BIOMOLECULES

Module in Science 10
Quarter 4 ● Weeks 3-4

SHEILAC G. GARLEJO
Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

Published by:
Learning Resource Management and Development System
DepEd CAR

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12 Curriculum
through the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City - Curriculum Implementation
Division (CID). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an
enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is
acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this
material for commercial purposes and profit.

2
 What I Need to Know

Hello learner! We typically get Biomolecules from food. This is why we must eat
in the first place. Biomolecules are substances that are produced by cells and living
organisms serve to keep them alive.
Can you recall your lesson about the different food groups? In Grade 9, you
learned that bonding characteristics of carbon results in the formation of larger variety
of compounds.Today, we will continue learning about these substances.
In this module, you will learn about compounds that are important to life. These
compounds belong to the four main classes of biomolecules namely: carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

While going through this module, you are expected to:

● differentiate biomolecules from one another in terms of their structure

and function;
● recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What I Know

Read carefully and be honest in answering what you know. This pre-test will determine
your prior knowledge of the topic.

1. An athlete will usually consume this type of biomolecule the night before the big
game or event.
A. protein B. lipids C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acid
2. Which of the following are the building blocks(monomers) of protein?
A. nucleic acids B. amino acids C. fatty acids D. glycerol
3. The following are types of lipids, except____.
A. steroid B. triglyceride C. fats and oil D. disaccharide
4. The bulk of dietary fiber and makes plant cells and tissues structurally rigid
belongs to what group of carbohydrates?
A. sucrose B. cellulose C. starch D. glucose
5. Which of the following food contains protein?
A. rice B. salmon fish C. thymine D. coconut oil

2
6. Which of the following sugar classifications is incorrectly matched?
A. monosaccharide: fructose C. polysacharide : triglyceride
B. disaccharide : maltose D. monosacchide: glucose

7. If you want to include fructose in your diet, which of the following is most
recommended?
A. crackers B. lugaw C. chocolate D. apple

8. Which of the following biomolecules is responsible for the determination of

hereditary traits?
A. nucleic acids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. lipids
9. What type of organic compound contains the following elements C,H,O,N, and P?
A.protein B. nucleic acid C. lipids D. carbohydrates
10. This biomolecule make up the cell membrane, heat insulator, and serves as
starting materials for the formation of hormones, vitamins and bile acids.
A. lipids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. nucleic acid
11. DNA and RNA are two types of which biomolecule?
A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acid D. protein
12. What type of lipids are part of the structure of the cell membranes, and are
significant in the transport of lipids in the body ?
A. steroids B. phospholipids C. waxes D. triglycerides
13. Nutrition and cooking experts agree that one of the most versatile and
healthy oils to cook with and eat is olive oil. What could be the reason?
A. It is typically solid at room temperature.
B. The bonds between all the carbon are single bonds.
C. It comes chiefly from animal food products.
D. Mainly plant based fats and it has on double or triple bond between
carbons present.
14. The saccharides that are classified into three chemical groups are_________.
A. starch, cellulose and glycogen
B. waxes, phospholipids and steroids
C. monosaccharide, glucose and fructose
D. monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide

3
15. What type of biomolecules does this picture represent?

http://clipart-library.com/protein-food-cliparts.htmlCarbohydrates

A. lipids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acid

What’s In
.
As we start reading the content of this module, we may be prompt to ask ourselves
why do we feel hungry and why do we need to eat from time to time? The reason for
this is that our body needs it.

Now think about your favorite food……What is it? Burger? Uhmm banana cue? Or
pancit? We all have different food preferences, but food is a source of large
molecules that are needed for life- THE BIOMOLECULES.

There are four major biomolecules that make the ingredients of life that will be
discussed in this module.
Try out this activity to reveal the important terms that you are going to encounter and
analyze while doing this activity.
Instruction: Rearrange the jumbled letters to form the correct word and write it on the
space provided for.
1. ONOMREM - _______________________- is a small molecule that reacts
with a similar molecule to form a larger molecule.
2. LYPOREM - ________________________- is a large molecule made up of
chains or rings of linked repeating subunits.
3. DETARUSAT - _____________________- Bonds between all the carbons
are single bonds.
4. DETUNASTRUA - __________________ - There is atleast one double or
triple bond between carbons present. Liquid at room temperature.

4
 5. TIDEPEPLYPO- ___________________- A peptide composed of amino acids
which makes up proteins.

