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A magnet produces a magnetic field and attracts unlike poles while repelling like poles. There are three types of magnets: permanent, temporary, and electromagnets. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while temporary magnets only magnetize in a magnetic field. Electromagnets use electric current to generate magnetic fields. Materials are classified magnetically as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagnetic based on how their magnetic dipoles interact.

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51 views5 pages

Handouts MatSci

A magnet produces a magnetic field and attracts unlike poles while repelling like poles. There are three types of magnets: permanent, temporary, and electromagnets. Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism, while temporary magnets only magnetize in a magnetic field. Electromagnets use electric current to generate magnetic fields. Materials are classified magnetically as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagnetic based on how their magnetic dipoles interact.

Uploaded by

Arzel Farinas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties and Characteristics of Materials: Magnetic

Magnet
A magnet is an object which is capable of producing magnetic field and attracting
unlike poles and repelling like poles.

Properties of Magnet

 When a magnet is dipped in iron filings, we can observe that the iron filings cling to
the end of the magnet as the attraction is maximum at the ends of the magnet.
These ends are known as poles of the magnets.

 Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.

 Whenever a magnet is suspended freely in mid-air, it always points towards the


north-south direction. Pole pointing towards geographic north is known as the North
Pole, and the pole pointing towards geographic south is known as the South Pole.

 Like poles repel while unlike poles attract.

 The magnetic force between the two magnets is greater when the distance between
these magnets is lesser.

Types of Magnet
- Permanent Magnets
- Temporary Magnets
- Electromagnets

Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are those magnets that are commonly used. They are known as
permanent magnets because they do not lose their magnetic property once they are
magnetized.

Following are the ways to demagnetize the permanent magnets:


- Exposing magnets to extreme temperatures.
- The magnetic attraction between the magnet’s atoms gets loosened when
they are hammered.
- Stroking one magnet with another will reduce the magnetic strength.
Temporary Magnets
Temporary magnets can be magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. When
the magnetic field is removed, these materials lose their magnetic property. Iron nails and
paper clips are examples of the temporary magnet.

Electromagnets
Electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wrapped around the metal core made from
iron. When this material is exposed to an electric current, a magnetic field is generated,
making the material behave like a magnet. The strength of the magnetic field can be
controlled by controlling the electric current.

Uses of Magnets
- Magnets are used for constructing magnetic needles and mariner’s
compasses.
- Permanent magnets find applications in generators, electric accelerators, and
electric motors.
- Electromagnets find application in speakers, electric bells, and electric cranes.
- Magnets are used to separate iron filling from other solid mixtures.

Properties of Magnetic Materials


Permeability: It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity.
µ = B/H
Where,
B = Magnetic flux density (Wb/m2)
H = Magnetic field intensity (A/m)
And, µ = µ0µr
µ0 = Permeability of free space
= 4 × 10-7 = 1.257 × 10-6H/m or wb/Am
µr = Relative permeability, dimensionless
= 1 for vaccum
Magnetic Dipole Moment: A current loop constitutes a magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipole
moment is defined as the product of the area of loop and current through the loop. It is the
vector quantity and its direction is normal to the plane containing current loop.
Bohr Magnetron: Atomic unit of magnetic moment is called Bohr Magnetron. is a
fundamental physical constant that describes the magnetic moment of an electron due to
its orbital motion around the nucleus. It is named after the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who
introduced the concept as part of his model of the atom. The Bohr magneton is denoted by
the symbol μB, and its value is approximately:
μB≈9.274×10^−24J/T
The expression for the Bohr magneton is given by:
μB= eℏ/2me
where:

 e is the elementary charge of an electron (e≈1.602×10^−19 C),


 ℏ is the reduced Planck constant (ℏ≈1.054×10^−34J⋅s),
 me is the mass of the electron (me≈9.109×10^−31 kg)

Magnetization (M): It is defined as magnetic moment per unit volume.

Where,

N = Number of dipoles per unit volume.

Unit = A/m = unit of H

Classification of Magnetic Materials

Diamagnetic: Materials which lack permanent magnetic dipoles are called diamagnetic.
These material have small and negative magnetic susceptibility. These material repel the
applied magnetic field.
Paramagnetic Material: A paramagnetic material is a type of material that, when exposed
to an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of the applied
field.

Ferromagnetic Material: In ferromagnetic material, the dipoles interact in such a manner


that they tend to line up in parallel. These are the material which get magnetised in the
direction of external field and remain magnetised even after the removal of magnetic field.
This property of ferromagnetic material is called Spontaneous Magnetization.

Ferrimagnetic Material: In ferrimagnetic material dipole moments of adjacent atom are


also aligned in opposite direction but they are of unequal magnitude.
Antiferromagnetic Materials: In the atomic configuration, if neighbouring dipoles tend to
line up so that they are antiparallel, the material is antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic,
depending on the magnitudes of the dipoles on the two “sub lattices”.

Classification of Periodic Elements based on Magnetic Properties

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