Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development - Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise,

quality of life improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES take part in decision making
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be Learners should be able to:
able to: THE ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of
practice of development development; Societies develop when various systems interact to cause change. These
within the context of their - Explain the following systems are called aspects of life.
social, economic and divisions: First, Second and
political environment. Third world, Newly
Industrialised Countries, North, - Economic aspect of development is when a country produces more or
South, Least Developed enough for everyone and gets richer or wealthier. This is characterised
Countries and Developed by more industries, better improved technology and higher income.
Countries;
- Give reasons for the differences
- Social aspect of development is when people’s basic needs are fully
in the development levels in met. For example people will have better and more shelter, access to
different countries; clean water.
- Identify and discuss different - Political aspect of development is when people have more freedom
development indicators
including Gross Domestic
and justice in a country. This means that all the basic human rights are
Product (GDP), Gross National guaranteed by law.
Product (GNP), health, life
expectancy, education and THE REASONS WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO MEASURE
energy consumption.
- Show why political aspects of POLITICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
development are difficult to
measure; - Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
- Describe the characteristics of
the developed and developing
touched.
countries; - Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor
- Analyse and evaluate theories human rights violations.
of development: modernisation, - In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their
dependency, sustainable
development and alternative
rights.
strategies; - Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious
beliefs, for example, women being marginalised or there are gender
What is development? inequalities.
- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, of development because countries belief that they are independent
better fed, richer and take part in decision making therefore nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.
- Political aspects of development are affected by different political
- Development is a process of change and growth in societies which systems, for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because
improves people’s quality of life. they are no voting, no freedom of speech.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 DIVISION OF THE WORLD THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF THE COUNTRIES OF
THE SOUTH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
The world can be divided into three groups based on the levels of
development, namely; - The geographical location of countries of the South is that there are
found in Central America, for example, Mexico.
1. Developed/ Industrialised countries/ Countries of the North - The countries of the South are found in South America or Latin
America, for example, Brazil and Argentina.
2. Newly Industrialised Countries (NIC’s) - The countries of the South are mostly located in Africa, for
example, Botswana, Nigeria, Ethopia, Kenya, Egypt, Algeria,
3.Developing Countries / Less Developed Countries/ Countries of Tunisia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique,
the South Somalia, South Africa and Cameroon.
A MAP WHICH SHOWS THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD INTO - The countries of the South are found in South Asia, for example,
COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH AND COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTH India.
- The countries of the South are located in Far East, for example,
Malaysia.
- The countries of the South are found in East Asia, for example,
China.
- The countries of the South are located in the Middle East, for
example, Saudi Arabia.

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Also known as;

 Less Developed Countries
 Third World Countries
 Countries of the South
 Least Developed Countries
 Under Developed Countries
 Middle income or low income Countries

Example: Most African countries, for example, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia

etc
The South American countries are still developing such as Peru, Colombia,
Nicaragua, Chile, Bolivia etc.
Asian countries such as Iran, Iraq , Bangladesh etc.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
They can be divided into two categories based on the ideology that they
Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics followed:
 Developing countries depend on raw  Developed countries have low
materials for export, for example, crop standards of living.  First World Countries/ Capitalist Countries
and minerals.
 They have high levels of  Second World Countries/ Communist Countries
 Developing countries have low levels illiteracy or low education
of industrialisation. levels. These two categories are also known as Countries of the North or
Industrialised Countries or High income countries.
 They have high levels of  Developed countries have
unemployment poor and inadequate social Today the second category is almost non-existent because the countries
facilities, for example, school have either ceased to be communist or they have embedded capitalism in
 Developed countries have low and hospitals. their mode of production, besides Capitalism has now become a world
incomes and widespread poverty. system.
 Developed countries have low
 Developed countries have poorly life expectancy. Example are mostly found in Western Europe, United Kingdom, France,
developed infrastructure. Germany, Spain etc
 They have low urbanisation North America: USA and Canada
 They have low GNP/GDP levels, for example, most Japan, Australia, New Zealand.
people live in the rural areas.
 Developed countries have dependence  Developed countries have few THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
on subsistence agriculture. stable democracies.
 Oppression of women. Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics
 High industrialised  High standards of living
THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE  High employment levels  High levels of literacy
UNDERDEVELOPMENT  High levels of income  Good and adequate social
 The slave trade which depleted Africa’s human resources. facilities, for example,
 Colonialism /imperialism that exploited Africa, for example, took  Highly developed clinics/ hospitals and
raw materials. infrastructure schools
 Developing countries use backward or poor technology.  High GNP/ GDP  High calorie intake or food
 Developing countries depend on cheap raw materials for export. intake
 Developed countries set unfair international trading terms that  High energy consumption  Low birth rates and low
disadvantage developing countries. population growth rate
 Developing countries have unskilled and less productive labour  High levels of urbanisation
force.
 Huge foreign debts.
 Neo-colonialism, for example, domination of the economies by
developed countries through Trans National Companies.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE HIGHLY NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES
DEVELOPED
 Developed countries use advanced technology to produce goods These are countries that have achieved industrialisation in the last thirty
and services. years. They used to be less developed.
 Developed countries have long history of urbanisation. For example, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, Brazil,
 Colonialism is the other reason why developed countries are highly Indonesia, Mexico etc.
developed.
 Developed countries are highly developed because of importation THE MAPS WHICH SHOWS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF
of raw materials at cheap rates from Less Developed Countries. NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES (NICs)
 Developed countries are selling or exporting expensive
manufactured goods
 In developed countries, there are highly skilled and productive
work forces.
 Developed countries have control and domination of the World
Trade.
THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF
THE NORTH
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that there
is high use of complex technology to produce goods.
- The countries of the North have high development of transport and
telecommunication networks or high infrastructural development.
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they
dominate international trade or they have high share of
international trade.
- The countries of the North have high income or high wages.
- The countries of the North have high energy consumption because THE LOCATION OF THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING
people own many electrical appliances such computers, televisions COUNTRIES IS AS FOLLOWS:
and refrigerators. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Southern Africa, for
- The countries of the North have high industrialization or mass example, South Africa.
production or high manufacturing of goods. - Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries
- The economic characteristic of the North is that they export such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and
finished goods and they import raw materials. China.
- The countries of the North have low percentage population - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South of North
depending on agriculture because few people practise commercial America, for example, Mexico.
agriculture. - Newly Industrialising Countries are found in Northeast of South
- The countries of the North have high GNP because they have America, for example, Brazil.
many industries that produce goods and services. - The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in South Asia, for
- The countries of the North have high GNP per capita. example, India.
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is that they - Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Middle East, for
have high GDP. example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED
COUNTRIES THE CHALLENGES WHICH ARE FACED BY THE NEWLY
INDUSTRIALISING COUNTRIES
Economic Characteristics Social Characteristics
 NIC’s have fast growing  NIC’s have rapid - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
industrial sector urbanisation high inflation rates/ weak currencies/ high fuel prices.
 NIC’s have greater  They have improving - The Newly Industrialising Countries faces the challenge of having
dependence on exports of standard of living. foreign debt or debt crisis.
manufactured goods.  NIC’s are having higher - The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
 They have rapidly levels of education the wide gap between the rich and the poor or huge disparities of
commercialised agricultural therefore high literacy. wealth.
sector, for example, from  They have improved - The Newly Industrialised Countries are faced with the challenge of
subsistence to commercial provision of social services dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National Companies
agriculture.  NIC’s have rising life who move their investment of the country.
 NIC’s have raising income expectancy. - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
levels. depletion of their natural resources or damage to the environment.
 They have falling birth and
 They have emergence of - The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of fast
population growth rate.
new Trans National growth of the private sector which makes it difficult to be controlled
Companies, for example, by the government.
Samsung, Daewoo, Kia, all - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
from South Korea. exploitation of workers by the employer.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
declining exports because of tough competition from the mostly
THE REASONS WHY THE NIC’s DEVELOPED SO FAST
developed countries or in the world market.
 The NIC’s have heavy investment in science and technology
- The challenge faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries is that of
education.
high expenditure on imports and less on exports.
 They have large scale foreign direct investment, for example, - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
Multi-National Companies/ Trans National Companies. declining real income.
 Export Oriented Industrialisation based on the production of - The Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of
consumer goods for the world market. corruption.
 Foreign Aid from the developed western countries in an attempt to - Newly Industrialising Countries are faced with the challenge of urban
stop the spread of communism, for example, South East Asia. poverty.
 NIC’s got loans from international financial institution, for
example, World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
 NIC’s have technology transfer from the Western countries
 They have cheap labour costs that helped to attract foreign
investment.
 NIC’s had agricultural and land reform that helped to modernize
and improve productivity.
 They have heavy investment in modern infrastructure.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES IN THE - Developed countries have created dependency syndrome in
DEVELOPMENT LEVELS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES developing countries by giving them aid or assistance, for example,
foreign aid in the form of grants and loans.
Explain why there are differences in the levels of development between
developed and developing countries.
THE FACTORS THAT SLOW DOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE
- The differences in levels of development between developed and DEVELOPING/SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
developing countries is that developed countries export finished
goods whereas developing countries export raw materials. - The factor that slows down development in the developing countries
is lack of funds.
- Developed countries have skilled manpower because they have many
educational institutions and developing countries have brain drain - Developing countries have slow down development because of use of
because most of skilled people prefer working in developed countries. poor technology to produce goods and services.

- The difference in levels of development between developed countries - The slowdown in development of developing countries is caused by
and developing countries is that developed countries dominate or lack of skilled labour because of poor education.
control world trade whereas developing countries have less control
over world trade. - The factor that slow down development in developing countries is
caused by wars and conflicts.
- Developed countries have many Multinational companies which
contribute towards government revenue by paying tax and developed - Developing countries have slow down development because they
countries have huge debts because they have only few companies that have high populations.
export finished goods.
- The slowdown in development in developing countries is caused by
- There is peace in developed countries whereas developing countries corruption and mismanagement of public funds by most of the leaders
are involved in political instabilities caused by wars and civil strife. for their own personal benefit.