What’s New
Activity: Find the words to complete me.
Direction: Perform this activity by shading horizontally, vertically, and diagonally
the words shown below. Then, complete the paragraph that follows by choosing 5 clue
words from the shaded words to complete the sentence.
Note: Please keep your work clean!

H Y D R OG E N QU I L I B R I MM L GS I WE
DP S A I MA NYD L I P I DSU I T T T F OB
W K M M H M N X Q B N U Z WW X N E C E R GYU
L J Q I WD R U Q Y NWS E N T I O P L V Y R I
Z A Y N J O C K M J MCWD Y S T I B S L UU L
J R A O I P MW T O O E U B M X R K N X T GZ D
Q X T A N GWG A L C T V O R Q O V E A R EM I
T DYC L O L QQRGV C Z L DGXCP S E EN
J SQ I FGVGPOT E S T I A E E L ER GDG
OE KDGKNCQRK E HCCBNOYOC Y I B
D T NCQ I OXQP T A SHDM I VOBR OR L
X A TMYHE B J A Z E J OEQB I TMS A AO
PRP L FO J NRNPH BUM I Z K I T U S HC
BD I E P T B DEDNUOEUS SG J YR QCK
F Y E H C B Y N A C G K D S WM N V E I O I CS
B H S L K HWK P K I A R G T A I L F V H J AU
B O S H O X M J EWR T A E D E E H K B P N S L
E BUBHH L V L VQOERS E T NP L S COY
U R R RWG L L L N L L WO Z O O A F N O L NQ
GA EOT P B RV T L NO L I XR B A I H XOB
CCRXOX YGEN F N S F K K P X S Y P UMD

monosaccharide phosphorus
Building blocks lipids
hydrogen proteins
oxygen Amino acid
nitrogen carbohydrates

https://wordmint.com/puzzles/3420620

5
BIOMOLECULES are the ( 1)____________________of life and perform important
functions in living organism. It is a chemical compound found in living organisms.
These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, (2.) ______________,
(3. )______________, (4.) _______________ ,sulfur and ( 5. ) _________________.

What is it
After doing the Word Search Activity, I hope that you are now more familiar with
the terms about this lesson. Today, we are now ready to discuss the four essential
biomolecules for life to exist. Let’s start!

The first type of Biomolecule is CARBOHYDRATES. It is composed of (C) carbon,

(H) hydrogen and (O) oxygen elements (1:2:1 ratio). Its monomer (building block)
is Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides as its polymer. The four primary functions
of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build
macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses. Glucose energy is stored
as glycogen, with the majority of it in the muscle and liver.

Sugars that make up carbohydrates are the following: Monosaccharide (single

sugar) ex. glucose, fructose ( in fruits) and galactose .
Disaccharide (2 monosaccharides) ex. maltose, sucrose and lactose
Polysaccharide (3+ monosaccharides) ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Starch is used for energy storage in plants such as potatoes, pasta and rice.
They provide quick form of energy for the body. Glycogen is for energy storage in
animals. Cellulose provides structural support in plants (found in cell wall specifically
fibers) and Chitin is found in exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders) they are
also found in cell wall of some fungi.
The figures below illustrate the structure of monosaccharide, disaccharide and
polysaccharide.

6
https://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/mscibiochemistry-blog/2020/01/07/insight-into-my-project-with-sugar-replacers/

Figure 1. Structure of Carbohydrates

The second type of Biomolecules is LIPIDS. It is composed of carbon (C), hydrogen

(H) and oxygen (O) elements. Its monomer (building block) is glycerol & 3 fatty acids
with Phospholipids and triglycerides as a polymer. Its function is to store energy,
insulate our body, make up the cell membrane , and to serve as starting materials for
the formation of hormones, vitamins and bile acids.

It is hydrophobic (water- fearing ) and do not dissolve in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents such as ether, chloroform and benzene.
The most abundant of the lipid compounds are fats and oils, also called
triglycerides, or triacylglycerols. Fats are usually solid at room temperature. Animal
fats are mixed fats containing more saturated (single bond) fatty acids than
unsaturated ( with one or more double bonds) fatty acids. Oils, on the other hand,
are liquid at room temperature. They contain more unsaturated fatty acids. The
presence of double bonds in the fatty acids of oil significantly lowers its melting point.
Waxes differ from fats in being harder and less greasy. They are esters of long chain
fatty acids and monohydric (with one hydroxyl group,OH) alcohols. In plants, waxes
serve as a protective covering( cuticle) against attack of microorganism and retard
water loss for all exposed parts. In animals, waxes coat skin, hair and feathers and
help them pliable and water proof. In humans, wax produce by glands in outer ear
canal functions to trap dust and dirt particles.
Phospholipids form part of the structure of the cell membranes, and are significant
in the transport of lipids in the body. They are called such because of the presence
of phosphate.
Steroids are lipids characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane
ring. The steroid nucleus is found in the structure of several vitamins and hormones,
drugs, bile acids and sterol ( steroid alcohol). Cholesterol is a sterol formed in brain

