Sec. 6.

2 - Integration by Substitution

Power Rule for Integration

If u is any differentiable function of x, then
u n +1
∫ u n
du =
n +1
+ C, n ≠ −1

A change in variables can often turn an unfamiliar integral into one that we can
evaluate. The method
€ for doing this is called the substitution method of
integration.

Example 1: Evaluate ∫ (3x + 2) 5

dx
1
Let u = 3x + 2 . Then, du = 3dx , so dx = du .
3
Substitute
€ the variables:
1
€ ∫ (3x + 2) 5 dx €= ∫ u5 ⋅ 3 du
€
1 5
= ∫ u du
3
1 u6
= ⋅ +C
3 6
1
= (3x + 2) 6 + C
18

Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 4 x −1dx .

€ 1
Let u = 4 x −1. Then, du = 4dx, so dx = du .
4
1
∫€ 4 x −1 dx = ∫ u⋅
4
du
€ 1
1
=€ ∫ u 2 du
4
3
€
1 u 2
= ⋅ +C
4 3
2
1 2 32
= ⋅ u +C
4 3
3
1
= (4 x −1) 2 + C
6

€
 3rdr
Example 3: Evaluate ∫ (1− r 2 3
)
1
Let u = 1− r 2 . Then, du = −2rdr, so dr = − du.
2r
1
€ 3rdr 3r ⋅ − du
2r
€ ∫ (1− r 2 ) 3 = ∫ u3
€
3
− du
= ∫ 23
u
€
3 du
=− ∫ 3
2 u
3
= − ∫ u−3 du
2
3 u−2
=− ⋅ +C
2 −2
3
= u−2 + C
4
3
= (1− r 2 )−2 + C
4
3
= +C
4(1− r 2 ) 2

Example 4: Evaluate ∫ x 2x 2 + 1dx

€ 1
Let u = 2x 2 + 1. Then, du = 4 xdx, so dx = du.
4x
1
€∫ x 2x 2 + 1dx = ∫ x u ⋅ 4 x du
€ 1
€= ∫ udu
4
1
€ 1
= ∫ u 2 du
4
3
1 u2
= ⋅ +C
4 3
2
3
1 2
= ⋅ u2 + C
4 3
3
1
= (2x 2 + 1) 2 + C
6

€
 (x + 1)dx
Example 5: Evaluate ∫ 3
x 2 + 2x + 2
1
Let u = x 2 + 2x + 2 . Then, du = (2x + 2)dx, so dx = du.
2x + 2
1
€ (x + 1)dx (x + 1) ⋅ du
2x + 2
€ ∫ 3
= ∫ 3
u
x 2 + 2x + 2 €
1
(x + 1) ⋅ du
2(x + 1)
= ∫ 3
€ u
1
du
= 2 ∫ 1
u3
1
1 −
=
2
∫u 3
du
2
1 u3
= ⋅ +C
2 2
3
2
1 3
= ⋅ u3 + C
2 2
2
3 2
= (x + 2x + 2) 3 + C
4

PART II:
€
The derivative formulas for the six trigonometric functions can be reversed to
obtain integral formulas.

Trigonometric Integral Formulas

If u is a differentiable function of x, then
1. ∫ cosudu = sin u + C 2. ∫ sin udu = −cos u + C

3. ∫ sec 2
udu = tan u + C 4. ∫ csc 2
udu = −cot u + C
€ €
5. ∫ sec utan udu = sec u + C 6. ∫ csc ucot udu = −csc u + C
€ €

€ €
Example 6: Evaluate ∫ cos(7x + 5)dx
1
Let u = 7x + 5 . Then, du = 7dx, so dx = du.
7
1
∫ cos(7x + 5)dx =
€ ∫ cos u ⋅ 7 du
€ 1
€=
7
∫ cosudu
€ 1
= sin u + C
7
1
= sin(7x + 5) + C
7

1
Example 7: Evaluate ∫ 2
dx
€ cos 2x
1
Let u = 2x. Then, du = 2dx, so dx = du.
2
1 1 1
∫€cos2 2x dx = ∫ cos2 u ⋅ 2 du
€ 1 1
€ = ∫ du
2 cos2 u
€ 1
= ∫ sec 2 udu
2
1
= tan u + C
2
1
= tan2x + C
2

Example 8: Evaluate ∫ sin 4

x cos xdx
€ 1
Let u = sin x . Then, du = cos xdx, so dx = du.
cos x
∫ sin4 x cos xdx =
€
4
∫ u du
€ u5
+C =
€ 5
€ 1
= sin 5 x + C
5

€
 PART III:

