ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER Atomic Model

1. John Dalton’s Model (Billiard Ball

Model)
• Formed the theory in 1803, Jhon
Dalton was able to come up with
the first structural design of the
atom.
• He pictured atoms as the hard
spherical particles that could not
be divided further, echoing
Democritus Democritus’ idea.
• He coined the idea of the term • According to Leucippus, also a
“Atomos.” scientist. He says that atom can
• He is the first person who speak be destroyed and divided but
about the word “Atom.” whatever the size or the weight
of an object is, even you cut it
The Development of the Atomic Structure into two the weight will stay the
same, the only difference is the
John Dalton (Law of Proportion & Atomic structure.
Theory) • Based on the give description, this
• He developed the atomic theory based model has also been dubbed as the
on his experiments and ideas of “Billiard Ball Model”. Dalton believed
Democritus. that when matter undergoes a
• Some other scientists discovered the chemical reaction, its atom
inner structure of Atom. rearranges themselves and
• Subatomic Particle of Atoms/ Inner combine with other atoms.
structure of Atoms • 1 atom – Element, 2 or more
1. Proton element – Compound.
2. Electron
3. Neutron
• Joseph Thomson, Ernest Rutherford,
and James Chadwick, who has
discovered the (3) three subatomic
particles of atom.
• Many scientists who investigated on
the structure of atoms also created
atomic models which attempted to
show how atoms looked like. 2. John Joseph Thomson’s (Plum-
• Designed according to the Pudding Model)
assumptions they had made about
• Joseph John Thomson discovered
the atom because it featured all the
electrons in 1897 and developed the
subatomic particles in their proper
plum-pudding model afterwards.
places and the electron shells around
• He named it such because the design
the nucleus. In other word, it seems
resembled a bowl of pudding with
to have summed up the basic
pieces of plum.
structure of an atom.
• The pieces of plum represented the nucleus at varying distances, which
negatively charged electrons spread would make its motion unstable.
randomly across the pudding, which • By the rules of particles physics, the
represent a positively charged space. electrons in this situation should be
emitting and losing energy as they
move around the nucleus in curved
paths.
• As a result, the electrons would spiral
towards the nucleus and the atoms
would disintegrate.
• This realization prompted Bohr to
propose a new design that tried to
remedy the problem of the electrons'
stability in the atom.
• In analyzing this problem, Bohr applied
the concept of QUANTUM, a distinct
3. Ernest Rutherford’s (Nuclear
packet of energy.
Atomic Model)
• He proposed a quantized version of
• Ernest Rutherford’s discovery of the
the energies in each electron orbit or
atom’s nucleus and the positively
shell, indicating that the electrons
charged proton particles resulted in
moved in fixed orbits, each with
his construction of the nuclear atomic
distinct radius and amount of energy.
model.
• According to this assumption,
• Nucleus – The Center of an Atom.
electrons located in orbits that are
• This model shows the protons placed
bigger and farther from the nucleus
within the nucleus, the center of the
have a higher level of energy and
atom.
greater motion, while electrons placed
• The electrons in the nuclear model
in orbits that are smaller and closer
moving in an empty space as they
to the nucleus have a lower level of
revolve around the nucleus.
energy and more stability.
• Rutherford’s atomic model is also
• In other words, with every increase in
called the “Planetary Model” because
the size of an electron orbit, the level
it resembles the motion of planets
of energy increases, while the stability
around the sun.
of electron decreases.
• Energy levels are often notated by
the letter n and a number.
• The first energy level in this model is
represented as n=1, while the second is
n=2, and so on.
• This notation is called PRINCIPAL
QUANTUM NUMBER.
• In some cases, the energy levels are
4. Niels Bohr (Atomic Model) also identified by the letters K, L, M, N.
• In 1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, n=1 (K) n=3 (M)
n=2 (L) n=4 (N)
and a colleague of Rutherford,
• Bohr also put forward the idea that
realized that the electrons in the
each orbit can contain only specific
nuclear model revolve around the
number of
 electrons. • However, they are bound by their
• The first energy level and the smallest orbit or shell.
orbit can accommodate only two • Shell is subdivided into subshells or
electrons, while the second energy sublevels, which contain ATOMIC
level can contain 8…… ORBITALS, are regions of space within
• The 18 numbers at the upper part of an atom where the clouds of electron
the periodic table of elements is live and surrounding the nucleus.
Group. • These orbitals are identified as, s for
• The 7 numbers at the left side part
sharp, p for principal, d for diffuse,
of the periodic table are Period.
and f for fundamental.
• The maximum numbers of valence
• Certain areas of the orbitals may be
electron are 8.
denser than others.
• The concept of electron density
measures the probability of locating
the electron within specific regions.
• If more electrons gather at a specific
area, then that regions around the
nucleus imply a higher probability of
finding electrons.
• Atomic orbitals also differ in terms
of energies and shapes, which are
classified using the denotation of each
VALENCE ELECTRONS subshell.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• Block (Atomic Orbitals)