7
tissue, nerve tissue and the bloodstream, and is the major compound found in
gallstones. It contributes to the formation of deposits on the inner walls of blood
vessels, which harden and obstruct the blood flow and may lead to heart diseases,
stroke and high blood pressure. The figure below illustrates the structure of
triglyceride.

shorturl.at/rEWZ1

Figure 2: Triglyceride components.

The third type of biomolecule is PROTEIN. It is composed of carbon (C) hydrogen
(H) , oxygen ( O) and nitrogen (N) elements.They are vital components of all living
organisms.Examples of proteins are hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control reactions in the body and antibodies they could be found in
eggs, meat ,fish and dairy products. Muscles, skin, nails, bones,hair and others are
all built by proteins. It has many functions such as they catalyze reactions, transport
oxygen, serve as hormones in the regulation of specific body process, as antibodies
and blood clotting agents and, used for growth and repair.
Amino acids are the monomers or building blocks of proteins. The structure of the R
-group or the side chain of an amino acid gives the property of biomolecule. R -group
represent one of the 20 amino acids ( so each amino acid has something different in
the spot.)

8
https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry-formulas/acid-formula/
Figure 3. General structure of an amino acid
Why are amino acids important?
When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed. There are 20
kinds of amino acids. They consist of carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group
NH2. Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds= protein)

The fourth and final type of Biomolecule is NUCLEIC ACID. It is not necessarily
found in food. Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve
as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells and makeup the genetic
material. It is composed of carbon (C) , hydrogen (H), oxygen ( O), nitrogen ( N) and
phosphorus ( P).
Nucleic acids function to create, encode, and store biological information in cells,
and serve to transmit and express that information inside and outside the nucleus.
DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acid. They are both made from
nucleotides (monomer), each containing a five-carbon sugar backbone, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base. DNA provides the code for the cell 's activities,
while RNA converts that code into proteins to carry out cellular functions. Below is a
structural diagram of a Nucleic Acid.

9
https://biologydictionary.net/nucleic-acid-elements-and-monomer/

Figure 4.Structure of Nucleic Acid

What’s More
Identify the following structural formulas as PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID, LIPID, or
CARBOHYDRATE . Then write the functions of each on the spaces provided.

1.Structure: _____________________

Function/s: ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.

10
2.Structure: _____________________________________
Function/s: __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

11
3.Structure: _____________________

Function/s: ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.

4.Structure: _____________________

Functions: ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.

12
 What I Have Learned

Concept Mapping
Direction: Using the graphic organizer, write the necessary information to complete the
concept about Biomolecules. Identify the four biomolecules and write at least two functions
for each.

BIOMOLECULES

1._____________ 2._____________ 3._____________ 4._____________

_ _

Function Function Function Function

1. 1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2. 2.

13
 What I Can Do
Here’s another activity for you to work on dear learners. Good luck!!!
Proceed to the kitchen and list down five (5) food that you can find then classify
them according to type of Biomolecules they belong.

Carbohydrates Lipids Protein

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

4 4 4

5. 5. 5.

14
 Post-Assessment

Direction: Multiple choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. You are studying a newly discovered species and want to analyze its genetic
information. What type of biomolecule would you analyze?
A. protein B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. carbohydrates
2. Which of the following is responsible for the hereditary traits?
A. Carbohydrates B. nucleic acid C. proteins D. lipids

3. What type of biomolecules does this picture represent?

https://www.loseweightgainhappy.com/macronutrient-ketogenic-diet/

A. lipids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. nucleic acid

4.If you want to eat food rich in fructose, which among the food choices are you
going to include in your diet?
A. crackers C. chocolate
B. apple D. rice

