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Voltage Regulator

This document describes the construction and testing of a voltage regulator. A voltage regulator maintains a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load current. It works by comparing the actual output voltage to an internal reference voltage and amplifying any difference to control the regulating element. This forms a negative feedback loop to reduce voltage errors. The regulator was tested by varying the input voltage and load resistance and recording the corresponding current and voltage readings. Graphs of output voltage versus input voltage and load current were plotted from the results to characterize the regulator's performance.

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113 views3 pages

Voltage Regulator

This document describes the construction and testing of a voltage regulator. A voltage regulator maintains a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load current. It works by comparing the actual output voltage to an internal reference voltage and amplifying any difference to control the regulating element. This forms a negative feedback loop to reduce voltage errors. The regulator was tested by varying the input voltage and load resistance and recording the corresponding current and voltage readings. Graphs of output voltage versus input voltage and load current were plotted from the results to characterize the regulator's performance.

Uploaded by

sivanesansir
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Aim:
To construct and determine the characteristics of Voltage Regulator.

Apparatus Required: Theory:


A voltage regulator (Regulated power supply) may be defined as an electronic circuit, which maintains an almost constant voltage across its output terminals irrespective of variations in the load current or in the supply voltage. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. With the exception of passive shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback control loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability (avoidance of oscillation, or ringing during step changes). There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output voltage - by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However, many regulators have over-current protection, so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output current is too high, and some regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a given range. A zener diode can readily be used as voltage regulator element to maintain constant voltage at the output. When a zener diode operates in zener breakdown region (under reverse bias ondition), the voltage across it is constant for a large change in current through it. Therefore as long as the input voltage is greater than the zener voltage, it operates in breakdown region and

maintains constant voltage across the load resistor even there is a change in input voltage or in load current. A series feedback voltage regulator employs feedback to hold the voltage almost constant despite changes in line voltage and load current.

Circuit Diagram: Procedure: Regulation for Input Voltage Variation:


Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. Here resistance of the load is constant.Input supply voltage is varied and corresponding total current, load current, ammeter readings & output voltage, voltmeter readings are noted and tabulated.

Regulation for Load Variation:

Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. In this fixed supply voltage is given and load resistance is varied and corresponding total current , ammeter readings are noted and tabulated.

Tabulation: Regulation for Input Voltage Variation:


R1= 1 k Vi (v) It (mA) IL(mA) Vo(v)

Regulation for Load Current Variation:

Vi = 10v

R1 (k)

It (mA)

IL(mA)

Vo(v)

Model graph: Regulation for Input Voltage Variation:

Regulation for Load Current Variation:

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