Logarithmic and Exponential Integral Formulas

du au
1. ∫ = ln u + C 2. ∫ e udu = e u + C 3. ∫ a u du = +C
u ln a

Example 9: Evaluate ∫ tan xdx

€ € €
sin x
∫ tan xdx = ∫ cos x dx
−1
Let
€ u = cos x . Then, du = −sin xdx, so dx = du.
sin x
sin x
€ ∫ tan xdx = ∫ cos x dx
€
€
sin x −1
= ∫ ⋅ du
€ u sin x
1
= − ∫ du
u
= −ln u + C
−1
= ln u + C
1
= ln +C
u
1
= ln +C
cos x
= ln sec x + C

Example 10: Evaluate ∫e 7x

dx .
€ du
Let u = 7x . Then, du = 7dx, so dx = .
7
7x u du
€∫ e dx = ∫ e ⋅ 7
€ 1
= €∫ e udu
7
€ 1
= eu + C
7
1
= e 7x + C
7

€
 x
Example 11: Evaluate ∫ 1+ x 2
dx
du
Let u = 1+ x 2 . Then, du = 2xdx, so dx = .
2x
x x du
∫
€
1+ x 2
dx = ∫ u ⋅ 2x
€ 1 du
=€ ∫
2 u
€ 1
= ln u + C
2
1
= ln1+ x 2 + C
2

PART IV:
Inverse Trigonometric Integral Formulas
du u du 1 u
1. ∫ = sin−1 + C 2. ∫ 2 2
= tan−1 + C
2
a −u 2 a a +u a a

du 1 u
3. ∫ = sec−1 + C
€
2
u u −a a2 a €

dx
Example 12: Evaluate ∫ 4+ x 2
€
Let a = 2 and u = x.
dx du
∫ 4 + x 2 = ∫ a2 + u2
€
€ 1 u
= tan−1 + C
a a
€ 1 x
= tan−1 + C
2 2

€
 xdx
Example 13: Evaluate ∫
9 − x4
du
Let a = 3 and u = x 2 . Then, du = 2xdx, so dx = .
2x
du
€ xdx x⋅
2x
€ ∫ = ∫
9 − x4 a −€u 2
2

1 du
=
2
∫
a2 − u2
€ 1 u
= sin−1 + C
2 a
1 −1 x 2
= sin +C
2 3

dy
Example 14: Solve the differential equation
2
= 2x(1+ y 2 )e x
€ dx
dy 2
= 2x(1+ y 2 )e x
dx
1 2

2
dy = 2xe x dx €
1+ y
1 2

∫ 1+ y 2 dy = ∫ 2xe x dx
x2
tan−1 y = ∫ 2xe dx
du
Let u = x 2 . Then, du = 2xdx, so dx = .
2x
du
€ tan−1 y = ∫ 2xe ⋅ 2x u

€ u
tan−1 y = ∫€e du
tan−1 y = e u + C
2
tan−1 y = e x + C
2
y = tan(e x + C)

Other€Integral Formulas
1. ∫ tan udu = ln sec u + C or −ln cos u + C 2. ∫ cot udu = ln sin u + C or − ln csc u + C

3. ∫ sec udu = ln sec u + tan u + C 4. ∫ csc udu = ln csc u − cot u + C

€ € €

€ €
PART V:

Solving a Differential Equation with an Initial Value

The general solution of a differential equation involves an arbitrary constant.

However, there may be some extra conditions given that will determine the
constant and therefore uniquely specify the solution.

20
Example 15: Find f(x) if f '(x) = e x + and f(0) = -2.
1+ x 2

dy 20
= ex +
dx € 1+ x 2
20
dy = (e x + )dx
1+ x2
20
∫ dy = ∫ (e x + 1+ x 2 )dx
y = e x + 20 tan−1 x + C
To determine C, we use the fact that f(0) = -2.
−2 = e 0 + 20 tan−1 0 + C
€ −2 = 1+ 20(0) + C
−2 = 1+ C
C = −3
So, the particular solution is:
y = e x + 20tan−1 x − 3
€ f (x) = e x + 20tan−1 x − 3

Example 16: Find f(x) if f ''(x) = 12x 2 + 6x − 4 , f(0) = 4, and f(1) = 1.

€ f '(x) = ∫ (12x 2 + 6x − 4)dx
12x 3 6x 2
f '(x)€= + − 4x + C
3 2
f '(x) = 4 x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 x + C
Using antidifferentiation rules once more, we find that
f (x) = ∫ (4 x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 x + C)dx
€ 4 x 4 3x 3 4 x 2
f (x) = + − + Cx + D
4 3 2
f (x) = x 4 + x 3 − 2x 2 + Cx + D

€
 To determine C and D, we use the given conditions that f(0) = 4 and
f(1) = 1. Since f(0) = 4, we have
f (0) = 0 4 + 0 3 − 2(0) 2 + C(0) + D = 4
D=4
Since f(1) = 1, we have
f (1) = 14 + 13 − 2(1) 2 + C + 4 = 1
€ 1+ 1 − 2 + C + 4 = 1
C + 4 =1
C = −3
Therefore, the particular solution is
f (x) = x 4 + x 3 − 2x 2 − 3x + 4
€