- Developed countries policies are directed to high infrastructural - Developing countries have slow down in development due to brain
development while developing countries policies are directed towards drain because many skilled people in developing countries prefer
poverty and disease eradication. working in developed countries.

- The difference in levels of development between developed countries - The factor that slows down development in developing countries is
and developing countries is that developed countries use advanced dependency syndrome. This means developing depend on developed
technology to produce goods whereas developing countries use countries in order for them to develop.
simple technology to produce goods.
- Developing countries are involved in foreign debts which slow down
- Developed countries have high skilled manpower whereas developing their development; for example, they get loans from financial
countries have shortage of skilled manpower. institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and
developed countries.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 MEASURING DEVELOPMENT/ INDICATORS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
Indicator Economic Development 1. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Developed Developing
GNP High Low What is infant mortality rate?
GDP high Low - Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first
GNP per capita High low birthday per thousand per year in a country.
Energy consumption High low - Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their
Employment High low
Number of people in Less people in agriculture More people in agriculture
first birthday in a country.
Agriculture THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE A HIGH
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Social Development
Indicator Developed Developing - Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Low High to health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses.
Life expectancy High Low - There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health
Death rate Low High conditions as kwashiorkor
Birth rate Low High
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy
Doctor-patient ratio Low High
Teacher-student ratio Low High which may lead to delivery complications.
Number of people per Low High - Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS
telephone because some of the babies are born with the virus.
Number of people per tap Low: Many houses with High: few houses with water - The reason why developing countries have high infant mortality rate is
water
Dependency ratio Low High
Poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions
Literacy rate High Low - Developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of poor
Adult literacy rate High Low care / parent negligence
Calorie intake High Low
Daily food intake High Low 2. LIFE EXPECTANCY
Political Development What is life expectancy?
Indicator Developed Developing
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to
Democracy
Peace Civil wars/civil strife live in a country.
Elections More Few
Women in managerial positions More Few What is life expectancy at birth?
Human rights - Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is
Freedom likely to live in a country.
Number of wrongful imprisonment
Number of political parties in a country
Percentage of people who vote during elections

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE REASONS WHY LESS DEVELOPED/ DEVELOPING - Countries provide primary health care to citizens which focuses on the
/THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES HAVE HIGHER INFANT prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick, for example,
MORTALITY RATE provision of clean water, health education and immunisation
- The reason why developing countries have high infant mortality rate is programme.
that of shortage of health facilities where health care can be provided - In the world some of the countries provide citizens with better
by doctors and nurses. nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary
- High infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by feeding such as Tsabana.
widespread of diseases and epidemics, for example, cholera, malaria
and HIV/AIDS. 3. CALORIE INTAKE
- Developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of poor
nutrition which may lead to kwarshikor due to high unemployment What is calorie intake?
rate or poor farming methods. - Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten in a country.
- High infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by poor
sanitation and hygiene. THE REASONS FOR LOW CALORIE INTAKE IN DEVELOPING
- Infant mortality rate is high in developing countries because of poverty COUNTRIES
which lead to low living standard. - The reason for low calorie intake in developing countries is that
there is high unemployment so less money to buy food
THE REASONS WHY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAVE - There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
LOWER INFANT MORTALITY RATE - Developing countries have quality and quantity food shortage
- Developed countries have adequate health facilities where health care because of drought
is provided by trained doctors and nurses. - The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to
- Low infant mortality rate in developed countries is caused by determine food quality
immunisation programmes that help to eradicate child killer diseases, - Developing countries have low calorie intake because of low
for example, cholera, malaria and polio. productivity in agriculture.
- Developed countries have low infant mortality rate because of - Low calorie intake in developing countries is caused by drought
adequate and balanced nutrition. and famines.
- Low infant mortality rate in developed countries is caused by good - Developing countries have low calorie intake due to wars and
sanitation and hygiene. political instability.
- Infant mortality rate is low in developing countries because of high
living standard. THE REASONS FOR HIGH CALORIE INTAKE IN DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
THE REASONS WHY WORLD LIFE EXPECTANCY IS RISING - Developed countries have high calorie intake because of high
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water income because most of the people are employed.
supplies to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera. - High calorie intake in developed countries is caused by surplus
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens food production.
to improve hygiene. - Developed countries have high calorie intake due to high levels of
- The world life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care education.
whereby there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and - Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of the use of
nurses. advanced technology to produce food.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 4. LITERACY RATE - The girls drop out of school because they marry or get pregnant
which lead to the difference between male and female literacy rate.
Define literacy rate - Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons
- Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number - It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male
of people who are able to read and write in a country. counterpart (and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending
them to school is a waste of time and money
What is the importance of literacy to development?
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS LOW SCHOOL ENROLMENT CAN
- The importance of literacy to development is that when people are HAVE ON A COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT
able to read and write they are able to learn / acquire new skills
easily - The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a
- They can better participate in decision making and national country’s development is low literacy rate
campaigns e.g. elections, immunisation programmes - The low school enrolment can have negative effect on a country’s
- They can read and understand environmental issues/conservation development because it can lead to fewer skilled personnel
better - Increase the gap between the educated rich & the uneducated poor
- Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes - The negative effect of low school enrolment may lead to fewer
privacy e.g. reading own letters or mail people will be involved in decision making
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to - Low school enrolment may lead to high birth rates because of lack
better hygiene and lower infant mortality rate (IMR). of knowledge on how to use contraceptives.
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate - The negative effects of low school enrolment on country’s
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. development lead to High Infant Mortality Rate or death rates
at the post office, credit facilities forms and can even write because of lack of knowledge on how to take care of their babies.
application letters for jobs etc.
THE CHALLENGES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN
5. ADULT LITERACY RATE TRYING TO IMPROVE THEIR CITIZENS’ EDUCATION

