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Science Grade 9 Handout 1 Quantum Mechanical Model

1. Early scientists such as Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson contributed theories of atomic structure, from atoms as indivisible particles to the plum pudding model with electrons in a positively charged sphere. 2. Rutherford discovered the nuclear model of the atom through alpha particle scattering experiments, showing atoms are mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus. 3. The quantum mechanical model developed from the dual wave-particle nature of light and matter. Bohr's model incorporated quantum leaps between energy levels to explain atomic spectra. The modern model uses quantum numbers to describe electron orbitals and probabilities.

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75 views6 pages

Science Grade 9 Handout 1 Quantum Mechanical Model

1. Early scientists such as Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson contributed theories of atomic structure, from atoms as indivisible particles to the plum pudding model with electrons in a positively charged sphere. 2. Rutherford discovered the nuclear model of the atom through alpha particle scattering experiments, showing atoms are mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus. 3. The quantum mechanical model developed from the dual wave-particle nature of light and matter. Bohr's model incorporated quantum leaps between energy levels to explain atomic spectra. The modern model uses quantum numbers to describe electron orbitals and probabilities.

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Clinton Ymbong
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Science Grade 9 Handout 1 (for STE and First Section Regular)

Quantum Mechanical Model of An Atom

EARLY SCIENTIST
Democritus
A Greek Philosopher who lived in the 5th century BC. He theorized that matters are composed of small
indivisible particles called atoms (atomos).

John Dalton
His Atomic Theory of Matter was based on the following postulates:
1. Atoms are permanent and could not be broken into its constituent.
2. All matter is made up of small indestructible particles called atoms
3. The atom is the smallest particle that participates in chemical reactions to form
new substance with new sets of physical and chemical properties.

Sir Joseph John Thompson


In 1897, He found evidence using the Crooke’s Tube or
Cathode ray tube. He found out that cathode rays were
negatively charged fundamental particles. Hence, the
electron was brought to existence. And in relation to it, he
explained it that the electrons which carries a negative
electrical charge should be balanced by a positively charge
particles called protons. In relation to all of these, he
suggested the Plum Pudding Model of the Atom that an atom
is made up of positively charge particles intermingled with
negatively charged particles called electrons.

Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford performs experiment called Scattering of Alpha
particles (which is helium by nature) and by doing it he
discovered and proposed that an atom is mostly empty space
and has a densely pack nucleus surrounded by electrons.

THE QUANTUM-MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM

The Dual Nature of Light


In the very beginning the experiments that would lead to the Quantum Mechanical model of the atom began
with an examination of the properties of light so we are going to start there too first we will look at the wave
nature of light and the way light was first understood.

A. The Wave Nature of Light


Light is electromagnetic radiation characterized by amplitude (intensity or brightness) and wavelength
(distance
between peaks), frequency (n) the number of waves that pass a certain point in a given period of time the
relationship between frequency (f) and wavelength is (l) in which light has a speed of c = a constant (speed of
light 3.00 x 108 m/s). For visible light, wavelength (l) or frequency (f) determines color.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum of visible light (as shown above) is only a tiny portion of the entire
electromagnetic
spectrum. Shortest wavelength have highest frequency (and energy) and longest wavelength have the lowest
energy.

B. The Particle Nature of Light


Light is a wave and matter is a particle (called photon) the classical view of light is that it was purely a wave
phenomenon. So of course it can’t be that simple. There was an observation that challenged this view called
the
Photoelectric effect. It is a phenomenon in which electrically charged particles mainly electrons are released
from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The effect is often defined as the ejection
of electrons from metal plate when light falls on it, which means that light is a particle because it ejected
electron/s which is/are particles.

C. The Bohr Model (Prelude to Quantum Mechanical Model)


Niels Bohr also stated that while the electron is circling the nucleus in the
stationary state, no radiation is emitted. In his model the only time radiation
is emitted or absorbed is when the electron transitions from one energy
level state to another. This process had already begun with the breaking
down of the barrier between light as a wave and matter as a particle.
Einstein showed that light behaves as a particle and the Bohr model is the
beginning to the process of treating matter (electrons) as a wave. The
discovery of the particle nature of light was a breakthrough that began to
challenge the classical view that light was only a wave. Similarly, certain
observations about atoms began to suggest a wave nature for particles. The
most significant of the observations was atomic spectroscopy, the study of
electromagnetic radiation. When atoms absorb energy (heat, light,
electricity) they can re-emit that energy as light, think of a neon sign.
Different atoms emit light of a characteristic color.

Mercury, Helium and Hydrogen


Wavelengths for electronic transitions for hydrogen

Electron moving from n= 5 orbit to n = 1 orbit released energy


with a wavelength of 434 nm
If we pass the light emitted by an element through a prism we
see that it is actually composed of several different
wavelengths
The color of light is determined by its wavelength.The series of
bight lines is called an emission spectrum. Emission spectrum
for an element is always the same. It can be used to identify an
element, and it is used to identify the composition of distant
stars.

D. Quantum Mechanical Model

The quantum mechanical model of an atom describes the probability of finding electrons within given orbitals,
or three-dimensional regions of space, within an atom. The properties of each electron within the quantum
atom can be described using a set of four quantum numbers. More so, in Quantum Mechanical Model, it is
worth knowing first on the properties of atoms which are protons (positive charge), neutrons (0 charge), &
electrons (negative charge). Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons are
most likely located in the region known as orbitals in which it is also found in the Energy level/Electron shell
surrounding
the nucleus. It should be noted also that the following are the orbitals s, p, d, f of which the electrons are most
likely located and there should be a maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated by each orbital
which follows, s= 2e-, p= 6e-, d= 10e-, & f= 14e-. Moreover, each orbital can also be accommodated lesser
number of electrons with respect to their maximum number.

Nevertheless, the Bohr Model provides the simplified


way of illustrating the number of electrons arranged in
respective energy shells, along with illustrating the
behavior of energized electrons.
Example: Configuration of Bohr Atom of Carbon
atomic no. (Z)=6, 1s2 2s2 2p2

Electron Configuration

Energy and Position of Electrons


Energy and position of electrons can be can be described using Electronic Configuration (or Electron
Configuration). Electron configuration simplifies the location of the electrons based from the Quantum
Mechanical Model. The configuration is composed of a. Energy Level/Shell represented by coefficients, b.
orbital shape of the probability of the location of electrons represented by s, p, d and f orbitals, and c.
number of electrons in superscript, referring to the number of electrons occupied per energy level and
orbital.

Below is the guide (electron configuration mnemonics) in performing the distribution of electrons and for
convenient sake, the direction of the arrow should be strictly followed.

Electron Configuration Mnemonics

Like in the case of Magnesium (Z=12), Z is the symbol of atomic number which could be found at the upper left
hand corner of Mg in the Periodic Table of Elements. The electronic configuration is

*The numerical coefficient represents the energy level (n).


*The numerical exponent the number of electrons in each orbital.
*The sum of the numerical exponents corresponds to the Atomic no. (Z) of the atom
which refers to the number of electrons, in the case of
the above example Mg, Z=12

Configuration of Bohr Atom of Magnesium including the energy and


position of electrons.
Orbital Diagrams
Orbital diagrams are pictorial descriptions of the electrons in an atom.
Three rules are useful in forming orbital diagrams.
 According to the Auf Bau Principle, each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital.
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle says that only two electrons can fit into an single orbital.
 Hund’s rule states that electrons go into different orbitals in the same sub-level before doubling up
inside orbitals.

Examples:

Steps in illustrating orbital diagrams of electrons of an atom (Example: Sulfur – 16 e - )

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