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Chapter 2
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Assoc. Prof. Pham Thi Thu Hien

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Outline

▹ 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources

▹ 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
▹ 2.3 Constructing a Circuit Model
▹ 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
▹ 2.5 Analyzing a Circuit Containing Dependent
Sources

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Circuit elements

Five ideal basic circuit elements:

o voltage sources
o current sources
o resistors
o inductors
o capacitors

Voltage and Current Sources

An electrical source is a device capable of converting nonelectric energy

to electric energy and vice versa.
◎ For example, a discharging battery converts chemical energy to
electric energy, whereas a charging battery converts electric energy
to chemical energy.

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Voltage and Current Sources

◎ An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed
voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing in those
terminals.
◎ An ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a prescribed
current through its terminals regardless of the voltage across those
terminals.

Voltage and Current Sources

◎ An independent source establishes a voltage or current in a circuit without relying on
voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit.
◎ A dependent source establishes a voltage or current whose value depends on the
value of a voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit.

Voltage source Current source Controlled voltage source Controlled current source

Independent source Dependent source

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(a) (b) Circuit symbols for ideal dependent voltage sources and (c) (d) ideal dependent current sources 7

Voltage and Current Sources

Example 2.1:
Use the definitions of the ideal independent
voltage and current sources to determine which
interconnections in Fig. 2.3 are permitted and
which violate the constraints imposed by the ideal
sources

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Voltage and Current Sources

Example 2.2:
State which interconnections in Fig. 2.4 are
permitted and which violate the constraints
imposed by the ideal sources, using the definitions
of the ideal independent and dependent sources.

Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the flow of current or, more
specifically, the flow of electric charge.
The circuit element modeling this behavior is the resistor.

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Electrical Resistance

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Variable resistor

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Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

where
v = the voltage in volts,
i = the current in amperes,
R = the resistance in ohms.

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Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

The reciprocal of resistance is conductance, symbolized by G.

The unit of conductance is the siemens (S) or moh ( )

Example: The circuit symbol for an R = 8Ω resistor → G = 0.125

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Power

i2
p  vi   iR  i  i 2 R 
G

2
v v
p  vi  v     v 2G
R R

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Power

Example 2.3: In each circuit in Figure, either the value of

v or i is not known.
a) Calculate the values of v and i.
b) Determine the power dissipated in each resistor.
Solution:
a)
Fig .(a ) : va  1 8  8V
Fig .(b) : ib   50  0.2   10 A
Fig .(c ) : vc   1 20   20V
50
Fig .(d ) : id    2 A
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Power

Example 2.3: In each circuit in Figure, either the value of

v or i is not known.
a) Calculate the values of v and i.
b) Determine the power dissipated in each resistor.
Solution:
b)

8
2

 1  8   8W
2
Fig .(a ) : p8  
8
Fig .(b) : p0.2    50   0.2   500W
2

 20 
2

 1  20   20W
2
Fig .(c) : p20  
20
 50 
2

  2   25   100W
2
Fig .(d ) : p25  
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Constructing a Circuit Model

Example 2.4: Construct a circuit model of a flashlight. Figure shows a

photograph of a widely available flashlight.

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Constructing a Circuit Model

Solution:

A circuit model for a flashlight.

The arrangement of flashlight components.

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff ’s Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in the circuit equals zero.
N

i (t)  0
n1
n

Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path equals zero
N

v (t) 0
n1
n

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Example 2.5:

(KCL)

is  i1  ic  il
(KVL)

(Ohm’s law)

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Example 2.6: Sum the currents at each node in

the circuit shown in the Figure. Note that there is
no connection dot (•) in the center of the diagram,
where the 4 Ω branch crosses the branch
containing the ideal current source ia.

Solution:
KCL:

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Example 2.7: Sum the voltages around each

designated path in the circuit shown in the Figure.

Solution:
KCL:

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Example 2.8:
a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io in the
circuit shown in the Figure.
b) Test the solution for io by verifying that the total
power generated equals the total power dissipated.

Solution:
KCL: i1  i0  6  0

v0  10i0 i0  3 A

Ohm’s law:  
v1  50i1 i1  3 A
KVL: 120  10i0  50i1  0

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Example 2.8:
a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io in the
circuit shown in the Figure.
b) Test the solution for io by verifying that the total
power generated equals the total power dissipated.

Solution:
The power:

p50    i1   50    3  50   450W
2 2
Note: The 6 A source is delivering 900 W, and the
120 V source and the two resistors are absorbing
p10   i0  10    3 10   90W
2 2
power.
The total power absorbed is:
p112V  120i0  120  3  360W p6A + p50Ω + p 10Ω = 360 + 450 + 90 = 900 W
p6 A  v1 (6), and v1  50i1  50(3)  150V
 p6 A  150(6)  900W 26

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Analyzing a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

Example 2.9: Find the voltage vo for the circuit in

the Figure.

Solution:
KVL:

 500  5i  20i0  0 (KVL)


 i  i0  5i  0 (KCL)

i  4 A

i0  24 A
v  20i  480V
 0 0

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Analyzing a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

Example 2.10:
a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find the voltage vo
as shown in the Figure.
b) Show that your solution is consistent with the
requirement that the total power developed in the circuit
equals the total power dissipated.

Solution:
a)

 10  6is  0 (KVL) is  1.67 A

 
 3is  2i0  3i0  0 (KVL) i0  1 A
Applying Ohm’s law: v0  3i0  3V

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Analyzing a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

Example 2.10:
a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find the voltage vo
as shown in the Figure.
b) Show that your solution is consistent with the
requirement that the total power developed in the circuit
equals the total power dissipated.

Solution:
b) The power delivered to the voltage sources
 p10V  10is  10(1.67)  16.7W
 p  (3i )i  (5)(1)  5W
 3is s 0
 Note: The resistors all absorb power, and the total
 p6  is R  (1.67) (6)  16.7W
2 2
power absorbed is 21.7 W, equal to the total power
 supplied by the sources.
 p2   (1) (2)  2W
2

 p  (1) 2 (3)  3W
 2 29

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Thanks!
Any questions?

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