Define adult literacy rate - The challenge faced by developing countries in trying to improve
- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people their citizen’s education is that they have shortage of funds which
18 years and above who can read and write in a country. lead to inadequate educational facilities.
- The challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve
Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female their citizens’ education is shortage of trained personnel, for
example, teachers.
literacy rate
- Developing countries inaccessible educational facilities because of
shortage of funds, for example, students have to walk long
THE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND distances to access educational facilities.
FEMALE LITERACY RATES - Uncooperative, unruly & bad behaved students
- Corruption and bribery
- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy - Developing countries have high unemployment rate which makes
rate is that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are parents to be unable to pay school fees.
expected to stay home and help their mothers

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 THE CAUSES OF HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUT RATES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAVE LOWER BIRTH AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH RATE BECAUSE OF:
- Widespread of use of contraceptives and also family planning is
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries due done.
to teenage pregnancy. - High levels of education.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because - Social security as they have pension schemes in place.
domestic responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock - High standards of living that make a large family expensive to
- Poverty causes high school dropout rates in developing countries have.
because of inability to pay school fees by some parents - Banning of child labour.
- In developing countries , there is high school dropout rates because
of early marriage. SOCIAL INDICATORS CAN BE USED TO MEASURE
- Family disputes / divorce / lack of parental guidance DEVELOPMENT IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS
- High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by
diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS, TB, etc. / accidents leading to - When infant mortality rate is low it means that development is
disability high and when infant mortality rate is high, it means that
- Developing countries have high school dropout because of civil development is low.
wars e.g. Ethiopia/Eritrea, Sudan etc.
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by long - High literacy rate means that a country is developed whereas low
distance to educational facilities or school literacy rate means that a country is less developed or developing.

6. BIRTH RATE/ POPULATION GROWTH RATE - High Birth Rate means that a country is less developed and a low
Birth Rate means that a country is developed.
What is birth rate / Population growth rate?
Birth rate is the number of babies per 1000 born in a year in a country. - When there is a high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country
Population growth rate is the speed at which the population grows in a is less developed and a low doctor-patient ratio means that the
year, and it is expressed in percentages in a country. country is developed.

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE HIGH BIRTH AND - High life expectancy shows that the country is developed and a
POPULATION GROWTH RATES BECAUSE OF: low life expectancy shows that the country is less developed.

- Large family seen as a symbol of social prestige, for example, - High calorie intake shows that a country is developed whereas a
proves ones virility. low calorie intake shows that a country is less developed.
- Ignorance of the use of family planning and contraceptives.
- Low levels of education.
- Children are regarded as a source of social security
- Early marriages.
- Polygamy
- Desires for sons if girls are born first to continue family name
because girls get married and change the surname.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
 ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT - GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades;
economists only count goods and services marketed openly and
1. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT recorded by government.
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate / concealing of actual
Define Gross National Product earnings to avert tax or Business officials hiding information
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or outdated
- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a - There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
country produces in one year including earnings from abroad or - GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from
outside the country. the economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental
consequences of wealth/ignores happiness
Define GNP per capita
THE REASONS WHY COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH/DEVELOPED
- GNP per capita is the proportion / share of a country’s wealth each COUNTRIES HAVE A HIGHER GNP THAN THOSE OF THE
individual is entitled to if the country’s money is shared equally / SOUTH/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
evenly amongst the population
- The countries of the North have mass production due to use of
- GNP per capita is the total money value of goods and services complex and many industries whereas countries of the South have low
produced within and outside the country divided by the total production because of use of simple technology and few industries.
population - Countries of the North export a lot of high value / expensive goods &
services while countries of the South export low value goods and
THE ADVANTAGES OF GNP PER CAPITA services.
- GNP per capita is a standard measure, therefore, allows easy - The reason why countries of the North have high GNP is because they
comparison between countries and years. price the commodities themselves while the prices of raw materials
- The data on GNP per capita is available from the World Bank. from the countries of the South are determined by the North.
- GNP per capita highlights international wealth differences. - The countries of the North have favourable terms of trade whereas
- GNP per capita is better than raw GNP measurement, which ignores countries of the South have unfavourable conditions of trade because
the size of the population, or GDP, which does not include investments are determined by the countries of the North.
abroad. - Most Multi-National Companies originate from countries of the North
- GNP per capita helps to estimate productivity capacity of country’s and operate in other countries which lead profit repatriation
economy. - Countries of the North earn a lot of interest from loans to the
THE DISADVANTAGES OF GNP PER CAPITA developing countries.
The reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development
2. ENERGY USE/ ENERGY CONSUMPTION
- The reason why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development
is that few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, Define Energy use/ Energy consumption
etc. leaving the majority very poor i.e. it ignores the difference
between the rich and the poor within the country Energy consumption is the average amount of kilograms of oil, gas,
electricity or wood that utilized by each person in a country.

