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Lecture 04

Analog electronics 4

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10 views29 pages

Lecture 04

Analog electronics 4

Uploaded by

sarahal Aiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course code: EEE111

Course Title: Analog Electronics-I

Course Teacher
Dr. Monir Morshed
Professor
Email:monir.morshed@northsouth.edu
Semiconductor Diode
Applications
Rectifier
 One of the most important applications of diodes is in the design of
rectifier circuits.
 Rectifiers convert ac power to dc power.
 Rectifiers form the basis for electronic power suppliers and battery
charging circuits.

Fig.: Complete power supply with transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator
Step-1: Decrease RMS magnitude of AC wave via
power transformer
step -2: convert full-wave AC signal to full-wave
rectified signal (still time-varying and periodic)
step -3: employ low-pass filter to reduce wave
amplitude by > 90%
step -4: employ voltage regulator to eliminate
ripple
step -5: supply dc load
.

Oxford University Publishing Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith
(0195323033)

Block diagram of a dc power supply


Rectifier
Rectifier are mainly two types:

 Half wave Rectifiers

 Full wave Rectifiers.

 Bridge rectifier

 Center tap transformer rectifier


Half-wave Rectifier
• Half wave Rectifiers: A rectifier that allows only one-half cycle of an
ac voltage waveform to establish a dc level is called half wave
rectification.

Hal-wave rectifier circuit with AC input Rectifier Output for ideal diode
The average voltage,

[since, ]

Therefore, the dc voltage for halfwave rectifier is


Effect of Using a Real Diode
• If simplified diode model is employed.
• The diode is conducted after the voltage supplied is more than 0.7V as
shown below
• So peak value of output is reduced, hence the dc voltage will be
reduced.

Vdc  0.318Vm  VK 
Half-Wave Rectification
Example: Circuit as below
• Sketch the output vo and determine dc level of the output voltage for
ideal diode
• What is the practical diode
• The Vm is increase to 200V
Solution:
Ideal diode circuit:
Vdc 0.318Vm
 0.31820V 
 6.36V

(a)
(b)

Vdc  0.318Vm  VK   0.31820V  0.7V   6.14V


Drop about 0.22V or 3.5 %

(C) Vdc  0.318Vm   0.318200V   63.6V (ideal)

Vdc  0.318Vm  V K   0.318200V  0.7   63.38V (practical)

Drop about 0.22V or 0.35%


Diode Rating
• The maximum value of the reverse voltage that a diode can withstand
without damaging itself is known as its Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV).
• PIV of diode must be greater than the applied voltage
• This rating of PIV is given and described in the datasheet provided by
the manufacturer.
• It is usually prudent to select a diode that has a reverse breakdown
voltage at least 20% greater than the expected PIV.
PIV(rating) > Vm for half –wave rectifier
Half-wave Rectifier
Advantages:
‒ Simple construction
‒ Less number of components are required
‒ Small size
Disadvantages:
‒ More amount of ripple content
‒ Transformer utilization factor is very low.
‒ Rectification efficiency is low
‒ Generates harmonics
‒ Low output voltage or current
Applications:
‒ It is used for applications where constant DC
voltage is not very essential
‒ We can use in the power supplies
Full-Wave Rectification
Full wave Rectifiers:
 A rectifier that allows full cycle of an ac voltage
waveform to establish a dc level is called Full wave
rectification.
 Full-wave rectification produces a greater DC output

• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm


• Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
• A full-wave rectifier with four diodes that are connected
in a bridge configuration.

 Four diodes are connected in a bridge configuration


 VDC = 0.636Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

The bridge rectifier circuit.


Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

The bridge rectifier circuit.


Full-Wave Bridge Rectification

Ideal diode

Vdc  20.318Vm   0.636Vm

Practical diode

Vdc  0.636Vm  2V K 
The effect of using a real diode
Diode Rating

For ideal diode For real diode


Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
Advantages:
‒ No need for center-tapped transformers
‒ High average output voltage
‒ Rectifier efficiency is high
‒ Transformer utilization factor is high
Disadvantages:
‒ The number of diode is four
‒ Series connection of TWO diodes will reduce
output voltage.
PIV = Vm – VK
Applications:
‒ Laboratory dc power supplies
‒ High current power supplies
‒ Battery charger
‒ DC power supplies for various electronic circuits
Center-Tapped Transformer

Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier Output:


Requires • VDC = 0.636Vm
• Two diodes • PIV > 2 Vm
• Center-tapped transformer

The above output is for ideal diode


Center-Tapped Transformer
When instantaneous source voltage is positive, D1 conducts while D2 blocks…

The center tap transformer rectifier circuit.


Center-Tapped Transformer
when instantaneous source voltage is negative, D2 conducts while D1 blocks

The center tap transformer rectifier circuit.


Effect of Real Diode

Vdc  0.636Vm  V K 

The effect of using a real diode


PIV.

Apply KVL PIV  Vsecondary  VR  Vm  Vm  2Vm


Therefore PIV  2Vm
For practical diode, PIV for center tap = 2Vm – VK
Full-wave Rectifier with Center-Tapped Transformer
Advantages:
‒ Low ripple factor as compared with half-wave
rectifier.
‒ Better rectification efficiency
‒ Better transformer utilization factor
Disadvantages:
‒ Since PIV is 2Vm ,size of the diodes is larger and
they are most costly
‒ Cost of center tapped transformer is high

Applications:
‒ Laboratory dc power supplies
‒ High current power supplies
‒ Battery charger
‒ DC power supplies for various electronic circuits
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)

Center-Tapped Transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 0.7 V
Rectifier

 Vm = peak of the AC voltage.


 In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC
voltage is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
 The above realistic value is true for only silicon diode.
• Determine the output for the network below and
calculate the output dc level and the required PIV
of each diode.
Solution:

D1 D2

For positive half cycle, diode 2 is on and 1 is off, which is


shown in the following figure

Equivalent circuit Redrawn network Output for


positive cycle
Solution:

From the 2nd Fig;


Therefore,
Again, for the negative half cycle, diode 1 is on and 2 is off
and we get the same result of positive half cycle.

3.18V Vdc

Resulting output
PIV  Vm  5V
Practical Applications
Rectifier Circuits
• Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
• Battery Charging Circuits
Simple Diode Circuits
• Protective Circuits against
• Overcurrent
• Polarity Reversal
• Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay
circuit
Zener Circuits
• Overvoltage Protection
• Setting Reference Voltages

29

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