5.What type of organic compound contains the following elements C,H,O,N, and P?
A. nucleic acid B. protein C. lipids D. carbohydrates
6. Nutrition and cooking experts agree that one of the most versatile and healthy oils
to cook with and eat is olive oil. What could be the reason?
A. Typically solid at room temperature.
B. The bonds between all the carbon are single bonds.
C. Comes chiefly from animal food products.
D. Mainly plant- based fats and it has on double or triple bond between
carbons present.
7. This biomolecule make up the cell membrane, heat insulator, and serves as starting
materials for the formation of hormones, vitamins and bile acids.
A. protein B. carbohydrates C. Lipids D. nucleic acid

15
8. The saccharides that are classified into three chemical groups
are_____________.
A. starch, cellulose and glycogen
B. monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide
C. monosaccharide, glucose and fructose
D. waxes, phospholipids and steroids
9. Which of the following food contains protein?
A. salmon fish B. bread C. thymine D. coconut oil
10. What type of lipids are found in a cell membranes?
A. steroids B. waxes C. phospholipids D. triglycerides
11. You are analyzing a biomolecule and determine that it is made up of amino
acids. What type of biomolecule is it?
A. protein B. lipids C. nucleic acid D. carbohydrates
12. Which of the following sugar classifications is incorrectly matched?
A. polysaccharide :triglyceride C. disaccharide: maltose
B. monosaccharide: fructose D. monosaccharide: glucose
13. DNA and RNA are two types of which biomolecule?
A. carbohydrates B. nucleic acid C. lipids D. protein
14. The following are types of lipids, except____.
A. disaccharide B. steroids C. fats and oil D. triglyceride
15. What are the building blocks (monomers) of protein?
A. nucleic acids B. glycerol C. fatty acids D. amino acid

16
 Additional Activities
Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with the
correct answer. Choose from the word pool and write your answer on the space
provided before the number.

energy nucleotides C,H, and O starch

monomers fatty acids carbohydrates polypeptide

_______________1. Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets store the energy as
simple sugars. Other plants, like corn and potatoes, store the
energy as more complex sugars called?
_______________2. These are the elements contained in carbohydrates.
_______________3. Polymers are made of individual subunits called?
_______________4. Lipids are made of ___________and glycerol.
_______________5. The food we eat provides the _________ needed for life
functions.

17
 18
What I Know What’s In
1.C 6.C 11. C 1. MONOMER
2.B 7. D 12. B 2. POLYMER
3.D 8. A 13. D 3. SATURATED
4.B 9. B 14. D 4. UNSATURATED
5.B 10. A 15. B 5. POLYPEPTIDED
Post - Assessment Additional Activity What I Can Do
1. C 6. D 11. A 1. starch Answers may vary
2. B 7. C 12. A 2. C,H,and O
3. B 8. B 13. B 3. monomers
4. B 9. A 14. A 4. fatty acids
5. A 10. C 15. D 5. energy
What I Have Learned
What’s More
Concept Mapping ( Please refer list of functions to What I Have Learned)
(1-4 in any order and any two (2) 1. PROTEIN
functions for each biomolecules ) 2. LIPID
1.CARBOHYDRATE 3. CARBOHYDRATE
Functions: 4. NUCLEIC ACID
a.to provide energy
b.store energy,
c.build macromolecules,
d. spare protein and fat for other uses.
2. LIPID
Functions:
a.to store energy
b. insulate our body
c.make up the cell membrane
d.and to serve as starting materials
for the formation of hormones,
vitamins and bile acids.
PROTEIN
Functions:
a.catalyze reaction
b.transport oxygen,
c.serve as hormones in the regulation of
specific body process,
d.as antibodies and blood clotting agents
e.used for growth and repair.
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Functions:
a.to create
b.encode
c. store biological information in cells
d.and serve to transmit and express that
information inside and outside the nucleus
Answer Key
 What’s New
1.building blocks
( 2-5 in any order )
2.hydrogen
3. oxygen
4. nitrogen
5. phosphorus
Answer Key
 References
https://www.greenfacts.org>glossary>abc>biomolecule
https://wordmint.com/puzzles/3420620
https://www.riverdell.org.>centricity>Domain\
https://www.loseweightgainhappy.com/macronutrient-ketogenic-diet/
https://blogs.surrey.ac.uk/mscibiochemistry-blog/2020/01/07/insight-into-my-project-
with-sugar-replacers/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry-formulas/acid-formula/
https://biologydictionary.net/nucleic-acid-elements-and-monomer/
shorturl.at/rEWZ1
Cristina D. Padolina,PhD. Conceptual and Functional Chemistry