S – Sharp (2)
P – Principal (6)
D – Diffuse (10)
F – Fundamental (14)

s orbitals have a spherical shape that looks

ATOMIC ORBITALS similar to a dense ball. This sphere is a cloud of
electrons surrounding the nucleus. Considering
Electron Configuration the energy level, the electrons in the first s
orbital have relatively lower energy and more
Is the reflect arrangement and the
stability because they are closer to the
distribution electron within or among the nucleus. The s orbitals is the only orbital
atomic orbitals (energy level) available to electrons at the first energy
level.
Atomic Orbitals
• Electrons are perpetually in motion.
• They spin very quickly in a specific
direction around the nucleus of the
atoms.
p orbitals have a cloud of electrons shaped Energy Level Accommodation
like two opposite lobes joined by the nucleus
at the center. Electrons that are not located
in an s orbital may be found within the lobes
of the p orbitals, which at the second energy
level.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

d orbitals come in five complicated shapes and • The electron configuration of an atom
clouds models. One of the shapes even reflects the arrangement and
resemble a p orbital. The other four d orbitals distribution of electrons within and
resemble a four-leaf clover. Unlike the s and p among atomic orbitals.
orbitals, d orbital begins at the third energy • It tells you the approximate locations
level. of electrons within an atom.
• Electron configurations mainly describe
the orbitals of an atom in its GROUND
STATE, which is the lowest possible
energy state of an atom.

f orbitals are another complicated type in

terms of shape and cloud model. It is
composed of several lobes with irregular
shapes that meet at the nucleus. The first
group of f orbitals begin at the fourth energy
level of atoms.

Writing Electron Configuration

 • In the combination of numbers and begin with zero at the first energy level and
letter above, the first number increase up to the integer.
corresponds to the energy level of an
atoms, while the letter in the middle For example, if the energy level is n=1, the
corresponds to the orbital in which its
angular quantum equivalent is l=0; if n= 2, then
electron is located.
l=0, l=1.
• On the other hand, the subscript
corresponds to the number of electrons
that live within each of the orbitals. Furthermore, each possible value of an
• To write the electron configuration of angular number corresponds to a specific
an element at ground state, it is orbital.
important that you know the number of
electrons it has.
• Remember that an element has equal to
the numbers of protons and electron at
ground state.

QUANTUM NUMBERS

BOHR MODELS DESCRIBED THE MOTION OF

The group of orbitals with the same value
ELECTRONS WITHIN ATOMS WHICH LED TO
of n is called a shell. The orbitals with the
THE DISCOVERY OF ATOMIC ORBITALS.
same value of l in a particular shell referred
to as subshells.
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBERS (n)
Describes the average distance of an Therefore, the shell with n=1 is composed
orbitals from the nucleus and represents the of 1 subshell, which is denoted by l=0. This is
orbital’s main energy level. To recall, electrons also known as 1s subshell. On the other hand,
that are closer to the nucleus have less n=2 has two subshell denoted by l=0 and 11,
energy, while electrons that are farther from which are also known as the 2s and 2p
it have more energy. Bohr has applied this subshell.
concept when he developed his atomic model.
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS (ml)
The value of n can be positive integer or Describe the various orientations of the
whole number values, such as 1, 2, 3, and 4. orbitals in space. Magnetic quantum numbers
thus, the energy levels are often written n=1, can have an integral value from –l to +l.
n=2, n=3, and n=4.
The formula 2l + 1 is applied to determine
The larger the value of n, the higher is the the number of spatial orientations based on
energy and the larger is its orbital. the shape of the orbital. For example, the f
sublevel has an angular quantum number
ANGULAR or AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM value equal to 3. Applying the given formula
NUMBERS (l) would give you the following:
Represent the shapes of the orbitals. ml = 2l + 1
These shapes are limited by the energy levels = 2(3) + 1
of the orbitals. The values of angular =7
quantum numbers are positive integers that The solution above indicates that f
sublevel has seven orbitals with different
spatial orientations. This means that if l = 3, • Inorganic compounds are substances
there are seven possible values for ml. or materials that do not have
carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Considering the following conditions:
1. When l = 0, the value of ml = 0, which Classes of Organic Compounds
describes the spatial orientation of
the s orbital. 1. ALKANES
2. When l = 1 the possible values of ml = - • CnH2n+2, where n=1, 2, 3 and so on.
1, 0, +1, which describe the three • This number signifies the quantity of
different spatial orientations of the p carbon atoms, while the equation 2n+2
orbitals. signifies the number of hydrogen
3. When l = 2 the possible values of ml = atoms.
-2, -1, 0, +1, +2, which describe the five • Always remember that you need
different spatial orientations of the f indicate the chemical formula shows
orbital. the total number of carbon and
4. When l = 3 the possible values of ml = hydrogen atoms that make up the
-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, which describe compound, the structural formula
the seven spatial orientations of the f indicates the number of hydrogen
orbital. atoms linked to each carbon atom and
the Lewis structure.
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBERS (ms)
The final quantum number, which highlights 2. ALKANES
the direction in which electrons spin on its • Use the molecular formula CnH2n,
axes in a magnetic field. Electrons can spin in where n=2, 3, 4, and so on.
only two directions or orientations – clockwise • Have a linear structures and double
and counterclockwise. The two orientations bond.
allowed can be expressed as arrows pointing
up and down and written as the following 3. ALKYNES
equation: • Contain at least one triple bond
between two carbon atoms in its
ms = + ½ arrow up and ms = -1/2 arrow down chain.
• The general formula is CnH2n-2, where
n=2, 3, 4, and so on.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

• Carbon is a component of many
different things, including some of the
food you eat, the products you use
at home, and the accessories you
wear.
• This exemplifies and ubiquity of
carbon atoms and carbon compounds.
• Organic compounds are substances
that contain carbon, hydrogen, and
possible atoms of another element.