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MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MODULE 1
- Developed countries use large quantities of energy while Developing - Impartial/ fair justice
countries use small quantities. - Law and order
- Developed countries use a lot of energy because they have a lot of - Peace and security
industries, machines, vehicles and gadgets that use electricity and have - Equal opportunities in all spheres of life.
large urban areas.
- Developing countries use smaller quantities of energy because there However if these conditions are not met, there is bound to be discrimination
have very few industries, vehicles and machines. Most work is done
manually.

3. EMPLOYMENT

In developed countries there are a lot of employment opportunities in:

- Large industrial sector
- Large commercial service sector
- Quarternary sector

In developing countries employment is very low because of

- Small industrial sector
- Small commercial sector
- Dependence on subsistence agriculture.

4. TRADE

Developed countries are dependent on exporting manufactured or finished

products.
Developing countries are dependent on exports of raw materials.

POLITICAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN RIGHTS: These are things or conditions that every person is

entitled to have and they are part of the constitution of every country.

Respect for human rights marks a high level of development for any
country.
Conditions that fulfil human rights include the following:
- Regular free and fair elections
- Freedom of speech or opinion
- Right to education
- Freedom of association and worship

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 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT  Technology is still simple or rudimentary.
 People live a simple life, therefore low standard of living.
A theory is a set of ideas offering explanation about something.  In traditional society, people practice barter trading.
Theories of development are ideas from such disciplines as economics,  Traditional societies have few towns
politics and sociology that attempt to explain how the world can be
developed. Stage 2: Pre-Conditions for takeoff is when there is improvement of
Different views have been brought forward, these include: transport network, for example, roads, canals and railways.
 Modernisation theory  Agriculture revolution, for example, changes from subsistence to
 Dependency theory commercial farming.
 Sustainable Development theory  In Pre-Conditions for takeoff stage, there is introduction of
 Environmentalism and sustainable development theory fertilizers, hybrids and pesticides.
 Populism  Specialisation of work begins.
 Globalisation  Improved technology that raises productivity.
 Gender and Development  Urbanisation starts.

Stage 3: Take-off is when industry stimulates city growth.

 There is rapid urbanisation in take-off stage.
 Investment in capital goods rises and quickens economic growth.
 In take-off stage, some people become rich.

Stage 4: Drive to Maturity is when there is rapid increase in

manufacturing and service industries, have more exports and fewer imports.
 More people dependent on paid employment and wages generally
improve.
 Agriculture now fully mechanized with very few people engaged
in it, more people in industries.
 Demand for consumer goods increases.
MODERNISATION THEORY
Stage 5: The Age of High Consumption is when there is high production
Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that states that for developing of consumer goods.
countries to advance, they should copy development pattern that was taken  Large services sector that employs the majority of the people.
by the developed countries.  High standards of living as wages are good for most people.

It is also referred to as the ‘Stages of Growth theory’. POLICY IMPLICATIONS/ PRINCIPLES

The theory suggests that a country goes through the following stages of Policies that should be implemented:
development.  There should be investment in industry and infrastructure.
 Apply or borrow ideas from the Capitalist countries of the North.
Stage 1: Traditional society stage depends on subsistence agriculture.

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  There should be emphasis on the importance of education and  Capitalism is not the only way to achieve development, USSR and
training. China developed under the Socialist mode of production.
 People should give up their traditional habits and experiment with  Developing countries are unable to follow the pattern of
new ideas. development because developed countries control their economies
 There should be change from subsistence agriculture to and determine trade terms.
commercial agriculture.  Globalisation, Multi National Companies, free trade all make it
 New production technologies should be introduced. difficult for developing countries to develop.
 There should be specialisation in production.  There is an unfair international trading term that favours the
 Urbanisation should take place. developed countries at the expense of the developing countries, the
 There should be industrialisation. trade terms are set or determined by the developed countries.
 People should be patient enough to accept less income until the  In many countries the wealth has never trickled down.
economy of the country has grown.  In some countries industrialisation is slow with the economy
trapped by dependence on producing primary products.
THE STRENGTHS/ ADVANTAGES OF MODERNISATION
THEORY DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF THE MODERNISATION THEORY

 Modernisation theory shows the importance of capital investment The traditional society is where people practise barter system and
as a fuel for economic development. subsistence farming. The people make simple crafts. The people also
 Modernisation theory lays emphasis on the need for change in the experience low standards of living. The Preconditions for take-off stage is
attitudes and ways of life of people. where new technology arises. The people start to practise commercial
 Modernisation theory stresses the need to work hard for little farming. The specialisation increases in this stage. In this stage urbanisation
money, for example, working for low wages so as to enjoy full starts to happen. The people start to use hybrid seeds and fertilizers. The
benefits later. take-off stage is when there is investment in capital goods. There is also
 Modernisation theory recognises that change can be unpleasant and growth of cities in the take-off stage. Some people become rich. In take-off
that certain groups will suffer in the process. stage there is rapid urbanisation. The Drive to maturity/ maturity stage is
where manufacturing dominates the economy. There are more exports than
THE WEAKNESSES/ DISADVANTAGES OF MODERNISATION imports in drive to maturity stage. The wages increase as most people get
THEORY employed. The demand for consumer goods increases. The age of high
consumption/ high mass consumption stage is where service industries and
consumer goods dominate the economy. The wages are high for many
 Modernisation theory neglects political and social development.
people. Many people experience high living standards.
 Modernisation theory ignores the fact developing countries are
affected by circumstances beyond their control that are deterrent to
DESCRIBE THE BENEFITS TO THE PEOPLE OF A COUNTRY
development, for example, natural disasters.
WHERE MODERNISATION HAS TAKEN PLACE.
 Modernisation theory neglects the fact that some people value their
cultural practices too much to relinquish them.
The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
 Modernisation theory also ignores the fact that developing is that they will be technological development or people will start to use
countries lack cheap sources of raw materials that developed modern technology. In a country were modernisation has taken place there
countries got from their former colonies. will be infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads, hospitals and
schools. The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has

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taken place is having human resource development/ skilled manpower/ high Dependency theorists argue that developing countries would be better off if
literacy rate because the modernisation theory emphasis training and they break off economic relations with the developed countries and develop
education. The countries were modernisation has taken place people will on their own.
have improved standard of living. In a country were modernisation has
taken place they will be improved service delivery through research and POLICY IMPLICATIONS/ PRINCIPLES
development. The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation
has taken place is availability of affordable goods. They will be wealth  The Countries of the South/ developing countries should cut
creation in a country where modernisation has taken place. They will be economic links with Countries of the North/ developed countries.
employment creation in a country where modernisation has taken place.  Developing countries should reduce spending on consumer goods
but spend more on capital goods, for example, machinery.
DEPENDENCY THEORY  Countries of the South should save and invest locally instead of
borrowing.
Define dependency theory  Local inventions should be encouraged, for example, development
of local technology.
Dependency is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable to copy  Developing countries should become self-sufficient reliant.
and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North exploited  Dependency theory encourages people to be patient and sacrifice
the South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the South poor for a better future.

- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that states that in order to THE STRENGTHS/ ADVANTAGES OF DEPENDENCY THEORY
advance, developing countries should rely less on developed ones.
 It focuses on all aspects of development which are social,
- It argues that less developed countries became economically reliant political, economic and environmental development.
on the North and thus the North became industrialised at the  Dependency theory acknowledges the inter-linkage of countries
expense of the South who remained underdeveloped globally.
 Dependency theory explains the crippling effect of colonialism.
Dependency was developed in the 1960’s to try and explain why  Dependency theory emphasis the need for self reliance in capital
developing countries were failing to develop. and technology.

Europe and North America became rich and developed through exploiting THE WEAKNESSES /DISADVANTAGES OF DEPENDENCY
the poor countries during colonialism. THEORY
 It ignores the fact that the South lacks investment capital that
They exploited resources of developing countries and neglected their would make cutting links difficult.
economies by not developing any industries or infrastructure.  Dependency theory also ignores the fact that the developing
countries would lose the benefits of international trade if it cuts
Exploitation is still continuing today in the form of Neo-Colonialism, that links with the Countries of the North.
is the control of the economies of developing countries through;
 Producing for the local market may result in the inefficient use of
 Trans National Corporations or Multi National Companies resources.
 International loans (the debt trap)  It neglects the fact that most people in the South aspire to the
 Foreign Aid Control lifestyle of the people of the Countries of the North, and may
 International trade

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 likely object when asked to stop importing products from
Countries of the North. - Sustainable Development is the wise use of resources by the
 Most developing countries lack the capacity to develop the present generation to meet its needs so that future generations
industrial technology own their own. could also meet their needs.
 Governments will face a lot of opposition if they stop importing
western goods, for example, television and cars. Sustainable Development was developed in the 1970’s as a response to
 Some countries which have links with the Countries of the North the damage to the environment by the developed countries, for
developed successfully without cutting links with the Countries of example, pollution, depletion of species and resources, soil erosion,
the North, for example, Cuba and Tanzania. desertification and rapidly rising global population.
There was also concern with the unequal sharing of the world’s
SUGGEST THREE WAYS IN WHICH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES resources, for example, 80% are consumed by the developed countries
CAN USE THE DEPENDENCY THEORY TO DEVELOP. and 20% by developing countries.
It calls for both equitable sharing and the caring for the environment.
- The way in which developing countries can use dependency theory
to develop is by breaking off all links with the West and become
self -reliant. POLICY IMPLICATIONS/ PRINCIPLES

- Developed countries can use dependency theory to develop by - There should be conservation of the environment.
avoid borrowing from outside but save and invest within the - Population growth should be stabilized, for example, contraceptive
country. use and family planning.
- World agreements on environmental issues should be set up.
- The way in which developing countries can use dependency theory - There should be equitable distribution of resources of the world.
to develop is by spending less on consumer goods. - Use of appropriate technology to conserve resources and limit
pollution.
- Developed countries can use dependency theory to develop by - Recycling and reuse to prevent depletion.
using appropriate technology and make its own industries or
encourage local inventions. THESTRENGTHS/ ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT THEORY
- The way in which developing countries can use dependency theory
to develop by encouraging its people to exercise patience, work  Sustainable Development encourages one to think about
hard and shun modern lifestyles. conservation, which is a good thing.
 It highlights the dangers facing the globe, such as pollution.
 Sustainable Development makes people aware that they have the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THEORY common problems.
 Makes the world realize the need for cooperation in solving
Define Sustainable Development: environmental problem.
 It alerts the world to the unfair distribution of the global resources.
- Sustainable Development is the wise use of resources by the
present generation to meet its needs without jeopardizing the
ability of future generations to meet their needs

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 THE WEAKNESSES/ DISADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT THEORY GENDER DEVELOPMENT

 Sustainable development ignores the possibility of the discovery of There has been a realisation that women, despite being the majority
new sources of resources. population, have been excluded from most areas such as:
 It dispels the possibility of a development of new technologies Political rights, there are few women in leadership positions.
which will help increase food supply, reduce pollution, and
substitutes for minerals that pollute the environment, for example, Legal rights, no laws protecting women against oppression or
solar energy for wood and coal. abuse.
 Sustainable development neglects a possibility of people and
government joining hands to find ways of equitable distribution of Access to education and training, most girls are uneducated
resources. because they are regarded as being less important.

THE WAYS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN Access to property, most societies prohibit women from owning
A COUNTRY property, for example, land and livestock.

- Stock piling of minerals / preservation until prices in the world The unequal treatment at the work place, women are given low
market has improved. paying jobs even if they have the same qualifications as men, for
- Introduction of Legislation / seasonal hunting / quotas / hunting example, managerial positions are held by men mostly.
licenses / National Parks & Game Reserves / Anti-poaching laws
to prevent extinction of natural resources. GENDER EQUALITY IN DEVELOPMENT
- Stabilising population growth e.g. planning for small families,
birth control, practicing population control, giving incentives to The move to include women in development started in the 1970’s and
small families or penalize for large families 1980’s as a result of the pressure from human and women’s rights groups.
- Conservation measures; tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, There was a realisation that sidelining women and serious implications.
refuse, clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming methods,
Wildlife Management Areas THE PROBLEMS OF SIDELINING WOMEN
- Education on resource use
- Use of synthetic products - More than half of the human resources are underutilized.
- Finding alternative energy sources, for example, the use of solar - Large population families because women are ignorant of birth
energy instead of coal which causes air pollution. control because of being illiterate.
- Poor health for families and consequently an unhealthy nation.
- Less skilled manpower.
- Fewer enterprises since women have less access to credit.

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 POLICIES THAT WILL ALLOW WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STRENGTHS/ ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALISATION
DEVELOPMENT
There will be emergence of more democratic system in the world.
- Giving women full access to credit capital. More economic opportunities will be developed, especially for developing
- Giving women property rights. countries.
- Giving women access to education, for example, universal
education (compulsory and free). THE WEAKNESSES/ DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALISATION
- Affirmative action for women ,that is programmes that deliberately
accelerates the promotion of women over men in education, Globalisation may perpetuate domination of the world trade by the
politics, business and the workplace. developed nations.
- Promoting women’s organisations that fight for their rights, for
example, Emang Basadi and Metlhaetsile. The regional blocks that already exist run against the concept of free trade.
- Including gender studies in the school curriculum to remove
prejudice among the young population. THE DEVELOPMENT THAT SHOW THE GROWTH OF A
- Legislation ,passing laws that gives equal rights to both men and GLOBAL VILLAGE
women.
GLOBALISATION - The emergence of satellite and high-tech global information
systems, for example, DSTV and internet.
Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world
should become once nation in order to bring democracy as a way of - Globalised patterns of consumerism, for example, consumer rights
maintaining peace and stability. movements.

