 2a (f) Amin = a – a = 0 (g) Imax = 4I

KTN01_P2144 20

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Quincke's tube Experiment :-
(1) It is a practical proof of interference of sound waves.
(2) It is used to calculate the speed and wavelength of sound wave in a gaseous medium.
(3) Ultrasonic sound waves are used in it due to high frequency.

∆x 0 λ/2 λ 3λ/2
Vibration maximum minimum maximum Minimum
Interference CI DI CI DI
Intensity maximum minimum maximum Minimum

To calculate λ →
(1) from vibration in flame →
Maximum to max imum Minimum to max imum λ
∆x =λ ∆x =
Minimum to minimum Maximum to minimum 2

(2) If movable part is shifted by amount of x then path difference becomes "2x".

Q. In Quincke's tube experiment the movable part is shifted by amount of 3 mm, then vibration of
flame becomes maximum to minimum if frequency of source is 30 kHz. Find speed and wave length.

KTN01_P2144 21

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Transvers Stationary Wave :

Transvers Stationary Wave

Nodes Anti-Nodes
Fundamental
v
n= frequency or 2 1
2L
th
0 overtone
 v  II Harmonic or
n2 = 2  3 2
 2L  I overtone
 
 v  III harmonic or
n3 = 3  4 3
 2L  II overtone
 

th
 v  P Harmonic or
nP = P  (P + 1) (P)
 2L  th
  (P – 1) overtone

v  v  P T
n
= = P =
P
λP  2   2 µ
 

n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 : ....... = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : ......
All integer multiple harmonics are present
• Pth Harmonic ⇒ P no. of loop ⇒ P no. of Antinodes
• (P - 1) No. of Overtone
• (P + 1) No. of nodes

Q. A stretched wire of length 20 m is given. If speed of transverse wave in wire is 200 m/s and wire is
vibrating in 5 segments then find out
(1) Wavelength & frequency of wave
(2) Number of node & antinode

KTN01_P2144 22

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Sonometer :-
• Based on resonance principle
• Used to find frequency of unknown
tuning fork.
• At resonance condition

nT.F. = nwire

 v 
nT.F. = P 
 2  
 
normally when P = 1

1 T
n=
2 µ

P T P T P T
=nP = =
2 µ 2 Aρ 2 πr2ρ
Here
1 1 1 1
• n∝ T • n∝ • n∝ • n∝ • n∝
ρ  r µ

Q. A stretched wire of length 114 cm is divide into three segment whose fundamental frequencies are
in the ratio 4 : 3 : 1, the length of the segments must be in the ratio.

Q. A sonometer wire emits a fundamental note of frequency 150 Hz. Calculate the frequency of the
note emitted when the tension is changed in the ratio of 9 : 16 and length in the ratio of 1 : 2.

KTN01_P2144 23

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Closed Organ Pipe (COP) :

Nodes Anti-Nodes

st
1 Harmonic or
λ1
=  v  Fundamental
4 n1 =  1 1
 4   frequency or
λ 1 =4  
th
0 overtone

3λ2
= rd
4  v  3 Harmonic or
n2 = 3  2 2
4  4   st
λ2 =   1 overtone
3

5λ 3
= th
4  v  5 harmonic or
n3 = 5  3 3
 4  
4   2
nd
overtone
λ3 =
5

nC 3nC 5nC
O.T. 0 1
st
2
nd
......... M
th

Harmonic 1 3 5 ......... (2M + 1)

No. of Nodes 1 2 3 ......... (M + 1)
No. of Antinodes 1 2 3 ......... (M + 1)

 
n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 .......... = 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 ....... Frequency
= (2m + 1)  4v 
 
Only odd multiples of fundamental frequency are present.

KTN01_P2144 24

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Open Organ Pipe (OOP) :

Nodes Anti-Nodes

st
1 Harmonic or
λ1
=  v  Fundamental
2 n1 =  1 2
 2   frequency or
λ 1 =2  
th
0 overtone

λ 
 = 2 2  nd
 2   v 
n2 = 2 
2 Harmonic or
 2   st
2 3
2   1 overtone
λ2 =
2

3λ 3
= rd
2  v  3 harmonic or
n3 = 3  3 4
 2  
2   2
nd
overtone
λ3 =
3

n0 2n0 5n0 ........

O.T. 0 1
st
2
nd th
......... M O.T.
Harmonic 1 2 3 ......... (M + 1)
No. of Nodes 1 2 3 ......... (M + 1)
No. of Antinodes 2 3 4 ......... (M + 2)

 
n1 : n2 : n3 : n4 .......... = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 ....... Frequency
= (m + 1)  2v 
 
Both odd & even multiples of fundamental frequency are present.

KTN01_P2144 25

@UnacademyNEETelp
 Resonance Tube Experiment :-
(1) It is a variable length closed organ pipe. Its length can be varied by changing liquid level.

(2) Here function of liquid is only to provide rigid end, resonance condition is not affected by
changing nature or density of liquid.
(3) It is based on resonance principle. Resonance, condition is a special condition of forced vibration
in which frequency of driver is equal to one of the harmonic frequency of driven.
Use :- It is used to calculate speed and wavelength of sound wave and end-correction of organ pipe.

from (2) - (1) from (2) / (1)

3λ λ 3λ / 4  2 + e
− = 2 −  1 =
4 4 λ/4 1 + e
λ 3 2 + e
= 2 −  1 =
2 1 1 + e
 2 − 3 1
λ 2( 2 −  1 )
= e=
2
=v 2n( 2 −  1 ) if e = 0 then ⇒ 2 = 31
if e = 0 then ⇒ 2 > 31

KTN01_P2144 26

@UnacademyNEETelp
Q. A fork of frequency 340 Hz is allowed to vibrate just above the open of resonance tube of length
120 cm. If velocity of sound = 340 m/s. Find (a) maximum number of resonance (b) maximum and
minimum liquid level at resonance condition.

KTN01_P2144 27

@UnacademyNEETelp