Unit-3

M-COMMERCE
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

WWAN : WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network) is a WAN (Wide Area

Network) and the only thing is that the connectivity is wireless. It provides
regional, nationwide and global wireless coverage. Where Wide Area Network
can be wired or wireless the Wireless Wide Area Network connections are
completely wireless. In our day to day life we are using the Wireless Wide Area
Network of different sizes and depending on it delivery of telephonic calls, Web
pages and streaming video, data sharing occurs.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) differs from WWAN (Wireless Wide Area
Network) technology wise for example when WLAN uses WiFi to connect and
transfer data, WWAN uses telecommunication cellular network technologies
such as 2G, 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G to transfer data.
WWAN not only always refers to a wide area rather a closed area with large
geographic coverage is also considered as WWAN. For example a MANET
(Mobile ad hoc networks) with nodes on buildings and towers or planes. A Low
Power and low bit rate Wireless Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is also
considered as WWAN. For example transmission of small packets of
information between things in case of IoT (Internet of Things) implemented
applications.
A general example of WWAN which we use in our daily life is a laptop installed
with WWAN card establishes a secure and fastest connection and brings us to
online so that we do our work from anywhere.
The below figure illustrates the wireless connection to Wide Area Network.

In the above figure, several wireless devices are configured with the WLAN
(Wireless Local Area Network) served by the Router-A and Router-B is a
wireless router which connects to Router-A through ethernet and connected to
the WAN (Wide Area Network) wirelessly flashed with DD-WRT.
Families of WWAN :
The main three families of WWAN technologies include
1. GSM/UMTS
2. WiMAX
3. CDMA One/CDMA2000
Characteristics of WWAN :
1. Reduced transmission speed as compared to physical connection.
2. It is based on IEEE 802.16 standards.
3. On increase of distance, decrease of throughput occurs and vice versa.
4. Getting faster due to Gigabit-Class LTE.
Advantages of WWAN :
 Global wireless coverage
 Flexible with cloud management, deploying and relocating
 Better security than WLAN
 Diverse, cost effective backup for data applications.
 Quick deployment for new applications.
Disadvantages of WWAN :
 Replacement of lost WWAN may be costly.
 To maintain the reliable network connectivity.
 To build a cost effective solution is a challenge.
 Decreased throughput during large coverage area.
Application of Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN):
1.Mobile correspondence: WWAN is normally utilized for portable
correspondence, for example, voice calls, text informing, and web access. This
can be especially helpful for individuals who need to remain associated while
progressing, like business voyagers or telecommuters.
2.Fleet administration: WWAN can be utilized for armada the board, like
following the area of vehicles, checking their presentation, and advancing their
courses. This can assist organizations with decreasing fuel costs, increment
productivity, and further develop client support.
3.Public security: WWAN can be utilized for public wellbeing, like empowering
people on call for speak with one another during crises, and giving constant
reports on the area of episodes. This can assist with further developing reaction
times, diminish setbacks, and improve generally security.
4.Smart framework: WWAN can be utilized for shrewd network applications,
for example, observing the exhibition of force stations, anticipating power
interest, and overseeing energy dispersion. This can assist with working on the
unwavering quality and productivity of energy conveyance, lessen expenses,
and increment environmentally friendly power mix.
5.Environmental checking: WWAN can be utilized for natural observing, like
estimating air quality, water quality, and atmospheric conditions. This
information can be utilized to illuminate strategy choices, work on natural
administration, and safeguard general wellbeing.
Generally, WWAN has various applications that can help different ventures and
work on our regular routines. By giving remote network over a huge
topographical region, WWAN can empower portable correspondence, armada
the executives, public wellbeing, savvy lattice, ecological observing, and
different applications that can improve proficiency, security, and supportability.
CELLULAR SYSTEMS

2G Cellular Systems
started in 1987, signaled a major shift in the way mobile communications is used
worldwide. In part they helped fuel the transition of a mobile phone from luxury
to necessity and helped to drive subscriber costs down by more efficient
utilization of air interface and volume deployment of infrastructure components
and handsets.

Major geographical regions adopted different 2G systems, namely TDMA and

CDMA in North America, GSM in Europe, and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) in
Japan. Figure 3.3 depicts the worldwide subscriber numbers for major 2G
cellular systems. It effectively shows how the GSM system has been successful
and why it is now being adopted in geographical areas other than Europe (such
as North America, China, the Asia-Pacific region, and more recently, South
America). CDMA, which originated in North America, has also proliferated in
South America and later in the Asia-Pacific region. TDMA remains to be widely
deployed in North and South America regions, but it is expected to decline
mostly because of the decisions taken by few major North American carriers to
convert their TDMA networks to GSM.

 TDMA
 GSM
 CDMA

 TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a complex technology,

because it requires an accurate synchronization between the
transmitter and the receiver. TDMA is used in digital mobile radio
systems. The individual mobile stations cyclically assign a frequency
for the exclusive use of a time interval.
In most of the cases, the entire system bandwidth for an interval of
time is not assigned to a station. However, the frequency of the
system is divided into sub-bands, and TDMA is used for the multiple
access in each sub-band. Sub-bands are known as carrier frequencies.
The mobile system that uses this technique is referred as the multi-
carrier systems.
Advantages of TDMA
Here is a list of few notable advantages of TDMA −
 Permits flexible rates (i.e. several slots can be assigned to a
user, for example, each time interval translates 32Kbps, a user
is assigned two 64 Kbps slots per frame).
 Can withstand gusty or variable bit rate traffic. Number of slots
allocated to a user can be changed frame by frame (for
example, two slots in the frame 1, three slots in the frame 2,
one slot in the frame 3, frame 0 of the notches 4, etc.).
 No guard band required for the wideband system.
 No narrowband filter required for the wideband system.

Disadvantages of TDMA
The disadvantages of TDMA are as follow −
 High data rates of broadband systems require complex
equalization.
 Due to the burst mode, a large number of additional bits are
required for synchronization and supervision.
 Call time is needed in each slot to accommodate time to
inaccuracies (due to clock instability).
 Electronics operating at high bit rates increase energy
consumption.
 Complex signal processing is required to synchronize within
short slots.

What is GSM?
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a
digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and
data services. Important facts about the GSM are given below −
 The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio
system at Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.
 GSM is the name of a standardization group established in
1982 to create a common European mobile telephone
standard.
 GSM is the most widely accepted standard in
telecommunications and it is implemented globally.
  GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz
channel into eight 25 kHz time-slots. GSM operates on the
mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most
parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands 850
MHz and 1900 MHz.
 GSM owns a market share of more than 70 percent of the
world's digital cellular subscribers.
 GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) technique for transmitting signals.
 GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability
to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
 Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile
subscribers in more than 210 countries throughout the world.
 GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services
including roaming service. Roaming is the ability to use your
GSM phone number in another GSM network.
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a
channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own
timeslot.

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) IS-95—or cdmaOne—is one of the popular
2G technologies being used in the Americas, Asia, and Eastern Europe. CDMA is
based on the technique in which each subscriber is assigned a unique code, also
known as pseudorandom code that is used by the system to distinguish that user
from all other users transmitting simultaneously in the same frequency band.

CDMA belongs to the class of systems called spread spectrum systems, and
more specifically to the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) family.
Physical channels in CDMA are defined in terms of radio frequency of the carrier
and a code—that is, a sequence of bits. The digital signal resulting from the
encoding of voice or data, after the application of appropriate framing (or radio
link layers), is digitally scrambled before it modulates the carrier frequency. This
is accomplished by digitally (base 2) adding the signal to the pseudorandom
code that is used to distinguish the user. The entire carrier spectrum is available
to each single user, hence the name spread spectrum.

The receiver, which has a pseudorandom signal decoder, reproduces the original
signal by demodulating the RF and adding (base 2) the same pseudorandom
signal used by the transmitter, thus obtaining the original signal. CDMA is an
interference-limited system, meaning that anytime a user is not transmitting and
thereby not interfering with other users sharing the same spectrum, the effective
bandwidth, and hence signal-to-noise ratio, available to other users will increase
to some degree. CDMA properties are as follows:

 Multiple voice channels are available for each radio channel.

 To prevent interference, callers are assigned to different radio frequency
channels (or, if sharing a radio channel, different pseudorandom codes).
 The same radio channel can be used in adjacent cells.
 The number of calls in a sector is "soft" limited, not hard limited.
 Bandwidth usage influences the number of simultaneous users.

2.5 G
What Is GPRS?
General packet radio service (GPRS) is defined as a mobile
communications standard that operates on 2G and 3G cellular networks
to enable moderately high-speed data transfers using packet-based
technologies.
ADVANTAGES
1. Billing made simple
When compared to circuit-switched services, GPRS packet transfer offers
better consumer billing. When it comes to circuit-switched services, the cost
is determined by the length of the connection. One of the significant
disadvantages of circuit switching for IoT is cost-efficiency. The connection
length determines the subscriber’s operating costs in the circuit switch.
Increased speed
A significant advantage of the GPRS system is that it provides a higher data
rate than GSM. GSM was designed to transmit data at approximately 14.4
kbit/s at first. Over the 2G network, GPRS, on the other hand, provided data
speeds up to 86kbit/s. It made matters like streaming and gaming possible for
customers. It allowed for monitoring in enterprises.
“Always-on” connectivity
Another benefit of GPRS is that it is always available. A GPRS connection
can provide constant Internet connectivity, quick messaging, and improved
SMS transfers. It was also the fastest network ever seen when it was first
launched. For example, with a standard Global System for Mobile
Communications technology, somebody could transmit only 10 SMSs per
minute.
DISADVANTAGES
Sunsetting of 2G and 3G
Because of the GPRS protocol, both 2G and 3G networks have proven to be
quite successful in supporting IoT projects over a previous couple of decades.
On the other hand, new networks are putting more strain on the limited radio
frequency (RF) bandwidth.
Limited cell capacity
GPRS is technically adequate for most IoT use cases, but not all. 2G or 3G
with GPRS is typically a theoretically acceptable fit if all you need is slow,
occasional data transfers. However, for data-intensive applications, the
existing cell capacity of a system is impacted by GPRS.
Risk of slower speeds
To achieve the maximum possible GPRS data transmission speed of 172.2
kbps, all eight timeslots should be taken over by an individual user with no
error safety. The supported data rates (171.2/384 Kbps) are slower than the
current wireless protocols such as HSPA, LTE, LTE-advanced, and so on.