Globalisation is the integration of the world’s economic, social and political - Growing appeal for a universalized wealthy ‘cosmopolitan life
systems into one entity. style’.

It involves interaction and interdependence of all the countries in the world- - Nation’s participation in world sport such as Miss World and FIFA
The Global village. World Cup.
Globalisation came about after the collapse of the Communist bloc in the
1980’s. capitalism became the dominant political and economic system. - Relative decline of the Soviet Block, and other blocks.

POLICY IMPLICATIONS/ PRINCIPLES - The growth of regional and international agencies and
organisations.
- Organisations for economic cooperation for both developed and
developing nations must implement -mutually agreeable and - Emergence of Human Rights Protection Organisations, for
sustainable policies to reinforce macro-economic structures. example, Ditshwanelo.
- Infrastructure should be improved in developing countries.
- There should be fostering of good governance and participatory
democracy.
- Policy makers in developing countries should facilitate the
dissemination and application of technological knowledge.

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 THE ELEMENTS/ CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALISATION THE GLOBALISATION CHALLENGES FOR AFRICA

- Globalisation improves technology and production, for example,  Education and training to produce competitive people who can
use of automated machines, information technology and work anywhere in the world.
technology transfers to the developing countries.
 Regional integration and continental Union to enable African
- Globalisation integrated global communication network, for economies to compete on the international market.
example, satellite, radio, television and radio networks, the internet
and global media publication such as newspapers and magazines.  Controlling the repatriation of profits by Trans-National
Corporations.
- Globalisations lead to trade liberation which is the removal of trade
barriers to facilitate the free movement of goods and services  Controlling the brain drain, for example, the flight of skilled and
across international boarders. professional labour to the developed countries.

- Globalisation leads to the rise of Trans-National Corporations,  Globalisation leads to shifting from primary production to
Global business empires with subsidiaries all over. They are far secondary production.
much more powerful economically than national governments.
 Globalisation leads to controlling the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
- Globalisation caused decline of sovereign state, independent nation
states will cease to exist and to be replaced by regional and
 Globalisation builds a stable political climate in order to be able to
international economic groupings, for example, European Union. attract investment.
THE PROBLEM CREATED BY GLOBALISATION
 Changing the African mindset from consumerism to saving,
investment and production.
- Increase in poverty and inequalities between the developed and
developing countries.
 Respect for human rights and upholding their dignity and pride.
- Globalisation leads to concentration of capital and wealth in the
developed countries.  The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of
globalisation is that of development of international crime
- It lead to emergence of Trans-National Corporations that are syndicates or terrorism.
difficult to control and monitor.
 The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of increase
- Globalisation caused marginalization of the developed countries of brain drain as a result of globalisation because most of skilled
from the global village because they lack capital, technology, skills people in developed countries prefer working in developed
and have weak economies that are unable to compete. countries.

- Globalisation cause environmental degradation by Trans-National  The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of
Corporation. globalisation is that of the dominance or control of the economy by

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 the Multi-National Companies taking profit away to their countries
of origin.  The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is
through international policing/ Interpol/ peaceful interventions.
 The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of lack of
funds to educate and train people to compete for jobs locally or  The way through which globalisation encourages development is
have high illiteracy rate. by increase of Trans-National Companies.

 The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of  The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is
globalisation is that of HIV and AIDS killing their skilled through formation of regional and international groupings such as
manpower. European Union and African Union.

 The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of having  The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is
weak economies which fail to compete in a globalised world through the promotion of democracy.
because of dependence on exporting raw materials instead of
finished goods.  The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is
through the free movement of labour.
 The countries of the South are faced with the challenge of loss of
sovereignty as a result of globalisation.  The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is
through the encouragement of investment or saving.
 The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of
globalisation is that of loss of culture. POPULISM
Populism is a set of ideas that emphasizes that people should be agents of
 The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of their own development.
globalisation is that of difficult to accept change. They should deal with their problems on an individual level.
They should deal with their problems via local non-governmental and
THE WAYS THROUGH WHICH GLOBALISATION voluntary organisations.
ENCOURAGES DEVELOPMENT OF ALL COUNTRIES
The theory recognizes three sets of problems as obstructing human
 The way through which globalisation encourages development of development:
all countries is by transfer of technology from developed countries
to less developed countries, for example, automated machines.  Concentration of power within government bureaucracies and
/Improvement of technology/ from simple technology to complex large private sector firms and organisation.
technology, for example automated machines.  The tendency to evoke narrow economic and technical criteria and
procedures as a basis for their decisions and general operations.
 The way by which globalisation is used to develop the world is  Exclusive mechanisms working through the state and the market
through introduction of global communication networks, for marginalize the vast majority of poor people from political and
example, internet and televisions. economic life.

 The way through which globalisation encourages development is Populism also opposes large –scale industrialisation and, instead, supports
by trade liberalisation or promotes foreign exchange. smaller scale and community-oriented ventures in industry and agriculture.

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