Dc generator

Introduction
In this part we will study the various types of Dc generators
and their terminal characteristics (Vt , IL ) curve

Contents
1- Magnezation curve
2- Types of Dc generators
a- Separately excited shunt
b- Self excited series

Compound

3- Power flow diagram of Dc generators

Dc machines
 Dc generator

Construction
1-Stator
. carries the field winding (exciter )
. Field winding is connected to Dc voltage source
. Field winding produces the magnetic flux
2-Rotor
. Carries armature winding
. Rotor has a cylindrical shape with slots
 Dc generator
. the conductors are placed in these slots
. e.m.f is indused on the terminals of armature winding

. Rotor is laminated to reduce eddy losses

3-commutator
. It’s a copper cylinder divided into isolated segments
. It’s connected to armature winding terminals
. It’s a rotating part
 Dc generator
4-Carbon brus
. They are fixed contacts
. They are in direct contact with the commutator

5- Air gap
. It’s the clearance between stator and rolor

*Notes
a-commutator is used to
convert Ac voltage to Dc voltage in case
of Dc genarator .
producer unvdirctional torque in Dc motor
b-the horizontal axis is called pole axis , the vertical axis
is called interpole axis .
 Dc generator

1-Shunt field
. Field winding is connected in parallel with the armature
. Rshunt f numper of turns
Small cross section area

2-series field
. field winding is connected in series with armature

. Rseries f numper of turns

Large cross section area

Rotor (Armature) is laminated to reduce eddy currents

Roto (Armature) is made of silicon steel lamination to
reduce both eddy current & husteris loss
 Dc generator
Emf equation
Ea= Induces emf emf in armature
=No-load voltage

Pz
Ea= nᴓp
60a

Ea= kg nᴓp

p: no of poles
a: no of parallel paths
z: no no of conductors
n: Rotor speed in rpm
ᴓp: flux per pole
Kg: Back emf constant Kg=
𝑃𝑧
60𝑎

We have 2 schems for armature winding

a- Lap winding a=p
b- Wave winding a=2
 Dc generator
Lap winding large No of porallel patl
Lower voltage
Higher current

Wave winding a=2

Higher voltage
Lower current
 Dc generator
Magnetjation curve : “open circuit clc”
Curve btn induced E.M.F & If “field current”
at constant speed

2𝑃 𝑧
EHic = 2𝑎 𝑥 2𝜋 E
=Ka*ᴓ* ա N”constant”
=(Ka*ա) * ᴓ

. constant speed ա is contsnt

And ᴓ 𝛼 If
If

:. Ehlc = K * If

N ա K

Slope change
 Dc generator
E(vs)If Non – Linear curve

For constant field current

E=Kg ᴓ n= Kn

(speed in rpm)

If3>If2>If1

E(Vs) n
E (Vs) speed linear relation
 Dc generator
Answer of Qs

Types of Dc generators

Separately excited self excited

Shunt series compound

Commulative different
 Types of DC Generators
1-separately excited

Vf=IFRF Ea=v1+IaRa

2-shunt

IF=VT/RF EA=VT+IARA

3-Series

EA=VT+IA(RA+RF) *IA=IL=IF

a
1--separately excited
Where : V1:DC Field Voltage
RF: field resistance

IF: field current

IA: armature current

IL: load current

RA: armature resistance

E: induced emf(no load voltage)

VT: terminal voltage

Ragj: series adjustable resistance (used to control IF so control alfa ,so control
1-separately excited DC Generators

**field circuit
VF=IF*RF
RF: field resistance

IF: field current

**Armature circuit

EA=VT+IARA+(armature reaction drop)

IA: armature current

RA: armature resistance

VT: terminal voltage

If(AR is neglected ****So EA=VT+IARA

External characteristic of separately excited DC Generators

Shunt DC generator
If=Vt\Rf
Ea=Vt+IaRa
The voltage drop is due to
1\Ra drop
2\Armature reaction drop
3\Decrease in filed current
As If=Vt\Rf (Vt decrease as Il increase)
That is why shunt DC generator has external C\C`which is more dropping than that of
separately excited
SERIES DC GENERATOR
Ia=If=Il
Ea=Vt+Ia(Ra+Rf)
The voltage drop is due to
1(IaRa+IaRf)drop
2(AR)drop
EXTERNAL C\C`

Answer Q11 Dc motors

DC motor has same construction of Dc generators except that the Dc motors are supplied
by Dc source at their armature circuit
**types of Dc motors
1-separately excited motors
2-shunt motors
3-series motors
4-compound motors

Answer of QB
1-Separately excited Dc motor
Torque speed C/C’S

**Note the slope of (T-W C/C’S) OF Separately excited DC motor is small ,so it has
approximately constant torque
Answer of Q14
**shunt DC motor

Torque speed c/c’s

V=E+IARA
V=KQW+(T/KQ)*RA
**Note (T-W)C/C’S of shunt motor is similar to separately excited Dc motor
**the slope is small, so shunt motor has approximately constant torque ..

Answer of Q15
Speed control of shunt motor
W=V/KQ -RA/(KQ)2========T =(Y=C1-C2X)

**method 1 change V
At constant load torque
**Method 2 change flux Q

..

**note If Q decreased speed will increases so if the field branch is disconnected the
flux will be equal to Q residual SO the speed highly increase this process is called
runaway condition

**method 3 change Ra
as RA increased slope increased
disadvantage
this method reduces the efficiency as it increases power loss
Power flow in DC generator

.
Power flow in DC motor

***note
---series motor can be used in traction as it has high starting of Dc motors
IA =V-E/RA
E=KQN=0 at starting so IA increased
So we use starter resistors to limit IA

---shunt generators have external C/C’S more drooping than separately excited
generators due to effect of field wakening

**important Laws of DC Machines

1-E=PZ/60A NQ
Lap; a=p wave ; a=2

2-TD=KTQIA
3-PD=EIA=TW
4=W=2Πn/60
5-voltage regulation =vnl-vfl/vnl *100%
6-speed regulation =nnl-nfl/nnl *100%