Scribd
Upload
28 views7 pages

Ecindu1l Exp2 Roz

The document describes Experiment 2 on series voltage regulators. The objectives are to describe series regulator operation and evaluate line and load regulation. A series regulator places a regulating transistor in series with the output to maintain a constant voltage. Procedures are provided to construct the regulator circuit and measure values like output voltage, current, and regulation percentages under different load and line conditions. The conclusions are that the series regulator stabilizes output voltage through constant voltage drop across the pass transistor and calculations verify its regulation performance.

Uploaded by

Roz Brian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views7 pages

Ecindu1l Exp2 Roz

The document describes Experiment 2 on series voltage regulators. The objectives are to describe series regulator operation and evaluate line and load regulation. A series regulator places a regulating transistor in series with the output to maintain a constant voltage. Procedures are provided to construct the regulator circuit and measure values like output voltage, current, and regulation percentages under different load and line conditions. The conclusions are that the series regulator stabilizes output voltage through constant voltage drop across the pass transistor and calculations verify its regulation performance.

Uploaded by

Roz Brian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Experiment 2

Series Voltage Regulator

I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this experiment, students should be able to:
• Describe the operation of a series voltage regulator
• Evaluate the line and load regulation of a series voltage regulator

II. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOs)


• ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyse and interpret
data.

III. BACKGROUND INFORMATION


Voltage regulators are divided into two broad categories: series and shunt.
Series regulators have a regulating transistor (commonly called a pass transistor) in
series with the output.
Series regulators are well-suited to applications where there are wide variations in
line voltage or to applications that require variable output voltages.
Transistor Q1 is the series regulating element in the simple series regulator circuit in
Figure 1.

Figure 1. Basic Series Regulating Circuit


Resistor Rload Represents the regulator circuit load resistance and functions as the
emitter resistor for Q1.
The reference voltage circuit provides a constant base bias voltage for Q1.
Resistor Rs is a series dropping resistor that reduces the transistor’s power
dissipation.
Because the base voltage is held constant by the reference voltage circuit, a change
in emitter (load) voltage affects the base-emitter forward bias.
Changes in bias alter the conduction of Q1 to compensate for output voltage
variations.

LINE REGULATION
This is the process of compensating for line voltage variations that occur during
power supply usage. It also is the ability of a regulation circuit to correct for changes in
line voltage and expressed as a percentage, computed as follows:
% line regulation = (Vomax – Vomin) / Vomin * 100%

LOAD REGULATION
This is the ability of the regulator to maintain a constant output voltage despite
changes in load.
Load regulation is a measure of the effectiveness of a regulation circuit to maintain a
constant output voltage when load resistance changes. It is expressed as a percentage
as follows:

% load regulation = (Vono-load – Vofull-load) / Vofull-load * 100%

IV. EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS/DEVICES

QUANTITY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

1 unit VARIAC

1 unit Ammeter Analog/Digital

1 unit Voltmeter Analog/Digital


1 unit Multimeter Analog/Digital

1 set Connecting wires

1 pc Breadboard

1 unit Bridge rectifier module

1 pc Zener Diode 1N4742A or 12-V equivalent

1 pc NPN Transistor 2N4401 or equivalent with Beta = 50

2 pcs Resistor one 220-ohm and one 1-kilo-ohm, ½ watt

1 pc Capacitor 470 µF, 25 V

V. PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the materials needed.
2. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Series Voltage Regulator Circuit


3. Measure the values needed as indicated in Table 1.
4. Repeat the process in step 3 with input AC voltages set to 14 Vrms and 12 Vrms.
Record the values.

VI. DATA TABLE

Table 1
Parameter Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Vno-load 20.4V 17.6 V 15.1 V
Vload 11.3 V 11.3 V 11.3 V
VBE 0.693 V 0.693 V 0.694 V
VZ 12 V 12 V 12 V
VR1 8.34 V 5.59 V 3.07 V
% Load Regulation 80.53 V 55.75 V 33.63 V
IE 11.3 mA 11.3 mA 11.3 mA
IC 11.3 mA 11.3 mA 11.2 mA
IB -59.5 uA -60.9 uA -62.2 uA
IR1 37.9 mA 25.4 mA 13.9 mA
IZ 37.9 mA 25.4 mA 13.9 mA

% line regulation = (VoTrial1 – Vo Trial3) / Vo Trial3 * 100%


% line regulation = (11.3 – 11.3) / 11.3 * 100% = 0%

VII. QUESTIONS
1. With respect to the circuit of a series voltage regulator, what is the purpose of using a
transistor?
In a series voltage regulator circuit, a transistor is often used as a key component to
regulate the output voltage. The purpose of using a transistor in this context is to
control the flow of current through the circuit, thereby regulating the output voltage to
a constant level.

2. Why do we add another set of transistors to improve the output of a series voltage
regulator?
Adding another set of transistors to a series voltage regulator is often done to
enhance its performance, specifically in terms of reducing dropout voltage and
improving efficiency. This configuration is commonly known as a Darlington pair or a
compound transistor.

3. In some cases, a bleeder resistor is connected in a series voltage regulator circuit.


Why is it important to connect such?
It is important to a bleeder resistor is connected in a series voltage regulator circuit
because when the regulator is turned off or the load is disconnected, these
capacitors can retain a charge. A bleeder resistor provides a discharge path for these
capacitors, preventing the buildup of potentially dangerous voltage levels when the
circuit is inactive. This ensures a faster and safer discharge of stored energy.
VIII. OBSERVATIONS
In my observations, that the load voltage of each trial is constant at 11.3 V even the
difference of AC voltage. The base-emitter voltage in each trial is close to 0.7 V which is
0.693V. Zener voltage is same as load voltage, the value of each trial is constant at 12
V. While in current, the emitter and collector current are same value in each trial is 11.3
mA. The base current has negative value but the value is closely to each trial. Lastly, the
current through resistor and Zener current has same value in each trial.

IX. CONCLUSIONS
In my conclusions, I understand and determine how the series voltage regulator works
using calculating and simulating the given circuit. The values in the table determine that
series voltage regulator used to regulate and stabilize the output voltage by maintaining
a constant voltage drop across a series pass. I understand and calculate the value line
and load regulation using as parameters that describe how well a voltage regulator can
maintain a stable output voltage.

X. PICTURE EVIDENCES

This picture is me doing the


activity 2 in my laptop and this
picture took my dormmate.
This is the screenshot of
my simulation in activity 2
and it show the values.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy